Cardiovascular Flashcards
1
Q
define ENDARTERIAL
A
pertaining to interior/lining of artery or within artery
2
Q
define HEMATOPOIETIC
A
pertaining to formation of blood cells
3
Q
hematopoietic is also called
A
hemopoietic
4
Q
pericardium is also called
A
pericardial sac
5
Q
epicardium is also called what
A
visceral pericardium
6
Q
define P WAVE
A
stimulation/contraction of atria
7
Q
define QRS COMPLEX
A
stimulation/contraction of ventricles
8
Q
define T WAVE
A
recovery/relaxation of ventricles
9
Q
define SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
A
max pressure during ventricular systole
10
Q
define DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
A
pressure during ventricular diastole
11
Q
define PLASMA
A
fluid w/nutrients, hormones, waste made 92% H2O & 8% proteins
12
Q
define SERUM
A
plasma fluid after blood cells & clotting proteins removed
13
Q
define FIBRINOGEN & PROTHROMBIN
A
clotting proteins in plasma
14
Q
describe NEUTROPHILS
A
most common WBC; phagocyte
15
Q
describe BASOPHILS
A
least common WBC; allergens
16
Q
describe EOSINOPHILS
A
migrating WBC; parasites & allergens
17
Q
describe LYMPHOCYTES
A
made in red bone marrow, spleen, & lymph nodes; identify foreign substances & germs; make antibodies
18
Q
describe MONOCYTES
A
made in red bone marrow, spleen, & lymph nodes; phagocytosis (immunity)
19
Q
define RH FACTOR
A
presence/absence of Rh antigen
20
Q
define BLOOD GASSES
A
gasses (O2, CO2, & Nitrogen) dissolved in liquid blood
21
Q
what does LDL stand for
A
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/bad cholesterol
22
Q
what does HDL stand for
A
high density lipoprotein cholesterol/good cholesterol
23
Q
define HDL
A
carries unneeded cholesterol to liver for processing
24
Q
define TRIGLYCERIDES
A
combo of fatty acids attached to glycerol & blood
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define ATHEROMA
fatty deposit within wall of artery
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define PALPITATION
pounding/racing heart
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describe CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
structural abnormalities from failed heart develop.; most common birth defect
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describe CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
arteriostenosis --> reduced blood flow & O2 --> angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, death
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coronary artery disease is also called
coronary heart disease or ischemic heart disease
30
angina is also called what
angina pectoris
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define ANGINA
severe episodes of chest pain from poor blood flow to myocardium
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define STABLE ANGINA
during exertion
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define UNSTABLE ANGINA
happens anytime & precursor to MI
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define MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
occlusion of at least 1 coronary artery from plaque
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describe HEART FAILURE
heart weakened/damaged --> unable to pump --> congestion/fluid build up
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describe CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
fluid congestion --> edema & pulmonary edema
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cause: congestive heart failure
decreased blood flow from heart
38
s/s: congestive heart failure
weakness, breathlessness, abdominal discomfort, edema in lower extremeties
39
left-sided heart failure is also called
systolic/diastolic failure (depends on whether pumping or relaxing is affected)
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define RIGHT-SIDED HEART FAILURE
generally from left-sided heart failure so unable to pump to body efficiently
41
s/s: right-sided heart failure
edema in feet, legs, liver, GI, & arms
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define CARDIOMEGALY
enlargement of heart associated w/heart failure to compensate for decreased pumping
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infective endocarditis is also called
bacterial endocarditis
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define INFECTION ENDOCARDITIS
inflammation of lining/valves of heart from bacteria in blood
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define MYOCARDITIS
rare complication of viral infection
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describe PERICARDITIS
inflammation --> accumulation of fluid in pericardial sac restricts movement & decreases pumping
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define CARDIOMYOPATHY
all diseases of heart muscle
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define HEART MURMUR
blowing/clicking/whoosh from heart/ near vessels when valves don't completely close
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define MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
protrusion of heart valve so valve can't close completely
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define VALVULAR STENOSIS
narrowing/stiffening/thickening/blockage of at least 1 valve
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heart valve disease is also known as
valvular heart disease
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define HEART VALVE DISEASE
degenerative condition prevent valves from opening & closing properly
53
s/s: heart valve disease
fatigue, shortness of breath, & lightheadedness
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describe AORTIC STENOSIS
buildup of calcium & fat deposits in aortic valve --> narrowing so can't open fully
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describe MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION
mitral valve doesn't close tightly --> retrograde flow
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mitral valve regurgitation is also called
insufficiency/incompetence
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define ARRHYTHMIA
loss of normal heart rhythm bc of abnormal electrical conduction
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describe ASYSTOLE
complete lack of electrical activity in heart; 1 condition required for certifying death
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asystole is also called what
flat line
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define CARDIAC ARREST
heart stops beating/arrhythmia prevents efficient blood pumping
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define HEART BLOCK
congenital/acquired arrhythmia
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cause: heart block
electrical signal thru heart partially/completely blocked from getting to ventricles
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define SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
episodes of very rapid & regular heart beats/from above AV node that begins & ends abruptly
64
supraventricular tachycardia is also called
paroxysma supraventricular tachycardia
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describe VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
very rapid heart from in ventricles --> can't pump adequately
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define LONG QT SYNDROME
inherited/acquired condition of fast, chaotic, potentially dangerous arrhythmias
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define FIBRILLATION
potentially fatal, fast & irregular heartbeat of rapid & spontaneous contractions of atria/ventricles
68
describe ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
most common type of tachycardia; rapid, uncontrolled, twitching of heart wall --> irregular & quivering atria
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describe VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
rapid, irregular, & useless contractions of ventricles
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define VASCULITIS
inflammation of blood vessel
71
temporal arteritis is also called
giant cell arteritis
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define TEMPORARL ARTERITIS
inflammation of temporal arteries
73
s/s: temporal arteriits
headaches, double vision, jaw pain, stroke, unilateral/bilateral blindness
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define HEMANGIOMA
benign tumor made of new blood vessels
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define HYPOPERFUSION
deficiency of blood passing thru organ/part
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define ANEURYSM
localized weak spot/ballooning of artery wall
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carotid artery stenosis is also called what
arteriostenosis
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define CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
inadequate venous circulation from partial blockage/leakage of valves generally in feet & ankles leading to discoloration
79
chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is also called what
venous insufficiency
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define VARICOSE VEINS
abnormally swollen veins in superficial veins bc of valve failure
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define THROMBOTIC OCCLUSION
blocking of artery by thrombus
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define CORONARY THROMBOSIS
damage to heart from thrombus
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define VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM (VTE)
thrombus from vein break & travel
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define DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT)
thrombus attach to interior wall of vein
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describe PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES (PVD)
blood vessel disorders outside brain & heart; generally the narrowing of vessels to leg/arms/gastric/renal
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describe PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE (PAD)
PVD from arteriostenosis; common & serious w/intermittent calf pain (claudication) w/activity
87
peripheral arterial disease is also called
peripheral arterial occlusive disease
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describe GANGRENE
tissue death from shortage of blood most common in ppl w/PAD affecting fingers, toes, & limbs; can lead to sepsis
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define RAYNAUD'S DISEASE
PAD intermittent attacks from cold temps/stress --> constricted circulation
90
define BLOOD DYSCARSIA
any pathological condition of cell elements of blood
91
define HEMOCHROMATOSIS
genetic disorder where too much iron is absorbed & accumulates in organs leading to damage
92
hemochromatosis is also called
iron overload disease
93
define POLYCYTHEMIA
cancer w/abnormally high # of RBCs
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define SEPSIS
organ damage from chemicals from blood trigger inflammatory response
95
sepsis is also called
septicemia
96
cause: sepsis
bacteria/infectious organisms in blood
97
define THROMBOCYTOSIS
abnormally high # of platelets
98
define TRANSFUSION REACTION
transfusion w/incompatible blood types
99
define HYPERLIPIDEMA
high levels of cholesterol & other fatty substances
100
describe MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME
cancer w/not enough of at least 1 type of blood cells; patients can later get acute myeloid leukemia
101
define LEUKEMIA
cancer w/progressive increase in abnormal WBC in blood-forming tissues, organs, & blood
102
define APLASTIC ANEMIA
no formed elements (leukopenia & thrombocytopenia)
103
describe IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
most common; not enough iron to make hemoglobin
104
cause: iron-deficiency anemia
blood loss, poor iron absorption, inadequate iron intake
105
describe MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
blood disorder w/symptom of anemia; RBCs bigger than normal
106
cause: megaloblastic anemia
deficiency of folic acid/vitamin B12
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describe PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
lack protein intrinsic factor to absorb vitamin B12 --> vitamin B12 deficiency
108
define HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
inherited/acquired; not enough RBCs bc spleen destroying them too early
109
describe SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
inherited & recessive; RBCs malformed after giving up O2 --> lose flexibility & surface area for gas exchange
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describe THALASSEMIA
inherited & common around Mediterrarian; mild/severe from low hemoglobin & RBCs
111
thalassemia is also called
Cooley's anemia
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define ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
hypotension when standing
113
orthostatic hypotension is also called
postural hypotension
114
define FLUTTER/ATRIAL FLUTTER
atria beats faster than ventricles --> quivering
115
define PREMATURE VENTRICULAR CONTRACTIONS
extra, abnormal heartbeats that disrupt regular ventricular rhythm
116
define CARDIAC TAMPONADE
excess fluid in pericardium
117
define EDEMATOUS
swelling often associated w/insufficient function of LV
118
s/s: shock
agitation, anxiety, restlessness, confusion, cool/pale/clammy skin, cyanosis, chest pain, dizziness, lightheadedness
119
define SHOCK
peripheral blood flow insufficient to return to heart
120
define ANGIOGRAPHY
x-ray of blood vessels w/contrast
121
describe CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION (card cath/CC)
diagnostic & treatment; catheter in vein/artery to heart for angiographies, angioplasties, pressure readings, or take samples
122
define DUPLEX ULTRASOUND
capture blood vessels & flow of blood
123
define VENOGRAPHY
shows specific veins w/contrast
124
define ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY (EKG/ECG)
records electrical activity of myocardium
125
define HOLTER MONITOR
portable ECG on ambulatory patient over 24-48 hr period to diagnose arrhythmia
126
define STRESS TEST
see cardiovascular health & function while on treadmill/injected with meds to increase bpm
127
define THALLIUM STRESS TEST
how well blood flows thru coronary arteries during exercise
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describe DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY/DOPPLER ULTRASOUND
measure blood flow & BP; sound waves bounce off RBCs
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define ECHOCARDIOGRAM
ultrasound visualize internal structure
130
echocardiogram is also called
multigated acquisition (MUGA) scan
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define APHERESIS
separate blood into components to remove toxic substances/autoantibodies or harvest blood cells
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define COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
determine # of formed elements including hematocrit & WBC differential
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define TYPE & CROSSMATCH
check blood type compatibility
134
define NUCLEAR VENTRICULOGRAPHY
tracer injected to make images of LV & RV to measure volume of blood pumped by ventricles
135
define POSITION EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY SCAN
tracer look for disease/poor blood flow in heart or brain
136
what can diagnose heart damage, scar tissue, CVA, Alzheimer's & epilepsy
PET scan
137
define ANTIPHYPERTENSIVE
lower BP
138
define ACE INHIBITOR
blocks action of angiotensin II contracting blood vessel to treat hypertension & heart failure
139
ACE inhibitor is also known as
angiotensin-converting enzyme
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describe BETA BLOCKER
decrease workload of heart by slowing bpm; treats hypertension, angina, heart failure, heart rhythm disorders, migraines, panic attacks, & tremors
141
describe CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
heart & blood vessels dilate --> increase O2 & blood & lowers calcium movement into cells of heart & vessels making it easier to pump blood; treat hypertension & angina
142
define DIURETIC
substance stimulate kidneys to get rid of excess Na & H2O; treat hypertension & heart failure
143
define ANTIARRHYTHMIC
medication to control irregular bpm
144
anticoagulants are also called what
blood thinners
145
describe COUMADIN
brand name for warfarin; treat clotting difficulties, certain pm irregularities, after heart attack/heart valve replacement surgery
146
define HEPARIN
faster version of Coumadin given via injection/IV
147
define ASPIRIN
reduce heart attack/stroke by thinning blood
148
define CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING DRUG
combat hyperlipidemia by lower LDL
149
describe DIGITALIS
strengthen heart contraction, slow bpm, help eliminate fluid from tissue; treat & prevent certain arrhythmias & heart conditions; available as digoxin
150
define THROMBOLYTIC
dissolves/breaks thrombus
151
thrombolytic is also called what
clot busting drug
152
define TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATO (tPA)
thrombolytic for heart attack/stroke
153
define VASOCONSTRICTOR
blood vessels narrow (antihistamines & decongestants)
154
define NITROGLYCERIN
vasodilator to prevent/relieve angina pain & dilate vessels to brain
155
define ANGIOPLASTY
mechanically widening vessel
156
define BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY
balloon on catheter stretching lumen
157
balloon angioplasty is also called what
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
158
describe LASER ANGIOPLASTY
laser on end of catheter; done before PTCA or separately
159
define STENT
mesh tube after artery opened
160
define RESTENOSIS
artery opened by angioplasty reclosed
161
define ATHERECTOMY
surgical removal of plaque
162
define CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY
surgical removal of lining/plaque of clogged carotid artery; reduce stroke risk
163
describe CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT (CABG)
most common types of open heart surgery; vein from leg/chest replace blocked artery
164
define SYNCHRONIZED CARDIOVERSION
similar to defibrillation but lower voltage & non-emergency to relieve arrhythmia
165
define IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR (ICD)
internal double action pacemaker to prevent bradycardia
166
define PACEMAKER
treat arrhythmia externally or internally
167
define CARDIAC ABLATION
heat/extreme cold scar/destroy heart tissue trigger poor rhythm
168
cardiac ablation is also called what
catheter ablation
169
define VALVULOPLASTY
surgical repair of heart valve w/narrow opening
170
valvuloplasty is also called what
balloon valvuloplasty
171
define HEART VALVE REPLACEMENT
replace valve (gen aortic/mitral) w mechanical/animal/human transplant
172
describe TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACMENT (TAVR)
minimally invasive; catheter deliver good valve within defective valve
173
define ANEURYSM CLIPPING
isolate aneurysm w/permanent clip
174
define PLASMAPHERESIS
remove all blood & cellular elements to collect plasma
175
define HEMOSTASIS
stop/control bleeding
176
define ENARTERECTOMY
remove plaque from lining of artery
177
define PTCA
opens blocked coronary arteries w/balloon & stent gen done during diagnostic cardiac catheterization
178
PTCA is also known as
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
179
define TELEMETRY NURSE
specialize in tech to track vitals
