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HOSA: Med Term > Nervous/Special Senses > Flashcards

Nervous/Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

define AGEUSIA

A

absence of gustatory sense (taste)

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2
Q

define ANOSMIA

A

absence of olfactory sense (smell)

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3
Q

aka: anosmia

A

anosphrasia

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4
Q

define DYSGEUSIA

A

taste impaired leading to either an unpleasant taste when previously pleasant or a taste w/o stimulus

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5
Q

define HYPEROSMIA

A

abnormally heightened sense of smell

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6
Q

define HYPOSMIA

A

abnormally weak sense of smell

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7
Q

define FISSURE

A

normal folds in contours of brain

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8
Q

PNS is composed of what

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves

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9
Q

define NERVE

A

at least 1 bundle of neurons

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10
Q

define TRACT

A

bundle/group of nerve fibers in brain/spinal cord

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11
Q

define GANGLION

A

nerve center made of cluster of nerve cell bodies outside CNS

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12
Q

define INNERVATION

A

supply of nerves to specific body part

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13
Q

define PLEXUS

A

network of intersecting spinal nerves

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14
Q

define RECEPTORS

A

sites in sensory organs getting stimulation

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15
Q

define STIMULUS

A

anything that excites nerve to cause impulse

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16
Q

define REFLEX

A

automatic, involuntary response to any change

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17
Q

define AFFERENT NEURONS

A

sensory

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18
Q

define EFFERENT NEURONS

A

motor

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19
Q

define CONNECT/ASSOCIATE NEURONS

A

link afferent & efferent neurons

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20
Q

define DENDRITES

A

root-like processes that receive impulses & conduct to cell body

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21
Q

define AXON

A

process that conducts impulse away from cell

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22
Q

define TERMINAL END FIBERS

A

branching fibers @ end of axon that lead nerve impulse from axon to synapse

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23
Q

describe SYNAPSE

A

space between 2 neurons/neuron & receptor; 1 neuron can have few/hundreds

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24
Q

describe NEUROTRANSMITTERS

A

chemical substances that allow for messages to cross synapse to receptors; 200-300 known

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25
Q

define ACETYLCHOLINE

A

neurotransmitter for muscle action

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26
Q

define DOPAMINE

A

neurotransmitter for motivation, pleasure, & movement

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27
Q

define ENDORPHINS

A

neurotransmitter that relieves pain

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28
Q

define NOREPINEPHRINE

A

neurotransmitter for alertness & arousal

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29
Q

define SEROTONIN

A

neurontransmitter for sleep, hunger, & pleasure

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30
Q

define GLIAL CELLS

A

suppport & protect neurons by surrounding & holding neurons in place, supply nutrients & O2 to neurons, insulate, & destroy & remove neurons

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31
Q

aka: glial cells

A

neuroglial cells

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32
Q

describe MYELIN SHEATH

A

protective covering made of glial cells that covers some of spinal cord & most peripheral nerves; white sheath signifies white matter

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33
Q

define MENINGES

A

system of membranes enclosing brain & cord w/3 layers of connective tissue (dura mater, arachnoid membrane, & pia mater)

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34
Q

define DURA MATER

A

outermost layer of meninges that is thick & tough, lining inner surface of cranium

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35
Q

define ARACHNOID MEMBRANE

A

2nd layer of meninges that is loosely attached to other layers to allow fluid to flow inbetween

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36
Q

define PIA MATER

A

3rd layer of meninges nearest brain & cord, delicate w/blood vessels

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37
Q

describe CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

A

clear, colorless, & water fluid that cool & cushions organs & transports nutrients/chemicals; made by special capillaries in ventricles in middle of cerebrum

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38
Q

define CEREBRUM

A

largest & uppermost part of brain responsible for thought, judgment, memory, emotion, & motor & sensory functions

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39
Q

define CEREBRAL

A

pertaining to cerebrum/brain

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40
Q

define CEREBRAL CORTEX

A

outer layer of cerebrum made of gray matter, gyri, & sulci

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41
Q

define CEREBRAL LOBES

A

subdivided parts of hemispheres (frontal, parietal, occiptal, & temporal)

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42
Q

describe THALAMUS

A

below cerebrum that produce sensations & relay impulses to & from cerebrum & sense organs

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43
Q

describe HYPOTHALAMUS

A

below thalamus regulating ANS, sleep-wakefulness cycles, thirst, hunger, temperature, emotional response, & endocrine system; secretes hormones (GHRH, GHIH, CRH, GnRH, TRH)

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44
Q

define GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (GHRH)

A

stimulates release of GH from pituitary

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45
Q

define GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE (GHIH)

A

inhibits release of GH from pituitary

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46
Q

define CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)

A

regulate release of adrenocorticotropic from pituitary

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47
Q

define GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH)

A

regulate release of LH & FSH from pituitary

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48
Q

define THROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (TRH)

A

regulate release of TSH from pituitary

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49
Q

define CEREBELLUM

A

2nd largest part of brain that receive incoming messages about movement to make smooth & coordinate movement & maintain equilibrium & normal posture

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50
Q

describe BRAINSTEM

A

connects hemispheres; consists of midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata

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51
Q

midbrain & pons

A

conduction pathways to & from high & low brain centers on brain stem that respond to visual & auditory stimuli & reflexes of eyes & head

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52
Q

define MEDULLA OBLONGATA

A

lowest part of brain stem, connected to stem that controls basic survival

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53
Q

define SPINAL CORD

A

long, fragile & tube like structure surrounded & protected by CSF & meninges

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54
Q

define AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

controls involves involuntary actions & consists of sympathetic & parasympathetic

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55
Q

describe SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

prepares for emergencies & stress; reaction to real or imaginary danger

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56
Q

define PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

returns body to normal after stress & maintains normal function

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57
Q

define COGNITION

A

mental activities w/memory, thinking, & learning

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58
Q

define ADNEXA OF EYES

A

structures outside eyeball including orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, & lacrimal apparatus

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59
Q

aka: adnexa of the eyes

A

adenxa oculi

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60
Q

define ORBIT

A

bony cavity containing & protecting eyeball

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61
Q

aka: orbit

A

eye socket

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62
Q

define EYE MUSCLES

A

3 pairs to create wide range of movement (superior & inferior oblique & rectus + lateral & medial rectus)

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63
Q

define BINOCULAR VISION

A

both eyes work together to create 3D depth perception

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64
Q

define CANTHUS

A

angle upper & lower eyelids meet

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65
Q

define CILIA

A

small hairs of brows & lashes

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66
Q

define TARSUS

A

framework within upper & lower eyelid to create its stiffness & shape

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67
Q

aka: tarsus

A

tarsal plate

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68
Q

define CONJUNCTIVA

A

transparent mucous membrane lining underside of eyelids acting as protective covering over exposed eye surface

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69
Q

describe LACRIMAL APPARATUS

A

produce, store, & remove tears; consists of glands, fluid, canal, sac & duct

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70
Q

aka: lacrimal apparatus

A

tear apparatus

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71
Q

define LACRIMAL GLANDS

A

secretes tears

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72
Q

describe LACRIMAL FLUID

A

tears; maintain eye moisture

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73
Q

define LACRIMAL CANAL

A

duct @ inner corner of eye that collects tears & empty into lacrimal sacs

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74
Q

define LACRIMAL SAC

A

enlargement of upper part of lacrimal duct

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75
Q

aka: lacrimal sac

A

tear sac

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76
Q

define LACRIMAL DUCT

A

drains excess tears into nose

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77
Q

aka: lacrimal duct

A

nasolacrimal duct

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78
Q

define EYEBALL

A

1 in sphere w/ only 1/6 visible

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79
Q

aka: eyeball

A

globe

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80
Q

define SCLERA

A

maintains shape & protects inner layers of eye

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81
Q

aka: sclera

A

white of the eye

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82
Q

define CHOROID

A

opaque middle layer w/lots of blood vessels

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83
Q

aka: choroid

A

choroid coat

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84
Q

define RETINA

A

sensitive innermost layer that receives impulses & transmits to brain

85
Q

describe AQUEOUS HUMOR

A

fluid filling posterior & anterior chambers of eye to maintain eye shape & nourish intraocular; is constantly filtered & drained

86
Q

aka: aqueous humor

A

aqueous fluid

87
Q

define ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE

A

between cornea & iris

88
Q

define POSTERIOR CHAMBER

A

between iris & lens

89
Q

define INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE

A

measurement of fluid pressure in eye regulated by rate of aqueous humor leaving eye

90
Q

define POSTERIOR SEGMENT

A

2/3 eye from lens to rest of eye lined w.retina & filled w/vitreous humor

91
Q

aka: vitreous humor

A

vitreous gel

92
Q

define VITREOUS HUMOR

A

soft, clear jelly-like mass w/millions of fine fibers attached to retina surface to maintain shape

93
Q

describe RODS & CONES

A

receive images passed thru lens; rods = black & white; cones = color

94
Q

define MACULA

A

clearly defined light-sensitive area center of retina where vision sharpest

95
Q

aka: macula

A

macula lutea

96
Q

define FOVEA CENTRALIS

A

pit in middle of macula where color vision best (no rods)

97
Q

describe OPTIC DISK

A

where nerve endings enter optic nerves; blind bc there are no cones or rods

98
Q

aka: optic disk

A

blind spot

99
Q

define OPTIC NERVE

A

transmits impulses from retina to brain

100
Q

define UVEA

A

pigmented layer of eye consisting of choroid, ciliary body, & iris

101
Q

describe CILIARY BODY

A

in choroid that makes aqueous humor; made of muscles & suspensory ligaments to adjust thickness of lens to focus

102
Q

define IRIS

A

colorful structure surrounding pupil that controls amnt of light entering (low = constrict & high = dilate)

103
Q

define CORNEA

A

transparent outer surface of eye over iris & pupil that is primary structure for light focus

104
Q

define PUPIL

A

opening of eye to permit light

105
Q

define LENS

A

clear, flexible, curved structure in clear capsule that focuses images on retina

106
Q

define ACCOMMODATION

A

eyes make adjustments for seeing @ distances through contraction, dilation, eye movement, & change lens shape

107
Q

define CONVERGENCE

A

simultaneous inward movement of eyes toward each other to create single binocular vision as the object moves closer

108
Q

define EMMETROPIA

A

relationship between refraction & eye shape to focus light on retina

109
Q

define REFRACTION

A

lens’ ability to bend light rays to focus on retina

110
Q

aka: refraction

A

refractive power

111
Q

define VISUAL ACUITY

A

ability to distinguish details & shape @ distance tested w/Snellen chart (can detect hyperopia & myopia)

112
Q

aka: pinna

A

auricle or outer ear

113
Q

define PINNA

A

external part of ear that captures sound waves & transmits to auditory canal

114
Q

define EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL

A

transmits sounds from pinna to eardrum

115
Q

describe CERUMEN

A

earwax; traps small insects, dust, debris, & bacteria

116
Q

describe MIDDLE EAR

A

transmits sounds between outer & inner ear; houses auditory ossicles & eustachain tubes

117
Q

define TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

A

between outer & middle ear that transmits sounds by vibrating

118
Q

aka: tympanic membrane

119
Q

define MASTOID PROCESS

A

temporal bone w/hollow air space surrounding middle ear

120
Q

describe AUDITORY OSSICLES

A

3 small bones in middle ear that transmit sound from eardrum to inner ear; malleus/hammer, anvil/incus, stapes/stirrup

121
Q

define EUSTACHIAN TUBES

A

narrow tubes from middle ear to nasal & throat to equalise air pressure

122
Q

aka: eustachian tubes

A

auditory tubes

123
Q

describe INNER EAR

A

houses receptors for hearing & balance; its structures are called the labyrinth

124
Q

the labyrinth of the ear consists of what

A

oval window + Cochlea (+ all that it houses)

125
Q

define OVAL WINDOW

A

opening near vestibule under base of stapes that connects/separates middle from inner ear & vibrations enter here

126
Q

aka: oval window

A

fenestra ovalis

127
Q

describe COCHLEA

A

vibrations lead to nerve impulses; houses cochlear duct, organ of Corti, 3 semicircular canals, & acoustic nerves

128
Q

define ORGAN OF CORTI

A

receive vibrations from cochlear duct & relay to auditory nerve fibers that transmit to auditory center of brain for interpretation

129
Q

describe SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

A

connected to cochlea by vestibule & has endolymph liquid & hair cells; hair bends w/movement to maintain equilibrium

130
Q

define ACOUSTIC NERVES (cranial nerve VIII)

A

transmit cochlear (hearing) & vestibular (balance)

131
Q

describe ROUND WINDOW

A

opening in middle ear leading to cochlea that allows displacement of fluids in cochlea; the movement of tiny hairs create hearing

132
Q

aka: round window

A

fenestra rotunda

133
Q

define AIR CONDUCTION

A

waves enter thru pinna & strike eardrum

134
Q

define BONE CONDUCTION

A

eardrum vibrates causing auditory ossicles to vibrate causing transmission to oval window

135
Q

define SENSORINEURAL CONDUCTION

A

sound vibration reach inner ear & relayed to auditory nerve

136
Q

define MYELOPATHY

A

any injury/degeneration/disease in spinal cord

137
Q

define CEPHALALGIA

138
Q

define MIGRAINE HEADACHE + s/s

A

throbbing pain on 1 side of headache sometimes w/warning aura common in women; s/s: nausea, vomiting, light/sound sensitivity

139
Q

define CLUSTER HEADACHES + s/s

A

intense painful headache on 1 side of head generally in men & repeat in groups; s/s: tearing of eyes & nasal congestion

140
Q

define ENCEPHALOCELE

A

congenital herniation of brain tissue thru skull gap

141
Q

aka: encephalocele

A

craniocele

142
Q

define MENINGOCELE

A

congenital hernia of meninges thru defected skull/spine

143
Q

describe HYDROCEPHALUS

A

excess CSF in brain ventricles lead to cephalomegaly which can cause brain damage; common in young kids; can be congenital or caused by obstruction later in life

144
Q

define MENINGIOMA

A

generally benign tumor of meninges that is common & slow-growing

145
Q

define MENINGITIS + s/s

A

inflammation of meninges of brain & cord from a bacterial or viral infection outside brain; s/s: intense headache & flu-like symptoms

146
Q

aka: meningitis

A

infectious meningitis

147
Q

define CHIARI MALFORMATION + s/s

A

congenital disorder where parts of cerebellum extend into spinal cord; s/s: asymptomatic, headache, neck pain, coordination issues

148
Q

define ENCEPHALITIS

A

inflammation of brain from a viral infection (like rabies)

149
Q

describe REYE’S SYNDROME (RS) + s/s

A

rare, serious & potentially fatal condition in kids (< 18 yrs) that can follow a viral illness treated w/aspirin & leads to acute encephalopathy (brain malfunction ) & hepatomegaly; s/s: confusion, seizures, unconsciousness, vomiting, confusion

150
Q

define TETANUS

A

acute & potentially fatal infection of CNS from toxin from tetanus bacteria

151
Q

aka: tetanus

152
Q

define TOURETTE SYNDROME (TS)

A

complex disorder w/involuntary tics, grunts, & compulsive utterances

153
Q

define DEMENTIA

A

slowly progressive decline in mental abilities (such as memory, thinking, judgment) & personality changes

154
Q

describe VASCULAR DEMENTIA

A

dementia caused by stroke/restriction of blood; makes up 10-20% all dementia cases

155
Q

define NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE

A

an umbrella term for disorders w/progressive loss of neuron structure/function

156
Q

aka: neurodegenerative disease

A

degenerative nerve disease

157
Q

define ALZHEIMER’S (AD)

A

group of disorders w/a form of dementia, progressive deterioration of memory & reasoning, & atrophy of frontal & occiptal lobes

158
Q

s/s: Alzheimer’s

A

progressive, irreversible memory loss; intellect deterioration; speech & gait disturbances; apathy; disorientation

159
Q

define PARKINSON’S (PD) + s/s

A

chronic, degenerative CNS disorder w/gradual progressive loss of control of movement from inadequate dopamine; s/s: fine muscle tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, irregular gait, hallucinations, delusions

160
Q

define TREMOR

A

repetitive involuntary movement of hands, arms, face, & head

161
Q

describe AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)

A

rapidly progressive disease where nerve cells for voluntary movement attacked causing degeneration of motor neurons in cord, medulla, & cortex leading to progressive weakness, paralysis, & death

162
Q

s/s: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

muscular weakness, atrophy, involuntary contractions, excessive reflexes

163
Q

aka: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

Lou Gehrig’s disease

164
Q

describe AMNESIA

A

total/partial loss of memories from injury, illness, or psychological disturbance; 2 types (antegrade or retrograde)

165
Q

difference between retrograde & antegrade amnesia

A

antegrade = can’t make new memories & retrograde = loss old memories

166
Q

define CONCUSSION + s/s

A

TBI from violent shaking/jarring/blow to brain leading to partial/complete loss of brain function; s/s: memory loss, poor coordination, difficulty balancing, dizziness

167
Q

define CEREBRAL CONTUSION

A

bruising of brain tissue from injury

168
Q

define CRANIAL HEMATOMA

A

collection of blood trapped in brain tissue from a major or minor injury

169
Q

define TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI)

A

blow/penetrating injury damaging the brain

170
Q

define COUP

A

injury within skull near impact point

171
Q

define CONTRECOUP

A

injury within skull opposite impact point; aka counterblow

172
Q

define SHAKEN BABY SYNDROMEs

A

condition that leads to brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis, & death

173
Q

define LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS (LOC)

A

describes arousal & stimuli response ( 7 levels)

174
Q

describe CONSCIOUS (LOC)

A

LOC; awake, alert,aware, & proper stimuli response

175
Q

define UNCONSCIOUS (LOC)

A

LOC; unaware/unable to respond to any stimuli including pain

176
Q

describe STUPOR (LOC)

A

LOC; unresponsive, aroused briefly despite vigorous attempts

177
Q

describe LETHARGY (LOC)

A

LOC; decreased level of consciousness w/listlessness, drowsiness, & apathy

178
Q

define SYNCOPE (LOC)

A

LOC: decreased blood flow leads to brief unconsciousness

179
Q

aka: cyncope

180
Q

describe COMA (LOC)

A

LOC; profound state of unconsciousness caused by TBI, stroke, infection, or illness with no spontaneous eye movement, no response to pain, & no speech

181
Q

define PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE (LOC)

A

LOC; coma alternating sleep & wake cycles (unconscious even when appearing awake)

182
Q

describe DELIRIUM

A

acute condition generally from a treatable condition w/confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking, memory issues, agitation, & hallucinations

183
Q

define GLIOBLASTOMA

A

fast growing & malignant tumor from glial cells

184
Q

aka: glioblastoma

A

glioblastoma multiforme

185
Q

define INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE (ICP)

A

amnt of pressure in skull

186
Q

describe CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT

A

brain damage when blood flow blocked/ruptured; damage on one side causes effects on other; s/s = FAST

187
Q

aka: cerebrovascular accident

188
Q

define ISCHEMIC STROKE

A

narrowing/blockage of artery generally bc of atherosclerosis most common in elderly

189
Q

define THROMBOTIC ISCHEMIC STROKE

A

caused by clot in carotid

190
Q

describe TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA) + s/s

A

temporary interruption in blood supply that resolves in less than 1 hr & is a warning sign for more fatal strokes; s/s: numbness, blurred vision, dizziness, & loss of balance

191
Q

define APHASIA

A

loss of ability to speak, write, & understand spoken/written words caused by brain damage bc of stroke

192
Q

define HEMORRHAGIC STROKE

A

blood vessel in brain leaks/aneurysm ruptures & often fatal

193
Q

aka: hemorrhagic stroke

194
Q

define ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION (AVM)

A

congenital abnormal connection between arteries & veins that can rupture @ any age & is one cause of hemorrhagic strokes

195
Q

define INSOMNIA

A

prolonged/abnormal inability to sleep & is a symptom of another problem

196
Q

define NARCOLEPSY

A

sudden & uncontrollable falling asleep during the day bc of changes in the brain

197
Q

deifne SLEEP DEPRIVATION

A

sufficient lack of restorative sleep over period leading to physical/psychiatric symptoms

198
Q

define PARASOMNIA

A

term covering categories of sleep disorders while falling asleep, during sleep, or waking up

199
Q

define SOMNAMBULISM

A

walking/performing activity while sleeping

200
Q

aka: somnambulism

A

sleepwalking

201
Q

define MYELITIS

A

inflammation of spinal cord

202
Q

describe POLIOMYELITIS

A

highly contagious viral infection of brainstem & cord leading to inflammation of gray matter of spinal cord that can cause paralysis & symptoms reappearing later in life; uncurable

203
Q

aka: poliomyelitis

204
Q

define MYELOSIS

A

spinal cord tumor

205
Q

define RADICULITIS

A

inflammation of spinal nerve root w/pain & numbness down affected limb

206
Q

aka: radiculitis

A

pinched nerve

206
Q

describe CERVICAL RADICULOPATHY

A

pressure on spinal nerve roots in neck w/weakness or numbness radiating to shoulder, arm, hand, or fingers

207
Q

describe LUMBAR RADICULOPATHY

A

nerve pain in low back caused by muscle spasms or nerve root irritation

HOSA: Med Term (20 decks)

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