Muscular Flashcards
1
Q
define MUSCLE FIBERS
A
long, slender muscle cells bound by connective tissue
2
Q
define FASCIA
A
flexible band of connective tissue envelop, separate, or bind muscles
3
Q
describe TENDON
A
narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue; bone + muscle
4
Q
list parts of quads
A
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
5
Q
lists parts of hamstring
A
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
6
Q
frontalis is also called what
A
occiptofrontalis
7
Q
what is the nickname for the gastrocnemius
A
“stomach of the leg”
8
Q
define ATONIC
A
lacking muscle tone
9
Q
define MUSCLE TONE
A
state of balanced muscle tension creating normal posture, coordination, & movement
10
Q
define HYPOTONIA
A
diminished tone of skeletal muscles
11
Q
define MYOPATHY
A
any pathological change/disease of muscle tissue
12
Q
define FIBROMYALGIA
A
broad condition of tendons, muscles, & joints
13
Q
s/s: fibromyalgia
A
fatigue, diffuse/specific muscle/joint/bone pain, etc
14
Q
define TENOSYNOVITIS
A
inflammation of tendon sheath
15
Q
tendinitis can also be spelled like what
A
tendonitis
16
Q
define TENDINOSIS
A
chronic pain condition bc repetitive overuse/unhealed injury of tendon
17
Q
describe CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS)
A
fatigue not improved by bed rest & worse w/activity; symptoms similar to fibro
18
Q
define ADHESION
A
fibrous band abnormally or normally holding structures (normal = healing wound)
19
Q
define ATROPHY
A
weakness/wearing away of tissue/structure
20
Q
cause: adhesion
A
inflammation or trauma (injury/surgery)
21
Q
define CACHEXIA
A
physically wasting away
22
Q
cause: cachexia
A
weight & muscle mass loss from disease/disuse
23
Q
define HERNIA
A
tissue protrudes thru weak spot of containment into another area
24
Q
describe INGUINAL HERNIA
A
most common; intestines protrude thru weak lower ab wall/groin
25
cause: inguinal hernia
obesity, pregnancy, heaving lifting, straining
26
describe HIATAL HERNIA
upper part of stomach protrude thru esophageal opening into diaphragm; lead to GERD & pyrosis
27
define POLYMYOSITIS
muscle disease w/inflammation & weakening of voluntary muscles gen closest to trunk
28
define RHABDOMYOLYSIS
death of muscle fibers release content to blood stream leading to complications like renal failure
29
describe SARCOPENIA
loss of muscle mass, strength, & function w/age; slowed by weight/resistance training
30
describe DYSTONIA
movement disorder w/involuntary &/or repetitive contractions; symptoms of Parkinson's, strokes, brain injuries, etc
31
describe ATAXIA
lack of coordination w/voluntary movement; shaky & unsteady
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cause: ataxia
abnormal activity in cerebellum
33
describe CONTRACTURE
permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin; normal connective tissue becomes nonelastic & fibrous
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cause: contracture
scarring or disease
35
define INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION
pain in leg muscles during exercise & fixed w/rest
36
cause: intermittent claudication
poor circulation (associate w/PVD)
37
describe MYOCLONUS
quick, involuntary jerking of muscles; neurological disorder (epilepsy), metabolic condition, drug response, sleep (normal)
38
describe CLONUS
repetitive contraction of knee/ankle muscles; associate w/cerebral palsy, stroke, MS, etc
39
define SINGULTUS
myoclonus of diaphragm spasms
40
singultus is also called what
hiccups
41
torticollis is also called what
wryneck
42
define TORTICOLLIS
stiff neck bc spasmodic contraction of neck muscles, pulling head to 1 side
43
DEFINE BRADYKINESIA
extreme slowness in movement; Parkinson's
44
define DYSKINESIA
distortion/impairment of voluntary movement; jerky & fragmented
45
define HYPERKINESIA
abnormally increased muscle function/activity
46
hyperkinesia is also called what
hyperactivity
47
define MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
chronic autoimmune; weakness & rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles bc of affected neuromuscular junctions
48
describe MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
group of genetic disease w/progressive weakness & degeneration of muscles w/o impacting nerves; no treatment
49
describe DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (DMD)
common in boys 3-5 yrs; sex-linked & recessive; most unable to walk @ 12 w/breathing difficulty & heart disease; weaken shoulder & pelvic girdles
50
define BECKER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (BMD)
similar to DMD but less severe
51
define REPETITIVE STRESS DISORDERS
variety of muscular conditions caused by repeated motions
52
repetitive stress disorder is also called what
repetitive motion disorders
53
define COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
compression of nerves & blood vessels from swelling in compartment
54
define COMPARTMENT
enclosed fascia space separating muscle groups
55
cause: compartment syndrome
trauma, tight bandages, casts, repetitive actions
56
define TRIGGER FINGER
painful & progressive movement restriction; snapping sound sometimes when finger moves
57
define MYOFASCIAL PAIN SYNDROME
chronic pain disorder of muscles & fascia; develop trigger pnts
58
cause: myofascial pain syndrome
muscle contracted repetitively
59
define TRIGGER POINTS
tender areas generally where fascia contact muscle
60
define TENDINOPATHY
irritation/degeneration of tendon in any joint
61
define IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME
inflamed & swollen tendons caught between bones in shoulder
62
aka: impingement syndrome
rotator cuff tendinitis/tennis shoulder/swimmer's shoulder
63
define ROTATOR CUFF TEAR
irritated tendon weakness (in shoulder)
64
describe CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME (CTS)
inflamed tensions thru carpal tunnel swell & put pressure on median nerve; pain, burning, itching, tingling
65
describe GANGLION CYST
benign, fluid lump on outer surface of wrist/hand; gen painless & need no treatment; common in women 20-40 yrs
66
define EPICONDYLITIS
inflammation of tissues surrounding elbow
67
lateral epicondylitis is also called what
tennis elbow
68
aka: medial epicondylitis
golfer's elbow
69
define a HEEL SPUR
calcium deposit in plantar fascia near calcaneus
70
aka: plantar fasciitis
plantar fasciopathy
71
define MORTON'S NEUROMA
pain on ball of foot from swollen nerve gen between 3rd & 4th toes
72
define POSTERIOR TIBIAL TENDON DYSFUNCTION (PTTD)
tendon supporting arch weakens
73
aka: Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
fallen arches
74
define SHIN SPLINT
tibialis anterior tear away from tibia
75
define ILIOTIBIAL BAND SYNDROME (ITBS)
iliotibial band rubs against bone (gen knee) from overuse leads to pain above knee joint
76
define SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI)
bone presses/injures cord
77
define MYOPARESIS
weakness/slight muscular paralysis
78
define HEMIPARESIS
weakness/slight paralysis on 1 side
79
define HEMIPLEGIA
total paralysis on 1 side
80
define PARAPLEGIA
paralysis both legs & lower body
81
paraplegia is also called what
partial paralysis
82
define QUADRIPLEGIA
paralysis of all 4 extremeties
83
aka: quadriplegia
tetraplegia
84
define DYSTAXIA
partial ataxia, milder
85
define FLACCIDITY
muscles flabby/relaxes/defective or absent tone
86
define MYOCELE
herniation of muscle thru tear in fascia
87
define MYOLYSIS
degeneration of muscle tissue
88
define MYORRHEXIS
rupture, tearing of muscle
89
describe PARAESTHESIA
abnormal sensation but not painful; tingling, numbness, itching, prickling, burning
90
define RIGOR/RIGIDITY
muscle stiffness bc of chemical change
91
define DEEP TENDON REFLEXES
reflex hammer on tendon to determine homeostasis between cord & PNS
92
aka: deep tendon reflexes
knee-jerk test
93
define ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
measure electrical activity in fibers w/stimulation in patients w/weakness & impaired muscle strength
94
define GONIOMETRY
measurement of ROM in joint
95
define NUCLEAR MEDICINE IMAGING (NMI)
radioactive substance & camera visualize structure & function
96
define SONOGRAPHY
high-frequency sound waves show structures
97
aka: sonography
diagnostic sonography/ultrasound
98
define CARPAL TUNNEL RELEASE
surgical enlargement of carpal tunnel or cut carpal ligament to reduce pressure on median nerve
99
define ANTISPASMODIC
suppress smooth muscle contractions (stomach, intestine, bladder)
100
aka: antispasmodic
anticholinergic
101
define CORTISONE
corticosteroid for pain & inflammation
102
describe a MUSCLE RELAXANT
act on CNS; for stiffness, pain, & discomfort; possibel negative reaction w/alcohol & antidepressants
103
define NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING DRUGS
temporary paralysis adjunct w/anesthesia in surgery
104
describe PLATELET-RICH PLASMA THERAPY
patient's blood make concentrated platelet-rich plasma; healing & pain management of joint
105
define VISCOSUPPLEMENTATION
direct injections of hyaluronic acid to knee to increase viscous fluid for temporary relief for arthritis
106
aka: viscosupplementation
chicken shots
107
describe MYOFASCIAL RELEASE
specialized soft-tissue release; treat fibro, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, TMJ disorder, carpal tunnel
108
describe THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND
high-frequency sound waves to make heat deep in tissue; reduce pain, muscle spasms, & increase healing & blood flow
109
define TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION (TENS)
device deliver electrical impulse thru skin
110
define FASCIOTOMY
incision thru fascia relieves pressure gen for compartment syndrome
111
define TENODESIS
surgical suturing tendon end to bone
112
define TENOLYSIS
release tendon from adhesions
113
define TENOTOMY
surgical cutting of tendon for release/lengthening to correct contraction deformities
114
define MYORRHAPHY
surgical suturing of muscle
115
define MYOTOMY
surgical incision into muscle
116
define ANALGESIC
drug relieves pain
117
describe NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDs)
group of drugs w/anaglesic, anti-inflammatory, & antipyretic properties; no narcotic effects so less chance of addiction
118
define MUSCLER INNERVATION
stimulate muscle by impulse transmitted by motor nerve
119
define CIRCUMDUCTION
circular motion @ far end of limb
120
define ROTATION
circulation motion around axis
121
define ORIGIN
where muscle begins nearest midline & less movable pt of skeleton
122
describe INSERTION
where muscle ends; more movable & farther from midline
123
define EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGIST
specialist under physician supervision to create exercise programs & does tests to promote fitness
124
define PHYSIATRIST
physician for physical medicine & rehab
125
define ERGONOMICS
study of human factors affecting design & operation of tools & work
