Nervous/Special Senses Flashcards
1
Q
define AGEUSIA
A
absence of gustatory sense (taste)
2
Q
define ANOSMIA
A
absence of olfactory sense (smell)
3
Q
aka: anosmia
A
anosphrasia
4
Q
define DYSGEUSIA
A
taste impaired leading to either an unpleasant taste when previously pleasant or a taste w/o stimulus
5
Q
define HYPEROSMIA
A
abnormally heightened sense of smell
6
Q
define HYPOSMIA
A
abnormally weak sense of smell
7
Q
define FISSURE
A
normal folds in contours of brain
8
Q
PNS is composed of what
A
12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves
9
Q
define NERVE
A
at least 1 bundle of neurons
10
Q
define TRACT
A
bundle/group of nerve fibers in brain/spinal cord
11
Q
define GANGLION
A
nerve center made of cluster of nerve cell bodies outside CNS
12
Q
define INNERVATION
A
supply of nerves to specific body part
13
Q
define PLEXUS
A
network of intersecting spinal nerves
14
Q
define RECEPTORS
A
sites in sensory organs getting stimulation
15
Q
define STIMULUS
A
anything that excites nerve to cause impulse
16
Q
define REFLEX
A
automatic, involuntary response to any change
17
Q
define AFFERENT NEURONS
A
sensory
18
Q
define EFFERENT NEURONS
A
motor
19
Q
define CONNECT/ASSOCIATE NEURONS
A
link afferent & efferent neurons
20
Q
define DENDRITES
A
root-like processes that receive impulses & conduct to cell body
21
Q
define AXON
A
process that conducts impulse away from cell
22
Q
define TERMINAL END FIBERS
A
branching fibers @ end of axon that lead nerve impulse from axon to synapse
23
Q
describe SYNAPSE
A
space between 2 neurons/neuron & receptor; 1 neuron can have few/hundreds
24
Q
describe NEUROTRANSMITTERS
A
chemical substances that allow for messages to cross synapse to receptors; 200-300 known
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define ACETYLCHOLINE
neurotransmitter for muscle action
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define DOPAMINE
neurotransmitter for motivation, pleasure, & movement
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define ENDORPHINS
neurotransmitter that relieves pain
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define NOREPINEPHRINE
neurotransmitter for alertness & arousal
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define SEROTONIN
neurontransmitter for sleep, hunger, & pleasure
30
define GLIAL CELLS
suppport & protect neurons by surrounding & holding neurons in place, supply nutrients & O2 to neurons, insulate, & destroy & remove neurons
31
aka: glial cells
neuroglial cells
32
describe MYELIN SHEATH
protective covering made of glial cells that covers some of spinal cord & most peripheral nerves; white sheath signifies white matter
33
define MENINGES
system of membranes enclosing brain & cord w/3 layers of connective tissue (dura mater, arachnoid membrane, & pia mater)
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define DURA MATER
outermost layer of meninges that is thick & tough, lining inner surface of cranium
35
define ARACHNOID MEMBRANE
2nd layer of meninges that is loosely attached to other layers to allow fluid to flow inbetween
36
define PIA MATER
3rd layer of meninges nearest brain & cord, delicate w/blood vessels
37
describe CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
clear, colorless, & water fluid that cool & cushions organs & transports nutrients/chemicals; made by special capillaries in ventricles in middle of cerebrum
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define CEREBRUM
largest & uppermost part of brain responsible for thought, judgment, memory, emotion, & motor & sensory functions
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define CEREBRAL
pertaining to cerebrum/brain
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define CEREBRAL CORTEX
outer layer of cerebrum made of gray matter, gyri, & sulci
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define CEREBRAL LOBES
subdivided parts of hemispheres (frontal, parietal, occiptal, & temporal)
42
describe THALAMUS
below cerebrum that produce sensations & relay impulses to & from cerebrum & sense organs
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describe HYPOTHALAMUS
below thalamus regulating ANS, sleep-wakefulness cycles, thirst, hunger, temperature, emotional response, & endocrine system; secretes hormones (GHRH, GHIH, CRH, GnRH, TRH)
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define GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (GHRH)
stimulates release of GH from pituitary
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define GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE (GHIH)
inhibits release of GH from pituitary
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define CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)
regulate release of adrenocorticotropic from pituitary
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define GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH)
regulate release of LH & FSH from pituitary
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define THROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (TRH)
regulate release of TSH from pituitary
49
define CEREBELLUM
2nd largest part of brain that receive incoming messages about movement to make smooth & coordinate movement & maintain equilibrium & normal posture
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describe BRAINSTEM
connects hemispheres; consists of midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata
51
midbrain & pons
conduction pathways to & from high & low brain centers on brain stem that respond to visual & auditory stimuli & reflexes of eyes & head
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define MEDULLA OBLONGATA
lowest part of brain stem, connected to stem that controls basic survival
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define SPINAL CORD
long, fragile & tube like structure surrounded & protected by CSF & meninges
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define AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
controls involves involuntary actions & consists of sympathetic & parasympathetic
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describe SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
prepares for emergencies & stress; reaction to real or imaginary danger
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define PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
returns body to normal after stress & maintains normal function
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define COGNITION
mental activities w/memory, thinking, & learning
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define ADNEXA OF EYES
structures outside eyeball including orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, & lacrimal apparatus
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aka: adnexa of the eyes
adenxa oculi
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define ORBIT
bony cavity containing & protecting eyeball
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aka: orbit
eye socket
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define EYE MUSCLES
3 pairs to create wide range of movement (superior & inferior oblique & rectus + lateral & medial rectus)
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define BINOCULAR VISION
both eyes work together to create 3D depth perception
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define CANTHUS
angle upper & lower eyelids meet
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define CILIA
small hairs of brows & lashes
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define TARSUS
framework within upper & lower eyelid to create its stiffness & shape
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aka: tarsus
tarsal plate
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define CONJUNCTIVA
transparent mucous membrane lining underside of eyelids acting as protective covering over exposed eye surface
69
describe LACRIMAL APPARATUS
produce, store, & remove tears; consists of glands, fluid, canal, sac & duct
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aka: lacrimal apparatus
tear apparatus
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define LACRIMAL GLANDS
secretes tears
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describe LACRIMAL FLUID
tears; maintain eye moisture
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define LACRIMAL CANAL
duct @ inner corner of eye that collects tears & empty into lacrimal sacs
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define LACRIMAL SAC
enlargement of upper part of lacrimal duct
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aka: lacrimal sac
tear sac
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define LACRIMAL DUCT
drains excess tears into nose
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aka: lacrimal duct
nasolacrimal duct
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define EYEBALL
1 in sphere w/ only 1/6 visible
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aka: eyeball
globe
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define SCLERA
maintains shape & protects inner layers of eye
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aka: sclera
white of the eye
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define CHOROID
opaque middle layer w/lots of blood vessels
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aka: choroid
choroid coat
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define RETINA
sensitive innermost layer that receives impulses & transmits to brain
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describe AQUEOUS HUMOR
fluid filling posterior & anterior chambers of eye to maintain eye shape & nourish intraocular; is constantly filtered & drained
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aka: aqueous humor
aqueous fluid
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define ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE
between cornea & iris
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define POSTERIOR CHAMBER
between iris & lens
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define INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
measurement of fluid pressure in eye regulated by rate of aqueous humor leaving eye
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define POSTERIOR SEGMENT
2/3 eye from lens to rest of eye lined w.retina & filled w/vitreous humor
91
aka: vitreous humor
vitreous gel
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define VITREOUS HUMOR
soft, clear jelly-like mass w/millions of fine fibers attached to retina surface to maintain shape
93
describe RODS & CONES
receive images passed thru lens; rods = black & white; cones = color
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define MACULA
clearly defined light-sensitive area center of retina where vision sharpest
95
aka: macula
macula lutea
96
define FOVEA CENTRALIS
pit in middle of macula where color vision best (no rods)
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describe OPTIC DISK
where nerve endings enter optic nerves; blind bc there are no cones or rods
98
aka: optic disk
blind spot
99
define OPTIC NERVE
transmits impulses from retina to brain
100
define UVEA
pigmented layer of eye consisting of choroid, ciliary body, & iris
101
describe CILIARY BODY
in choroid that makes aqueous humor; made of muscles & suspensory ligaments to adjust thickness of lens to focus
102
define IRIS
colorful structure surrounding pupil that controls amnt of light entering (low = constrict & high = dilate)
103
define CORNEA
transparent outer surface of eye over iris & pupil that is primary structure for light focus
104
define PUPIL
opening of eye to permit light
105
define LENS
clear, flexible, curved structure in clear capsule that focuses images on retina
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define ACCOMMODATION
eyes make adjustments for seeing @ distances through contraction, dilation, eye movement, & change lens shape
107
define CONVERGENCE
simultaneous inward movement of eyes toward each other to create single binocular vision as the object moves closer
108
define EMMETROPIA
relationship between refraction & eye shape to focus light on retina
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define REFRACTION
lens' ability to bend light rays to focus on retina
110
aka: refraction
refractive power
111
define VISUAL ACUITY
ability to distinguish details & shape @ distance tested w/Snellen chart (can detect hyperopia & myopia)
112
aka: pinna
auricle or outer ear
113
define PINNA
external part of ear that captures sound waves & transmits to auditory canal
114
define EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
transmits sounds from pinna to eardrum
115
describe CERUMEN
earwax; traps small insects, dust, debris, & bacteria
116
describe MIDDLE EAR
transmits sounds between outer & inner ear; houses auditory ossicles & eustachain tubes
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define TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
between outer & middle ear that transmits sounds by vibrating
118
aka: tympanic membrane
eardrum
119
define MASTOID PROCESS
temporal bone w/hollow air space surrounding middle ear
120
describe AUDITORY OSSICLES
3 small bones in middle ear that transmit sound from eardrum to inner ear; malleus/hammer, anvil/incus, stapes/stirrup
121
define EUSTACHIAN TUBES
narrow tubes from middle ear to nasal & throat to equalise air pressure
122
aka: eustachian tubes
auditory tubes
123
describe INNER EAR
houses receptors for hearing & balance; its structures are called the labyrinth
124
the labyrinth of the ear consists of what
oval window + Cochlea (+ all that it houses)
125
define OVAL WINDOW
opening near vestibule under base of stapes that connects/separates middle from inner ear & vibrations enter here
126
aka: oval window
fenestra ovalis
127
describe COCHLEA
vibrations lead to nerve impulses; houses cochlear duct, organ of Corti, 3 semicircular canals, & acoustic nerves
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define ORGAN OF CORTI
receive vibrations from cochlear duct & relay to auditory nerve fibers that transmit to auditory center of brain for interpretation
129
describe SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
connected to cochlea by vestibule & has endolymph liquid & hair cells; hair bends w/movement to maintain equilibrium
130
define ACOUSTIC NERVES (cranial nerve VIII)
transmit cochlear (hearing) & vestibular (balance)
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describe ROUND WINDOW
opening in middle ear leading to cochlea that allows displacement of fluids in cochlea; the movement of tiny hairs create hearing
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aka: round window
fenestra rotunda
133
define AIR CONDUCTION
waves enter thru pinna & strike eardrum
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define BONE CONDUCTION
eardrum vibrates causing auditory ossicles to vibrate causing transmission to oval window
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define SENSORINEURAL CONDUCTION
sound vibration reach inner ear & relayed to auditory nerve
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define MYELOPATHY
any injury/degeneration/disease in spinal cord
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define CEPHALALGIA
headache
138
define MIGRAINE HEADACHE + s/s
throbbing pain on 1 side of headache sometimes w/warning aura common in women; s/s: nausea, vomiting, light/sound sensitivity
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define CLUSTER HEADACHES + s/s
intense painful headache on 1 side of head generally in men & repeat in groups; s/s: tearing of eyes & nasal congestion
140
define ENCEPHALOCELE
congenital herniation of brain tissue thru skull gap
141
aka: encephalocele
craniocele
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define MENINGOCELE
congenital hernia of meninges thru defected skull/spine
143
describe HYDROCEPHALUS
excess CSF in brain ventricles lead to cephalomegaly which can cause brain damage; common in young kids; can be congenital or caused by obstruction later in life
144
define MENINGIOMA
generally benign tumor of meninges that is common & slow-growing
145
define MENINGITIS + s/s
inflammation of meninges of brain & cord from a bacterial or viral infection outside brain; s/s: intense headache & flu-like symptoms
146
aka: meningitis
infectious meningitis
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define CHIARI MALFORMATION + s/s
congenital disorder where parts of cerebellum extend into spinal cord; s/s: asymptomatic, headache, neck pain, coordination issues
148
define ENCEPHALITIS
inflammation of brain from a viral infection (like rabies)
149
describe REYE'S SYNDROME (RS) + s/s
rare, serious & potentially fatal condition in kids (< 18 yrs) that can follow a viral illness treated w/aspirin & leads to acute encephalopathy (brain malfunction ) & hepatomegaly; s/s: confusion, seizures, unconsciousness, vomiting, confusion
150
define TETANUS
acute & potentially fatal infection of CNS from toxin from tetanus bacteria
151
aka: tetanus
lockjaw
152
define TOURETTE SYNDROME (TS)
complex disorder w/involuntary tics, grunts, & compulsive utterances
153
define DEMENTIA
slowly progressive decline in mental abilities (such as memory, thinking, judgment) & personality changes
154
describe VASCULAR DEMENTIA
dementia caused by stroke/restriction of blood; makes up 10-20% all dementia cases
155
define NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE
an umbrella term for disorders w/progressive loss of neuron structure/function
156
aka: neurodegenerative disease
degenerative nerve disease
157
define ALZHEIMER'S (AD)
group of disorders w/a form of dementia, progressive deterioration of memory & reasoning, & atrophy of frontal & occiptal lobes
158
s/s: Alzheimer's
progressive, irreversible memory loss; intellect deterioration; speech & gait disturbances; apathy; disorientation
159
define PARKINSON'S (PD) + s/s
chronic, degenerative CNS disorder w/gradual progressive loss of control of movement from inadequate dopamine; s/s: fine muscle tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, irregular gait, hallucinations, delusions
160
define TREMOR
repetitive involuntary movement of hands, arms, face, & head
161
describe AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)
rapidly progressive disease where nerve cells for voluntary movement attacked causing degeneration of motor neurons in cord, medulla, & cortex leading to progressive weakness, paralysis, & death
162
s/s: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
muscular weakness, atrophy, involuntary contractions, excessive reflexes
163
aka: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Lou Gehrig's disease
164
describe AMNESIA
total/partial loss of memories from injury, illness, or psychological disturbance; 2 types (antegrade or retrograde)
165
difference between retrograde & antegrade amnesia
antegrade = can't make new memories & retrograde = loss old memories
166
define CONCUSSION + s/s
TBI from violent shaking/jarring/blow to brain leading to partial/complete loss of brain function; s/s: memory loss, poor coordination, difficulty balancing, dizziness
167
define CEREBRAL CONTUSION
bruising of brain tissue from injury
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define CRANIAL HEMATOMA
collection of blood trapped in brain tissue from a major or minor injury
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define TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI)
blow/penetrating injury damaging the brain
170
define COUP
injury within skull near impact point
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define CONTRECOUP
injury within skull opposite impact point; aka counterblow
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define SHAKEN BABY SYNDROMEs
condition that leads to brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis, & death
173
define LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS (LOC)
describes arousal & stimuli response ( 7 levels)
174
describe CONSCIOUS (LOC)
LOC; awake, alert,aware, & proper stimuli response
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define UNCONSCIOUS (LOC)
LOC; unaware/unable to respond to any stimuli including pain
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describe STUPOR (LOC)
LOC; unresponsive, aroused briefly despite vigorous attempts
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describe LETHARGY (LOC)
LOC; decreased level of consciousness w/listlessness, drowsiness, & apathy
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define SYNCOPE (LOC)
LOC: decreased blood flow leads to brief unconsciousness
179
aka: cyncope
fainting
180
describe COMA (LOC)
LOC; profound state of unconsciousness caused by TBI, stroke, infection, or illness with no spontaneous eye movement, no response to pain, & no speech
181
define PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE (LOC)
LOC; coma alternating sleep & wake cycles (unconscious even when appearing awake)
182
describe DELIRIUM
acute condition generally from a treatable condition w/confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking, memory issues, agitation, & hallucinations
183
define GLIOBLASTOMA
fast growing & malignant tumor from glial cells
184
aka: glioblastoma
glioblastoma multiforme
185
define INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE (ICP)
amnt of pressure in skull
186
describe CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT
brain damage when blood flow blocked/ruptured; damage on one side causes effects on other; s/s = FAST
187
aka: cerebrovascular accident
stroke
188
define ISCHEMIC STROKE
narrowing/blockage of artery generally bc of atherosclerosis most common in elderly
189
define THROMBOTIC ISCHEMIC STROKE
caused by clot in carotid
190
describe TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA) + s/s
temporary interruption in blood supply that resolves in less than 1 hr & is a warning sign for more fatal strokes; s/s: numbness, blurred vision, dizziness, & loss of balance
191
define APHASIA
loss of ability to speak, write, & understand spoken/written words caused by brain damage bc of stroke
192
define HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
blood vessel in brain leaks/aneurysm ruptures & often fatal
193
aka: hemorrhagic stroke
bleed
194
define ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION (AVM)
congenital abnormal connection between arteries & veins that can rupture @ any age & is one cause of hemorrhagic strokes
195
define INSOMNIA
prolonged/abnormal inability to sleep & is a symptom of another problem
196
define NARCOLEPSY
sudden & uncontrollable falling asleep during the day bc of changes in the brain
197
deifne SLEEP DEPRIVATION
sufficient lack of restorative sleep over period leading to physical/psychiatric symptoms
198
define PARASOMNIA
term covering categories of sleep disorders while falling asleep, during sleep, or waking up
199
define SOMNAMBULISM
walking/performing activity while sleeping
200
aka: somnambulism
sleepwalking
201
define MYELITIS
inflammation of spinal cord
202
describe POLIOMYELITIS
highly contagious viral infection of brainstem & cord leading to inflammation of gray matter of spinal cord that can cause paralysis & symptoms reappearing later in life; uncurable
203
aka: poliomyelitis
polio
204
define MYELOSIS
spinal cord tumor
205
define RADICULITIS
inflammation of spinal nerve root w/pain & numbness down affected limb
206
aka: radiculitis
pinched nerve
206
describe CERVICAL RADICULOPATHY
pressure on spinal nerve roots in neck w/weakness or numbness radiating to shoulder, arm, hand, or fingers
207
describe LUMBAR RADICULOPATHY
nerve pain in low back caused by muscle spasms or nerve root irritation
