Skeletal Flashcards
1
Q
define CRANIUM
A
portion of skull that encloses brain
2
Q
define INTERSTITIAL
A
between parts of tissue
3
Q
define SUBCOSTAL
A
below
supracostal ribs
4
Q
define SUPRACOSTAL
A
above/outside ribs
5
Q
describe COMPACT BONE
A
dense, hard, & very strong protective outer layer of bone; >75% body bone matter by weight
6
Q
aka: compact bone
A
cortical bone
7
Q
define SPONGY BONE
A
porous bone w/red marrow
8
Q
aka: spongy bone
A
cancellous bone
9
Q
define MEDULLARY CAVITY
A
central cavity in shaft of long bones surrounded by commpact
10
Q
define ENDOSTEUM
A
tissue lining medullary cavity
11
Q
describe CARTILAGE
A
shock absorber; smooth, rubbery, & blue white connective tissue; more elastic & flexible than bone
12
Q
describe ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
A
covers surface of bones that articulate @ joints
13
Q
define MENISCUS
A
curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joint (knee & TMJ)
14
Q
describe FIBROUS JOINTS
A
inflexible layers of connective holding bones tight; little to no movement; ex: sutures
15
Q
define CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
A
slight movement via cartilage
16
Q
define SYNOVIAL JOINT
A
variety of motion; 6 types
17
Q
define SYNOVIAL CAPSULE
A
outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue resembling sleeve surrounding joint
18
Q
define SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
A
lines capsule & secretes synovial fluid
19
Q
define BURSA
A
fibrous sack that cush areas from friction where tendon passes over bone
20
Q
describe the AXIAL SKELETON
A
skull & spine; protection; 80 bones
21
Q
describe the APPENDICULAR SKELETON
A
movement & protection; 126 bones
22
Q
list the auditory ossicles
A
stapes, malleus, incus
23
Q
which ribs are true ribs
A
1-7
24
Q
which ribs are false ribs
A
8-10
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which ribs are floating ribs
11-12
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define MANUBRIUM
bony upper part of sternum
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body of sternum is also called
gladiolus
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aka: pectoral girdle
shoulder girdle
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define ACROMION
extension of scapula creating high pnt of shoulder
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define OLECRANON
large, proximal tip of ulna forming pnt of elbow & exposes nerve
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aka: olecranon
funny bone
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describe LAMINA
posterior part of vertebrae; transverse & spinous processes for attachments
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define SACROILIAC
slightly movable between sacrum & posterior part of ilium
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define CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS
anterior & posterior ligaments of knee making movement possible
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define MALLEOLUS
rounded bony projection on tibia & fibula @ sides of ankles
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define TALUS
ankle bone articulate w/tibia & fibula
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define ANKYLOSIS
loss/absence of mobility in joint bc adhesion
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define ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS
painful ankylosis of shoulder
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adhesive capsulitis is also called
frozen shoulder
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define ARTHROSCLEROSIS
stiffness of joint
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define BAKER'S CYST
fluid filled sack behind knee bc of condition causing excess synovial fluid
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aka: baker's cyst
popliteal cyst
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define COSTOCHONDRITIS
inflammation of cartilage in ribs
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define HALLUX VALGUS
abnormal enlargement of joint @ base of big toe
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cause: hallux valgus
hereditary structural defect, arthritis, poor footwear
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aka: hallux valgus
bunion
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define HEMARTHROSIS
blood in joint
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cause: hemarthrosis
joint injury, spontaneous when taking blood thinning medication/have blood clot disorder
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describe POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA (PMR)
inflammatory disorder of muscles & joints; stiffness in neck, shoulders, upper arms, thighs, & hips
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define SYNOVITIS
inflammation of synovial membrane
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cause: synovitis
arthritis, trauma, infection, irritation
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define OSTEOARTHRITIS
wear away cartilage between joint & hypertrophy of bone & formation of osteophytes
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describe OSTEOPHYTES
bone spurs; painful & restrict movement
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aka: osteoarthritis
wear & tear arthritis or DJD
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describe SPONDYLOSIS
loss of normal spinal structure & function, stiffening of spine
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aka: spondylosis
spinal osteoarthritis
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describe GOUT
deposits of urate crystals; joints hot, red, extremely sensitive
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aka: gout
gouty arthritis
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define PSEUDOGOUT
buildup of calcium pyrophosphate crystals gen in knees & wrist
60
describe RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
chronic autoimmune; progressively attack synovial membrane making it swollen, painful, & immobile leading to inflammation & deformities
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describe ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
form of rheumatoid arthritis; inflammation between vertebrae & fusion of vertebrae limiting mobility & lung capacity
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aka: ankylosing spondylitis
rheumatoid arthritis of spine
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describe JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS
see in kids less or equal to 16 yrs & able to be outgrown; stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, fatigue
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aka: juvenile idiopathic arthritis
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
65
define PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS
developed by 20% ppl w/psoriasis
66
herniated disk is also called
slipped/ruptured disk
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define SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
lumbar vertebrae slip forward onto bone below
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describe SPINA BIFIDA
congenital; spinal canal doesn't close completely around cord so part of membrane covering cord protrude thru gap in spine
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define MYELOMENINGOCELE
form of spina bifida w/protrusion of part of cord & meninges thru spine
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define KYPHOSIS
abnormal increase thoracic curvature
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define LORDOSIS
abnormal increase forward lumbar curvature
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define AVASCULAR NECROSIS
area of bone tissue death (gen hip) most common in adults 30-50 yrs
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aka: avascular necrosis
osteonecrosis
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cause: avascular necrosis
trauma, high-dose steroid usage, excessive alcohol consumption
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define OSTEOMYELITIS
inflammation of bone marrow & adjacent bone bc of bacterial infection
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describe PAGET'S DISEASE
abnormal break down of bone w/abnormal bone formation; new bone enlarged, misshaped, & weak
77
aka: paget's disease
osteitis deformans
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define PERIOSTINITIS
inflammation of periosteum; associate w/shin splints
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aka: radiculopathy
pinched nerve
80
define RICKETS
deficiency disease in kids; defective bone growth
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define SPINAL STENOSIS
narrowing of spaces in spine
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describe SHORT STATURE
avg adult = 4'10"; > 200 causes
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aka: short stature
dwarfism or little people
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define CLUB FOOT
any congenital deformity of foot & talus
85
aka: club foot
talipes
86
define PRIMARY BONE CANCER
relatively rare malignant, origin bone cancer
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aka: secondary bone cancer
bone metastasis
88
describe MULTIPLE MYELOMA
occur in blood-making plasma cells in red bone marrow; common in AA; weakens bone & impact other systems
89
define OSTEOCHONDROMA
benign tumor/bony projection covering cartilage
90
aka: osteochondroma
exostosis
91
define OSTEOPOROSIS
low bone density & high bone porosity
92
define COLLES FRACTURE
fracture of distal radius from landing on hand
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aka: colles fracture
aka broken wrist
94
define OSTEOPOROTIC HIP FRACTURE
osteoporosis causes spontaneous injury
95
aka: osteoporotic hip fracture
broken hip
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define INCOMPLETE FRACTURE
bone not in 2 pieces; mostly kids
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define BUCKLE FRACTURE
affected side compressed & buckle but no break
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aka: buckle fracture
torus fracture
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define PATHOLOGIC FRACTURE
broken under normal strain
100
define FAT EMBOLUS
fat cells from yellow marrow released from long bone fracture
101
define ARTHROSCOPY
exam of internal structure of joint
102
define MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
image soft tissue structures w/electromagnetic field & radio waves
103
define BONE MARROW ASPIRATION
withdraw liquid/tissue from red marrow w/syringe to diagnose or give stem cell transplant
104
define BONE DENSITY TESTING
determine losses/changes in bone density to diagnose osteomalacia, osteoporosis, & osteopenia
105
aka: bone density testing
BDT or bone densitometry
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describe ULTRASONIC BDT
screening for conditions causing loss of bone mass; sound waves measure calcaneus
107
describe DUAL XRAY ABSORPTIOMETRY
low exposure xray of spine & hips to measure bone density & more accurate than ultrasonic BDT
108
define BONE SCAN
nuclear scan show fractures, tumors, & infections
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describe CT
computer analyze xrays from multiple angles; more detail than standard xray
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aka: CT
computerized tomography or computed tomography
111
define LUMBAR PUNCTURE
needle aspiration of CSF
112
aka: lumbar puncture
spinal tap
113
define RHEUMATOID FACTOR
blood test diagnose rheumatoid arthritis
114
define BIPHOSPHONATES
slow loss of bone density by decreasing chance of broken bones
115
define BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT (BMT)
stem cell transplant to treat certain cancers by destroying cancer cells & patient's marrow & infusing healthy marrow in patient's blood
116
define ALLOGENIC BMT
use donor bone marrow/umbilical cord blood
117
aka: allogenic BMT
allogenic stem cell transplant
118
define AUTOLOGOUS BMT
receive own bone marrow harvested, cleansed, treated, & stored
119
aka: autologous BMT
autologous stem cell transplant
120
define ARTHRODESIS
surgical fusion to stiffen joint to treat severe arthritis or damaged joint
121
aka: arthrodesis
surgical ankylosis
122
define BONE GRAFTING
use transplanted bone to repair & rebuild
123
synovectomy
remove synovial membrane of joint (gen knee) to repair damage from arthritis or inflammatory disease
124
purpose
TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT (TKR)
treat damage from arthritis
125
aka: total knee replacement
total knee arthroplasty
126
define PARTIAL KNEE REPLACEMENT (PKR)
medial, latera, or anterior patella relaced & ACL & PCL preserved
127
define REVISION SURGERY
replacement of worn/failed implant
128
define TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT
restore full function w/metal shell into acetabulum & femur head replaced
129
define PERCUTANEOUS DISKECTOMY
last resort herniated intervertebral disk treatment
130
define PERCUTANEOUS VERTEBROPLASTY
treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures w/bone cement to stabilize fracture in spine
131
define LAMINECTOMY
surgical removal of lamina/bone making up vertebrae to enlarge spinal cord & relieve pressure on cord/give access to treat herniated disk
132
aka: laminectomy
decompression surgery
133
define DECOMPRESSIVE CRANIECTOMY
surgical removal part of skull to decrease intracranial pressure from swelling
134
define CRANIOTOMY
surgical incision into skull to gain access to remove tumor, relieve pressure, or do other procedures
135
define OSTEOTOMY
surgical incision thru bone & reshape removing parts/cutting thru bone to repair damaged joints, realign dental occlusions, correct congenital defects, & reshape arthritic hips & knees
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define TRACTION
pulling force distally
137
define CLOSED REDUCTION
attempted non--surgical realignment of bone fracture/dislocation via manually applied force & immbolization
138
aka: closed reduction
manipulation
139
define EXTERNAL FIXATION
pins thru soft tissue & bone for external appliance to hold bone
140
define INTERNAL FIXATION
plates & pins in bone inside & not removed after healing
141
aka: internal fixation
open reduction internal fixation (ORIF)
142
define ARTHROCENTESIS
surgical puncture joint space w/needle to remove fluid
143
define ORTHOSIS
straightening/correction of bone deformity
144
define SPONDYLOSYNDESIS
surgical fusion of joints between vertebrae
145
aka: spondylosyndesis
spinal fusion
146
define closed reduction & internal fixation (CRIF)
external manipulation to restore fractured bone
147
purpose of CAST
immobilize fractures/dislocations
148
purpose of SPLINT
fixation of injured body part
149
define OSTEOPATH
traditional medicine & spinal manipulation
150
define RHEUMATOLOGIST
specialize in inflammation in joint & connective tissue
151
describe CREPITATION
grating sound heard when broken bones move; crackling sound/sensation or popping/clicking of some joints
152
aka: crepitation
crepitus
153
define CALLUS
bulging deposit around break turn to bone
154
define ORTHOTIC
medical tool to support, control, correct, compensate limb
155
define TUBERCULE
small round process
156
define TROCHANTER
1 of 2 larger process found in femur
157
define TUBEROSITY
large, rough process
158
define CONDYLE
rounded knuckle process @ joint
159
define FOSSA
bone depression
160
define SULCUS
groove/furrow
