Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
describe PARANASAL SINUSES
A
air-filled cavities w/mucous membranes near bones of skull to make head lighter, give resonance to voice, & make mucus for lubrication; 4 pairs (frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, ethmoid)
2
Q
describe FRONTAL PARANASAL SINUSES
A
frontal bone above eyebrows; infection leads to severe pain
3
Q
describe SPHENOID PARANASAL SINUSES
A
behind eye under pituitary close to optic nerve; infection leads to vision damage
4
Q
describe MAXILLARY PARANASAL SINUSES
A
largest; under eyes; infection leads to pain posterior maxillary teeth
5
Q
describe ETHMOID PARANASAL SINUSES
A
between nose & eyes; irregular shaped air cells thinly separated from orbital cavity
6
Q
describe the PHARYNX
A
takes air & food; 3 parts (nasopharynx, oropharynx, & laryngopharynx)
7
Q
aka: pharynx
A
the throat
8
Q
define the NASOPHARYNX
A
posterior to nasal cavity down behind mouth
9
Q
define the OROPHARYNX
A
visible thru mouth between soft palate & epiglottis passing air & food to laryngopharynx
10
Q
define the LARYNGOPHARYNX
A
after oropharynx; where food & air separate
11
Q
describe the TRACHEA
A
transport air; in front of esophagus; has flexible C shaped cartilage rings to open tube
12
Q
aka: trachea
A
windpipe
13
Q
define the BRONCHI
A
branches from trachea
14
Q
aka: bronchi
A
primary bronchi or bronchial tree
15
Q
define the ALVEOLI
A
surrounded by pulmonary cavities for O2 & CO2 exchange & make surfactant for stability
16
Q
aka: alveoli
A
air sacs
17
Q
describe the RIGHT LUNG
A
larger; 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower)
18
Q
describe the LEFT LUNG
A
2 lobes (upper & lower)
19
Q
define MEDIASTINUM
A
space between lungs
20
Q
define PLEURA
A
thin, moist, & slippery membrane outside lungs & inside thoracic cavity
21
Q
describe the PARIETAL PLEURA
A
outer layer lining walls of thoracic cavity, covers diaphragm, & forms lung sacs; attaches to chest wall
22
Q
define VISCERAL PLEURA
A
inner layer that covers & attaches to lungs
23
Q
define PLEURAL CAVITY
A
thin fluid filled area between parietal & visceral pleura for lubrication
24
Q
aka: pleural cavity
A
pleural space
25
define PHRENIC NERVES
stimulate diaphragm to contract
26
what 2 things consist respiration
1 inhale + 1 exhale
27
define EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
breathing
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define INTERNAL RESPIRATION
cellular gas exchange
29
describe INHALATION
diaphragm contracts & moves down for expansion & the created negative pressure draws air in
30
describe EXHALATION
diaphragm relaxes & moves up to increase pressure
31
define ADENOIDS
mass of gland-like lymphoid tissues @ back of upper pharynx
32
describe CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
group of disease that obstruct bronchial air flow; s/s: persistent dypnea w/exerition, chronic cough, <50% normal inspiratory capacity
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define CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
airways inflamed from irritants
34
describe EMPHYSEMA
progressive long term loss of lung function with decrease in # of alveoli making it harder to breathe & expand; alveoli also abnormally big in size & lose elasticity leading to SOB & impaired heart function
35
define AIRWAY INFLAMMATION
bronchi swell & clog w/mucus gen after allergies
36
define BRONCHOSPASM
spasm of smooth muscles in bronchi walls
37
describe UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION
caused by any of 200 viruses; inflammation of respiratory mucous membranes
38
aka: upper respiratory infection
acute nasopharyngitis, common cold or rhinopharyngitis
39
describe ALLERGIC RHINITIS
allergic disease of mucous membranes in nose & upper respiratory bc of exposure to pollen/allergenic substance
40
describe NONALLERGENIC RHINITIS
not caused by allergen; ex) cold air, meds, spicy food
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aka: allergic rhinitis
allergy for airborne allerge or hay fever
42
describe CROUP
acute respiratory infection in kids & infants; s/s: larynx obstruction, hoarseness, swelling of vocal cords, bark cough, stridor
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define STRIDOR
harsh & high pitch sound from blockage
44
define EPISTAXIS
nose bleed
45
cause: epistaxis
dry air, medication, high blood pressure
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describe INFLUENZA
acute, highly contagious viral infection spread via droplets; s/s: respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, muscle pain
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describe PERTUSSIS
contagious bacterial infection of upper respiratory; s/s: recurrent paroxysmal cough, breathlessness, noisy inspiration; preventable w/vaccine (DTap/Tdap)
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describe RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV)
common & highly contagious viral infection spread via droplets; gen mild & cold like; can lead to bronchiolitis
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describe RHINORRHEA
runny nose
50
aka: pharyngitis
sore throat
51
describe STREP THROAT
pharyngitis from bactera; red, painful, & purulent throat
52
describe LARYNGOSPASM
sudden spasmodic closure of larynx; sometimes w/GERD
53
define APHONIA
only able to whisper
54
aka: aphonia
lost voice
55
describe DYSPHONIA
difficulty speaking; s/s: hoarseness, weakness, cracking
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define LARYNGITIS
voice lost bc of inflammation of larynx
57
define ACUTE BRONCHITIS
inflammation of bronchi gen from viral infection; s/s: productive cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, low fever
58
aka: acute bronchitis
chest cold
59
define BRONCHIECTASIS
permanent thickening of bronchi walls bc of chronic infection & inflammation
60
define BRONCHORRHEA
excessive discharge of water mucus from bronchi bc chronic bronchitis or asthma
61
define PLEURISY
inflammation of pleura
62
aka: pleurisy
pleuritis
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cause: pleurisy
trauma, tuberculosis, connective tissue disease, infection
64
describe PLEURODYNIA
sharp chest pain bc of pleurisy; inflamed pleural membranes rube w/inhalation
65
describe PLEURAL EFFUSION
excess accumulation of fluid in pleural space leading to fluid into pleural cavity causing limited lung expansion & breathlessness; common w/pneumona, CHF, & kidney/liver disease
66
define PYOTHORAX
pus in pleural cavity between pleural layers bc of bacterial infection
67
aka: pyothorax
pleural empyema
68
define EMPYEMA
collection of pus in any body cavity
69
describe HEMOTHORAX
blood/bodily fluid in pleural cavity bc of trauma, disease, or surgery; common w/pneumonia, TB, & malignant tumors
70
describe PNEUMOTHORAX
air in pleural space causing pressure imbalance & full/partial collapse bc of trauma/lung disease related rupture
71
define ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)
lung inflammation & fluid in alveoli cause low O2 levels bc O2 can't reach blood
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cause of ARDS
trauma, pneumonia, smoke/fumes, inhaled vomit, sepsis
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describe ATELECTASIS
incomplete expansion of part/all lung from blockage or pneumothorax; alveoli can't expand
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aka: atelectasis
collapsed lung
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define GRANULOMA
local area of inflammation in lungs
76
describe PULMONARY EDEMA
fluid in lung tissue (esp alveoli); gen symptom for heart failure
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define PULMONARY EMBOLISM
sudden blockage of pulmonary artery from embolus
78
describe TUBERCULOSIS (TB)
infectious disease that gen attacks lungs & in ppl w/weak immune systems; can be latent in healthy ppl & drug resistant
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define PNEUMONIA
alveoli & air passages filled w/pus & fluid
80
cause: pneumonia
infection, bacteria, fungi, virus, aspiration, pollution/chemical
81
describe COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA (CAP)
from contagious infection outside hospital; gen bacterial but can be fungal/viral
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define BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
bacterial pneumonia that gen leads to lobar pneumonia
83
define LOBAR PNEUMONIA
at least 1 lobe affected
84
define HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
defenses impaired & acquired @ hospital
85
aka: hospital acquired pneumonia
nosocomial pneumonia
86
describe MYCOPLASMA
milder & longer lasting; bacterial
87
aka: mycoplasma
walking pneumonia
88
define PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA (PCP or PJP)
opportunistic pneumonia caused by fungus
89
statistic of viral pneumonia
~1/2 all pneumonia
90
describe INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
group of about 200 disorders causing inflammation & scarring of alveoli & other structures; scarred & stiff cause low O2 transfer
91
describe PULMONARY FIBROSIS
progressive formation of scar tissue in lung causing difficulty breathing & decreased lung capacity; an interstitial lung disease
92
define PNEUMOCONIOSIS
fibrosis of lung tissues bc of mineral dust
93
define ASBESTOSIS
asbestos particles in lung
94
define SILICOSIS
siica dust in lungs
95
describe CYSTIC FIBROSIS
genetic bc of 2 faulty genes affecting respiratory, digestive, & reproductive; can't easily process mucus leading to buildup, lungs & pancreas become clogged
96
s/s: cystic fibrosis
lung damage, poor growth, nutrtional deficiencies, wheezing, persistent cough, chronic respiratory infections, heat intolerance, pancreatic insufficiency, excessive mucus in lungs, lots of sweating, impaired secretion of intestinal fluids
97
describe BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
leading cause of cancer death; origin in bronchi
98
aka: bronchogenic carcinoma
lung cancer
99
define BRADYPNEA
slow heart rate (<10/min)
100
describe CHEYNE-STOKES RESPIRATION
irregular breathing pattern w/alt. rapid/shallow breath & bradypnea/apnea; in comatose & near death ppl
101
define TACHYPNEA
abnormally fast respiration (> 20/min)
102
define DYSPNEA
difficult/painful breathing
103
aka: dyspnea
shortness of breath
104
describe HYPERPNEA
gen w/exertion, high altitude, anemia, or sepsis; breathe deeper & more rapid than @ rest
105
describe HYPERVENTILATION
faster, deeper, & excessive breathing decreasing CO2 in blood; s/s: anxiety, dizziness, numbness, rapid breathing, tingling hands/feet
106
define HYPOVENTILATION
shallow/slow respiration
107
aka: hypoventilation
hypopnea
108
define EXPECTORATION
coughing/spitting up saliva/mucus/fluid
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define HEMOPTYSIS
spitting up blood/blood stained sputum
110
describe ANOXIA
absence of O2 in body even w/good blood flow; >4 min = irreversible brain damage
111
describe HYPOXIA
deficient O2 levels in body, less severe than anoxia
112
cause: hypoxia
trauma, lung disease, cardiovascular problems, carbon monoxide poisoning, high altitudes
113
define ASPHYXIA
loss of consciousness when not enough O2
114
describe CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
high CO interfere w/using O2; s/s: nausea, vomiting, dizziness, SOB, headaches, lethargy, confusion
115
define HYPERCAPNIA
weirdly high CO2 buildup in blood
116
aka: hypercapnia
CO2 retention
116
define HYPOXEMIA
low O2 levels in blood
117
describe RESPIRATORY FAILURE
respiratory acidosis; O2 dangerously low or CO2 dangerously high
118
define ORTHOPNEA
breathing easier when sitting up
119
define RALES
abnormal crackling sound w/inhalation indicating fluid or mucus
120
define RHONCHI
coarse rattling/high pitched snoring indicating narrowing of air passageway
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define WHEEZING
high pitched sound w/exhalation
122
describe DIPTHERIA
serious infection of nose & throat where thick sheet of gray matter covers pharynx obstructing air; preventable w/vaccine
123
define SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)
potentially fatal viral infection affecting respiratory & can cause multiorgan failure
124
define BRONCHOSCOPY
camera thru nose/mouth to airways
125
define LARYNGOSCOPY
flexible/rigid camera thru mouth
126
define PEAK FLOW METER
measure air flow out of lungs
127
define POLYSOMNOGRAPHY
physiological activity during sleep
128
aka: polysomnograohy
sleep study
129
describe PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS (PFTs)
tests measure volume. air flow, & gas exchange; factors being gender, height, & sex
130
define SPIROMETER
tool measures air capacity & time for every breath
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define PULSE OXIMETER
on finger/earlobe to measure O2 saturation
132
define SPUTUM CYTOLOGY
mucus coughed up & examined for cancer
133
describe SPUTUM CULTURE & SENSITIVITY
mucus coughed up & monitor for bacterial growth, if growth test sensitivity/resistance to antibiotics; diagnostic & treatment
134
define TB SKIN TESTING
small amnt of tuberculin purified protein derivative injected under skin & check reaction 48 hrs later
135
aka: TB skin testing
Mantoux PPD skin test
136
define PULMONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
x-ray visual of arteries & veins w/contrast
137
define ARTERIAL BLOOD GASSES (test) {ABGs}
assess levels of O2 & CO2 in blood
138
describe SWEAT TEST
aid diagnosis of CF by measuring sodium in sweat; stimulate sweat w/chemical & electrode
139
describe VENTILATION/PERFUSION (V/Q) SCAN
nuclear medicine diagnostic w/inhalation of radioactive air to see if lungs fill & inject dye to see blood flow
140
aka: antitussive
cough medicine
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aka: decongestant
nasal decongestant
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define EXPECTORANT
makes mucus thin & less viscous to be easy to cough up
143
describe BRONCHODILATOR
inhaled drug relax & expand bronchi & relax muscle spasms in bronchial tubes; short or long acting
144
define NEBULIZER
turn liquid medicine to mist for inhalation
145
define ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION
tube into trachea to establish/maintain airway
146
define FUNCTIONAL ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY (FESS)
treat chronic sinusitis w/endoscope
147
define LARYNGOTOMY
surgical incision into larynx done when upper airway obstructed
148
define SEPTOPLASTY
surgical repair of nasal septum
149
describe TRACHEOSTOMY
surgical creation of stoma into trachea inferior vocal cords by inserting temporary/permanent tube for breathing
150
define PNEUMONECTOMY
surgical removal of all/part lung
151
define LOBECTOMY
surgical removal of organ lobe
152
define WEDGE RESECTION
small wedge shape of lung cancer removed
153
define THORACENTESIS
surgical puncture of chest wall w/needle to aspirate fluid from pleural sac
154
define THORACOTOMY
incision into chest wall to open pleural access lungs, heart, esophagus, diaphragm, etc
155
define VIDEO ASSISTED THORACIC SURGERY (VATS)
thoracoscope to look inside pleural & biopsy tissue & treat repeated collapsed lungs
156
define BILEVEL POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE
machine change pressure w/respirations
157
aka: bilevel positive airway pressure
BiPAP machine
158
describe VENTILATOR
device for artificial respirations; forced inhalation & exhalation natural
159
describe HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY (HBOT)
breathe & absorb pure O2; promote healing, fight infection, treat CO poison
160
define AEROSOL THERAPY
inhaled meds in mist via nebulizer/inhaler
161
define CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE
machine gives mild air pressure to keep airways open
162
aka: continuous positive airway pressure
CPAP
163
define POSTURAL DRAINAGE
drain pulmonary secretions, head should be lower than feet
164
define BETA-ANDRENERGIC AGONIST
drug dilates bronchi
165
define GLUCOCORTICOID
drug suppressing inflammation
166
define MAST CELL STABILIZER
drug inhibits release of histamines
167
define MUCOLYTIC
loosen mucus
168
define SPUTUM
phlegm ejected via mouth for siagnositcs
169
define PHLEGM
thick mucus secreted from respiratory passage
170
define OTOLARYNGOLOGIST
specialize in head & neck; an ENT
