Digestive Flashcards
1
Q
define ILEUM
A
last & longest part of small intestine
2
Q
define PERITONEUM
A
multilayered membrane protecting & holding organs in abdominal cavity
3
Q
define PARIETAL PERITONEUM
A
outer layer of peritoneum lining interior abdominal wall
4
Q
define MESENTERY
A
fused double layer of parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of intestine to interior abdominal wall
5
Q
define VISCERAL PERITONEUM
A
inner layer of peritoneum surrounding organs of abdominal cavity
6
Q
define RETROPERITONEAL
A
behind peritoneum
7
Q
List the parts/sections of the GI tract
A
upper: mouth to stomach
lower: small intestine to anus
accessory organs: pancreas, liver, gallbladder
8
Q
define PALATE
A
roof of the mouth comprised of 3 parts
9
Q
define HARD PALATE
A
anterior part of the palate covered w/mucous membranes
10
Q
define SOFT PALATE
A
flexible, posterior part of the palate that closes the nasal passage way when swallowing
11
Q
describe UVULA
A
structure that hangs from the soft palate (3rd part) that moves when swallowing & allows snoring/formation of sounds
12
Q
define TONGUE
A
strong, flexible, muscle attached posteriorly
13
Q
define DORSUM
A
upper surface of tongue w/protective covering & papillae
14
Q
define SUBLINGUAL SURFACE
A
highly vascular part of tongue that can absorb medication
15
Q
define LINGUAL FRENUM
A
attaches tongue to floor fo mouth to limit motion
16
Q
define PERIODONTIUM
A
structures surrounding, supporting, & attached to teeth
17
Q
define GINGIVIA
A
mucous membranes covering dental arches
18
Q
what are other names for gingiva
A
masticatory mucosa or gums
19
Q
define SULCUS
A
space between tooth & ginigva
20
Q
define DENTAL ARCHES
A
bony structures holding teeth (maxillary & mandibular attached by TMI)
21
Q
define OCCLUSION
A
contact between chewing surfaces of jaws
22
Q
parts of the teeth
A
crown, root, cervix, dentin, pulp cavity/root canal, pulp
23
Q
define SALIVA
A
substance that maintains teeth health & begins digestion (amylase)
24
Q
define ESOPHAGUS
A
tube from pharynx to stomach
25
define LOWER ESOPHAGEAL/CARDIAC SPHINCTER
between esophagus & stomach to prevent regurgitation
26
3 parts of the stomach
fundus: upper round part
Body: main
Antrum: lower part
27
define RUGAE
fold in mucosa stomach lining allowing in crease & decrease in size
28
what comprises of gastric juices
enzymes & HCI
29
define PYLORIC SPHINCTER
ring @ base of stomach before duodenum
30
define PYLORUS
passage connecting stomach & intestine
31
parts of small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
32
define CECUM
from ileum to colon
33
define VERMIFORM APPENDIX
mass of lymphoid tissue hangs from lower part of cecum
34
define COLON
longest part of large intestine split in 4 parts
35
give the order of the colon parts
ascending, transverse, descending, & sigmoid
36
define RECTUM
last 4" of large intestines to anus
37
what is the anus controlled by
internal & external sphincters
38
define ANORECTAL
anus & rectum as 1 unit
39
define LIVER
removes excess blood sugar via glycogen & creates bile & bilirubin
40
define BILE
digest fat
41
define BILIRUBIN
pigment made from hemoglobin breakdown to bile
42
define BILIARY TREE
channels transporting bile to small intestine
43
define COMMON HEPATIC DUCT
trunk of biliary tree
44
define COMMON BILE DUCT
common hepatic duct + cystic duct
45
define GALLBLADDER
concentrates & store bile under liver; pushes bile thru biliary tree via contraction
46
define METABOLISM
all processes involving usage of nutrients
47
define ABSORPTION
completely digested nutrients transported to cells
48
define MASTICATION
chewing
49
define BOLUS
mass of chewed food w/saliva
50
define CHYME
semifluid mass of partly digested food past the stomach
51
define BORBORYGMUS
rumbling sound from gas/fluid movement
52
list pancreatic enzymes
amylase, lipase, protease, insulin
53
define AMYLASE
pancreatic enzyme that breaks down carbs/sugars
54
define LIPASE
pancreatic enzyme help break down fat
55
define PROTEASE
pancreatic enzyme help break down proteins
56
define INSULIN
pancreatic enzyme aiding in absorption of sugar
57
which is used more commonly: gastralgia or gastrodynia
gastralgia
58
another name for gastroenteritis
stomach bug
59
s/s: gastroenteritis
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
60
s/s: gastritis
nausea & vomiting
61
cause: gastritis
bacteria
62
define ABDOMINOCENTESIS
surgical puncture of abdomen to remove fluid
63
define PYELITIS
inflammation of renal pelvis
64
define PYROSIS
discomfort bc of regurgitation of stomah acid
65
pyrosis is also known as
heartburn
66
define PERITONITIS
inflammation of peritoneum/abdominal cavity
67
cause: peritonitis
bacterial infection gen after ruptured organ/trauma
68
define CANKER SORES
gray-white pits w/red border inside mouth
69
canker sours are also known as
aphthous ulcers
70
cause: canker sores
unknown, stress, food, fever
71
define CHEILITIS
inflammation of lips w/crack like sores @ corners of mouth
72
cheilitis is also known as
cheilosis
73
define COLD SORES
blisters on face
74
cold sores are also known as
herpes labialis or fever blisters
75
define LEUKOPLAKIA
abnormal white & gen benign sore on tongue/inside cheek/genitalia/digestive tract/urinary tract
76
cause: leukoplakia
chronic irritation of mouth (or other structure)
77
define STOMATITIS
inflammation of mucosa of mouth
78
define ORAL THRUSH
fungal infection of mouth w/creamy white lesions on tongue/inner cheek
79
oral thrush is generally seen in what demographic
infants, seniors w/weak immune system, ppl on antibiotics
80
define TRISMUS
restriction to opening mouth
81
cause: trismus
trauma, surgery, radiation
82
trismus is also called
lock jaw
83
trismus can impaire what
speaking, swallowing, & nutrition
84
xerostomia is also called what
dry mouth
85
cause of xerostomia
medications or radiation
86
s/s: xerostomia
discomfort, difficulty swallowing, dental decay, change in taste
87
define CLEFT LIP PALATE
palate (upper lip, hard palate, soft palate) fails to close
88
problems associated w/cleft lip palate
difficult to eat & speak
89
problems associated w/cleft lip palate
difficult to eat & speak
90
define BRUXISM
involuntary teeth grinding w/sleep or stress
91
issues w/bruxism
wear down teeth, damage periodontal tissue, injure tMI
92
cause: dental caries
bacteria
93
define DENTAL PLAQUE
major cause of cavities & periodontal disease from bacteria & bacterial by-products
94
define EDENTULOUS
w/o permanent teeth
95
halitosis is also known as
bad breath
96
cause: halitosis
dental disease, respiratory/gastric disorders
97
define MALOCCLUSION
progressive disease of inflammation around teeth
98
malocclusion is also called
periodontitis
99
define DENTAL CALCULUS
calcified dental plaque
100
dental calculus is also called
tartar
101
define GUM RECESSION
shrinking of gingival tissue w/age
102
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is also called
trench mouth or ANUG
103
cause: ANUG
abnormal bacteria growth in mouth
104
s/s: ANUG
inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration, necrosis
105
define DYSPHAGIA
difficult/painful swallowing
106
define EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS
chronic immune disease where eosinophils build up in esophagus
107
define ESOPHAGITIS
inflammation of esophagus lining
108
cause: esophagitis
infection or stomach acids from GERD
109
define GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
acid reflux
110
gastroesophageal reflux disease is also called
GERD
111
define BARRET'S ESOPHAGUS
epithelial cells of esophagus damaged from chronic acid exposure
112
barett's esophagus is associated w/what things
- can be developed from GERD
- can increase risk of esophageal cancer
113
define STRICTURE
abnormal narrowing of passage from sacr tissue/damage
114
define ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
twisted & swollen veins distal esophagus/upper stomach
115
esophageal varices are associated w/..
serious liver disease & severe bleeding (rupture)
116
define GASTROPARESIS
gastric motility slows down, delaying gastric emptying
117
define PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
gastric/duodenal ulcers affect mucous membranes of digestive
118
cause: peptic ulcer disease
bacteria or medications
119
define ANOREXIA
loss of appetite caused by disease
120
define CACHEXIA
physically wasting away from loss of weight & muscle mass where body can't absorb nutrients
121
define FAILURE TO THRIVE
infant/child doesn't grow as expected
122
cause: failure to thrive
any reasons
123
define MALABSORPTION
small intestine can't absorb nutrients
124
define MALNUTRITION
lack proper food/nutrients
125
cause: malnutrition
shortage of food, poor eating habits, imability to digest/absorb/distribute nutrients
126
define AEROPHAGIA
excessive swallowing of air while eating/drinking
127
aerophagia is associated w/what
gas in stomach
128
define DYSPEPSIA
pain/discomfort during digestion
129
dyspepsia is also called
indigestion
130
define HEMATEMESIS
vomiting coagulated blood
131
define GLUTEN INTOLERANCE
digestive distress but no intestinal damage
132
gluten intolerance is also called
non-celiac gluten sensitivity
133
define LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
absence of lactase to process lactose
134
lactose intolerance is common in what demographics
AA & East Asians
135
s/s: Small intestinal bacterial growth
gas, bloating, diarrhea, constipation
136
define COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
1st appears as polyps in colon, rectum or both
137
colorectal carcinoma is also called
colon cancer
138
define POLYPS
mushroom-like growth from mucous membrane that is benign/malignant
139
define DIVERTICULOSIS
chronic abnormal # of diverticula in weak spots of colon wall/GI
140
define DIVERTICULUM
small pouch in lining of wall/tubular organ
141
diverticulosis is common in what demographic
ppl +50 yrs
142
define DIVERTICULITIS
inflammation/infection of at least 1 diverticulum of colon
143
s/s: diverticulitis
sudden ab pain, cramping, nausea
144
cause: enteritis
ingestion of viral/bacterial infection
145
DEFINE ischemic colitis
part of large intestine partly/completely deprived of blood
146
define ILEUS
part/complete blockage of small/large intestine
147
cause: ileus
stopping of peristalsis in area or abdominal surgery (temporary & normal 24-72 hrs post op)
148
s/s: ileus
severe pain, cramping, distention, vomiting, inability to fart/defecate, fever
149
s/s: IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
common group of symptoms: intermittent cramping, ab pain, constipation w/stress & tension, diarrhea, bloating
150
describe INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
disease-causing inflammation of intestines causing an increase in risk of colorectal cancer; chronic, incurable, flares
151
s/s: IBD
abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue, fever, rectal bleeding, enteropathic arthritis, diarrhea
152
describe: ULCERATIVE COLITIS
autoimmune; chronic inflammation of rectum & large intestines --> ulcers & irritation. Only affects innermost lining & increase risk for colon cancer
153
describe: CROHN'S DISEASE
autoimmune; inflammation of anywhere in GI tract (gen ileum & colon); affect every layer of tissue --> scarring & thickening --> blockage
154
define INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
part/complete blockage of either intestine from physical object
155
cause: intestinal obstruction
scar tissue, tumor, bezoar (indigestible materials)
156
describe STRANGULATING OBSTRUCTION
blood to intestines blocked --> necrosis, gangrene, perforation
157
define INTESTINAL ADHESIONS
fibrous bands band intestines together bc of trauma/inflammation
158
define INTUSSUSCEPTION
folding of 1 part of intestine into opening of adjacent section
159
define VOLVULUS
twisting of intestine
160
define STRANGULATED HERNIA
intestine in hernia constricted --> ischemia
161
define CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE
bacterial infection causing diarrhea & inflammation of colon
162
define DYSENTERY
bacterial infection spread thru food/H2O contaminated w/feces
163
cause: e. coli
bacteria thru poorly cooked food
164
salmonellosis is also known as
salmonella
165
cause: salmonellosis
transmit via feces; eating undercooked meat, seafood, eggs, unpasteurized dairy
166
define CONSTIPATION
< 3 bowel movements/wk; stool hard, dry, small, & difficult to dry
167
cause: constipation
lack of fiber, disease, medication, pelvic floor dysfunction
168
define HEMORRHOIDS
cluster of veins, muscles, tissue slip near/thru anal opening & varicose veins of anus
169
s/s: hemorrhoids
pain, fecal leakage, itching, bleeding
170
define RECTOCELE
bulging/herniation of front wall of rectum into vaginal wall
171
rectocele is also called
rectal prolapse
172
cause: rectocele
birth, pregnancy
173
define HEMATOCHEZIA
bright red blood in stool (bleed lower GI)
174
define MELENA
black, tarry, foul smelling stools from digested blood from bleeding in upper GI
175
describe STEATORRHEA
excess fat in stool --> frothy & foul-smelling stools
176
cause: steatorrhea
pancreatic disease, removal of gallbladder, malabsorption disorders
177
define ASCITES
abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity
178
cause: ascites
gen severe liver disease
179
define HEPATITIS
inflammation of liver from viral infection; leading cause of liver cancer & transplants
180
define HEPATITIS A
highly contagious & acute from contaminated food & H2O w/infected feces; vaccine
181
define HEPATITIS B
bloodborne disease & chronic; transmit via bodily fluids; vaccine, potentially fatal
182
define HEPATITIS C
bloodborne disease & chronic; transmit via bodily fluids; asymptomatic for years & destroy liver; no vaccine, potentially fatal
183
describe CIRRHOSIS
chronic degenerative disease of liver w/scarring; fills w/fat --> other issues
184
cause: cirrhosis
excessive alcohol, drug, medication use, hepatits B or C
185
describe NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH)
more serious version of NAFLD; fatty accumulations + liver inflammation --> cirrhosis, irreversible scarring, cancer
186
describe NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD)
accumuleadinglation of fat in liver not bc of alcohol; leading liver disorder in US
187
define CHOLANGITIS
acute inflammation of bile duct
188
cause: cholangitis
generally bacterial infection
189
s/s: cholangitis
pain in RUQ, fever, jaundice
190
define CHOLECYSTITIS
inflammation of gallbladder; associate w/gallstones
191
define GALLSTONES
hard deposit from concentration of bile in gallbladder & ducts
192
gallstones are also called
cholelith
193
define ANAL FISTULA
abnormal passageway between anus & skin near anus
194
cause: anal fistula
infection --> bascess
195
define CHOLELITHIASIS
abnormal condition of stones in gallbladder
196
define PERIODONTAL DISEASE
inflammation & degneration of gums, teeth, & bone
197
define JAUNDICE
yellowing of skin/tissue bc of high bilirubin
