Nervous & Special Senses pt 3 Flashcards
define WEBER & RINNE TESTS
tuning fork to distinguish between conductive & sensorineural hearing loss to evaluate ability by air conduction compared to bone conduction
define MENTAL STATUS EXAM
screening method assesses appearance, eye contact, consciousness, memory & attention, perception, motor activity, cognitive performance, mood & judgment, sensory deficits, & if patient is danger to self/others
define CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY
xray of vessels in brain after dye injected to diagnose CVA & other injuries/disorders
define MIN-MENTAL STATE EXAM
screening method for cognitive impairment & dementia & examine mental functions (attention, thinking, memory, language, ability to follow commands)
aka: mini-mental state exam
Folstein test
define MYELOGRAM
xray of cord taken after contrast injected in spine
define PSYCHIATRIC REVIEW OF SYSTEMS
helps diagnose mental health conditions by detecting significant issues/recent changes in 9 areas (cognition, psychosis, substance use, mood, neurovegetative, anxiety, eating disorder, violence, & impulse control)
define BABINSKI SIGN
reflex where toes curl upward when plantar of foot stimulated; if in person 2 yrs or older it indicates a brain or nervous disorder
define NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY (NCV)
electrodes on surface of body over specific nerves to measure speed where impulses travel thru nerve
define ISHIHARA COLOR VISION TEST
test for color blindness by looking for # in circle made of dots
define TUNING FORK TESTS
ay hearing test w/tuning fork to assess ability to detect different pitches
define PNEUMATIC OTOSCOPY
exam of external ear & tympanic membrane w/pneumatic otoscope to assess reactivity to pressure changes
define OTOSCOPY
visual exam of ear w/otoscope
define OTOSCOPE
tool inspects external auditory canal & tympanic membrane
define PRECISION NERVE EXAMS
group of neurological exams where 5 different kinds of responses evaluated for abnormalities in CNS and/or PNS
describe EXTINCTION (precision nerve exam)
patient sit upright w/eyes closed & DR touches trunk/legs in 1 place then 2 # ask patient to identify spots of sensation; extinction = patient can’t point to 2 different areas in part 2
define GRAPHESTHESIA (precision nerve exam)
patient identify number/letter written on hands w/eyes closed on both hands
define PAIN & LIGHT TOUCH SENSATION (precision nerve exam)
patient supine w/eyes closed & identify objects as sharp or dull
define POSITION SENSE (precision nerve exam)
patient eyes closed & identify whether big toe moved up or down by DR on both feet
define STEREOGNOSIS (precision nerve exam)
patient eyes closed & identify object place in hand & repeat w/different object in other hand
define NEURORRHAPHY
suturing together ends of severed nerves
define HYPNOTIC
drug depress CNS to cause sleep or unconsciousness
define ANTICONVULSANT
drug prevents seizures
define BARBITURATES
drug class for calming or depressing CNS
define SEDATIVE
drug depress CNS to calm & diminish response w/o sleep w/soothing or tranquilizer effect
define ANESTHESIA
absence of normal sensation & pain
define ANESTHETIC
medication to induce anesthesia (topical, local, regional, or general)
define EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA
regional (stop nerve conduction) into epidural space of lumbar/sacral region
define SPINAL ANESTHESIA
regional injection into subarachnoid space so patient is conscious but numb from waist/lower chest down
aka: spinal anesthesia
spinal block
define DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION (DBS)
treatment of dystonia, tremors, & Parkinson’s by stimulating w/mild electrical signals via an implanted device
define STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY (SRS)
use 3D coordinates to find small tumors to minimize damage to good tissue & then special frame to focus precise beams of radiation to treat inoperable cancer
describe GAMMA KNIFE SURGERY
radiation treatment for brain tumors w/o using a knife or incision; an example of stereotactic radiosurgery
define ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)
small electric currents pass thru brain causing brief seizures/convulsions to reverse symptoms & change brain chemistry to improve motor function in Parkinson’s patients & treat severe depression
aka: electroconvulsive therapy
electroshock therapy
define LOBECTOMY
surgical removal of part of brain to treat cancer or seizure
define THALAMOTOMY
surgical incision into thalamus to destroy the cells & quiet tremors of Parkinson’s
define TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION (TMS)
brief, powerful electromagnetic pulses alter pathways to treat severe depression, Parkinson’s, & other conditions
define RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION (REA)
minimally invasive procedure that burns nerves to prevent pain signal transmission to treat chronic & arthritic pain
aka: radiofrequency ablation
rhizotomy
define NEUROTOMY
surgical division or dissection of nerve to relieve pain & suppress tremors
define PSYCHOTROPIC DRUG
primarily acts on CNS by temporarily affecting mind, emotion, & behavior to control pain & treat narcolepsy/attention disorder
define ANTIDEPRESSANT
psychotropic drug that prevent/relieve depression, treat OCD & general anxiety, & relieve chronic pain
define ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG
psychotropic drug that treat s/s of severe thinking & mood disorders w/neurological & psychiatric illness (schizophrenia spectrum disorder, schizoaffective disorder, mania, delusional disorders, severe depression, PTSD, Alzheimer’s, & personality disorder)
define ANXIOLYTIC DRUG
psychotropic drug that relieve anxiety & tension & can be used as sedative before anesthesia
aka: anxiolytic drug
antianxiety drug/tranquilizer
define MOOD-STABILIZING DRUG
treat mood instability & bipolar disorders
describe STIMULANT
drug increases brain activity causing an increase in concentration & awakeness to treat ADHD & narcolepsy; overuse will cause sleeplessness & heart palpitations
define PSYCHOANALYSIS
gain insight into one’s feelings/behavior patterns, finding if mental disorder stemmed from childhood
define EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION & REPROCESSING THERAPY (EMDR)
revisit traumatic memories & focus on physical, bilateral stimuli
define BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
identify problem behavior to then replace w/good behavior to cause behavior change by using rewards & consequences
describe COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT)
change thoughts affecting emotion/action by challenging thru logic/evidence/testing to change problematic beliefs; end result is improved awareness of negative thought process & ability to counter negative thoughts
describe HYPNOTHERAPY
altered state of increased focus & attention that causes patient to be willing to believe & act on suggestion; used for pain relief, reduce anxiety, & modify behavior
aka: hypnotherapy
hypnosis
define ORBITOTOMY
surgical incision into orbit for biopsy, drain abscess, or remove tumor/foreign body
define TARSORRHAPHY
partial/complete suturing of upper & lower lids to protect eye when lids paralyzed/can’t close or heal corneal lesions
define ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) INJECTIONS
intravitreal injections to treat wet macular degeneration by slowing growth of abnormal blood vessels
describe CORNEAL TRANSPLANT
replace scarred/disease cornea; very common & successful
aka: corneal transplant
keratoplasty
define ENUCLEATION
removal of eyeball leaving eye muscles intact & done if eye irrecoverable diseased/damaged
define OCULAR PROSTHESIS
fitted over malformed eye/replace complete eye
aka: ocular prosthesis
artificial eye
define RADIAL KERATOTOMY (RK)
surgical procedure to treat myopia by flattening cornea to bring the focal point closer to retina
define SCLERAL BUCKLE
silicone band/sponge repairs detached retina by being sutured to sclera over retina causing indentation/buckle inside eye
define VITRECTOMY
removal of vitreous humor & replace w/saline to treat retinal detachment or diabetic retinopathy caused by blood leakage
define CATARACT SURGERY
surgical removal of cataract & replace w/artificial intraocular lens
define PHACOEMULSIFICATION
ultrasonic vibration shatter & aspirate lens & intraocular lens placed tru small opening to restore vision in ppl w/cataracts
aka: phacoemulsification
phaco
define INTRAOCULAR LENS i
surgically implanted replaced lens either monofocal or multifocal
define LASER IRIDOTOMY
focused beam of light causes a hole in iris to treat closed-angle glaucoma
define LASER TRABECULOPLASTY
treats open angle glaucoma by creating openings in trabecular meshwork to allow fluid to drain properly
define LASER-ASSISTED IN SITU KERATOMILEUSIS (LASIK)
treat vision conditions by opening a flap on cornea to change shape of deep corneal layer & UV laser corrects refraction errors (myopia, hyperopia, & astigmatism)
define PHOTOREFRACTIVE KERATOTOMY (PRK)
similar to LASIK where outer layer of cornea removed & discarded & laser change shape of deep corneal layer & outer layer of cornea grows back
define LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION
treat diabetic retinopathy & AMD by sealing leaking/damaged blood vessels & intentionally creating scar tissue to repair small retinal tears or holes
define PNEUMATIC RETINOPEXY
gas bubble injected into vitreous cavity causing pressure on detached area while healing & bubble gradually dissipates
define OTOPLASTY
surgical repair/restoration/alteration of pinna
define EAR TUBES
tiny ventilating tubes through eardrum to drain fluid & relieve pressure
aka: ear tubes
tympanostomy tubes
define MASTOIDECTOMY
surgical removal of part of mastoid process to treat uncontrollable mastoiditis or prep cochlear implant placement
define MYRINGOTOMY
small incision in eardrum to relieve pressure from pus/fluid or create opening for ear tubes
define STAPEDECTOMY
removal of stapes & insert small prosthetic to conduct sound vibrations to inner ear
define TYMPANOPLASTY
surgical correction of hole in eardrum to cure chronic inflammation or restore function
define LABYRINTHECTOMY
surgical removal of all/part of labyrinth to relieve uncontrolled vertigo but will cause complete deafness in affected ear
define VESTIBULAR REHABILITATION THERAPY (VRT)
physical therapy to treat balance disorders
define ASSISTIVE LISTENING DEVICE (ALD)
transmits/processes/amplifies sound w/ or w/o hearing aid & eliminates distracting background noises
define COCHLEAR IMPLANT
bypasses damaged part of ear to auditory nerve by capturing sound & turns into digital signals to be read by electrodes implanted into cochlea
define HEARING AIDS
electronic devices correct hearing loss (analog or digital)
define BIOFEEDBACK
greater awareness of physiological function relieves anxiety & stress
define CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SHUNT
drains CSF in controlled way from ventricles to abdomen/heart ot treat hydrocephalus
define EXPRESSIVE ART THERAPIES
dance, art, or music improve mental & emotional well being
define LIGHT THERAPY
specialized light source replicate sunlight to treat seasonal affective disorder
define NERVE BLOCK
local/regional anesthetic/anesthesia to prevent pain near nerve
define PSYCHOTHERAPY
emphasize verbal & nonverbal communication in 1 on 1/family/group settings for desired response or actions to help psychiatric disorders
define MOOD STABILIZER
prevent extremely high/low emotional states & decreases behaviors associated w/certain mental illness
define LASER THERAPY
surgical/therapeutic use of devices generate concentrated beams of light & can excise/resurface tissue
define ANESTHETIST
specialize in anesthesia administration, but not physician
define PSYCHIATRIST
diagnose & treat chemical dependencies, emotional problems, & mental illnesses
define PSYCHOLOGIST
not an MD, evaluate & treat emotional problems & mental illnesses
define SOCIAL WORKER
trained therapist
define OPTHALMOLOGIST
physician diagnose & treat full spectrum of eye disease & can perform eye surgery
define OPTOMETRIST
has doctor of optometry degree & provides primary eye care
define OPTICIAN
practitioner that designs, fits, & dispense lenses for vision correction
