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CP > Upper respiratory tract infections - young > Flashcards

Upper respiratory tract infections - young Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of upper respiratory tract flora

A

Streptacoccus viridans
commensal Neisseria ssp
Diphtheroids
anaerobes

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2
Q

What are the 3 usual suspects of respiratory infections?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Haemophilus influenza

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3
Q

What does it mean by ‘transient colonisation post antibiotics’?

A

Microorganisms that arise due to disruption in normal flora because of antibiotics

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4
Q

What condition does bordetella pertussis cause?

A

whooping cough

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5
Q

what condition does corynebacterium diphtheriae cause?

A

Diphtheria

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6
Q

What is parainfluenza viruses?

A

tend to cause the common cold - can be more severe in immunosuppressed patients

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7
Q

What group of people is Respiratory Synactial virus (RSV) most common in?

A

Children

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8
Q

What type of pneumonia does mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?

A

Atypical

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9
Q

How are respiratory diseases spread?

A

Droplet spread

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10
Q

What is the most common virus that causes the common cold/coryza?

A

Rhinovirus

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11
Q

What is ‘coryza’?

A

inflammation of the mucosa membranes in the nose

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of a common cold?

A

Nasal discharge
Sneezing
Sore throat

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of rhino-sinusitis?

A

Facial pain
Nasal blockage
Reduction in smell

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14
Q

What microorganisms cause rhino-sinusitis?

A 
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza
Streptococcus milleiri group
anaerobes
fungal
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15
Q

What is a clinical sign of increased sniffing?

A

crease on the nose

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16
Q

What procedure should be undertaken in the hospital setting with sinusitis?

A

Sinus washout

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17
Q

What is the treatment for rhino-sinusitis?

A

Viral - no antibiotics

Amoxicillin if severe

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18
Q

What can rhino-sinusitis be misdiagnosed for and why?

A

dental infection - referred pain

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19
Q

What viral organisms cause Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis?

A 
RSV
Influenza
Adenovirus
Epstein barr virus
HSV1
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20
Q

What bacterial organism cause Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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21
Q

How is Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis diagnosed?

A

throat swab

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22
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis?

A 
sore throat
dysphagia
malasia
red tonsil/uvular area
exudate 
Lymphadenopathy - swollen lymph nodes
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23
Q

what is common type of organism that causes Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis in children?

A

group A streptococcal

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24
Q

what is the treatment for group A streptococcal infection?

A

penicillin

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25
Q

How is group A streptococcal infection diagnosed?

A

antistreptococcal antibody titres

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26
Q

What organism is infectious mononucleosis/ glandular fever/kissing disease caused my?

A

Epstein barr virus

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27
Q

Who is infectious mononucleosis/ glandular fever/kissing disease most common in?

A

teenagers and older people

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis/ glandular fever/kissing disease?

A

sore throat
fever
cervical lymphadenopathy

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29
Q

What antibiotic should you avoid in infectious mononucleosis/ glandular fever/kissing disease and why?

A

ampicillin - can cause a rash that may be mistaken for a penicillin allergy

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30
Q

What diagnostic tests are used in infectious mononucleosis/ glandular fever/kissing disease?

A

Serology - IgG, IgM, Paul Bunnell Test

PCR

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31
Q

What are the symptoms of Diphtheria causing Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis?

A

Malasia
fatigue
fever
sore throat

32
Q

What is the treatment for diphtheria causing Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis?

A

Erythromycin
penicillin
antitoxin

33
Q

What does Candida ssp cause?

A

thrush

34
Q

When does Candida ssp occur?

A

after antibiotics or steroids

35
Q

What infections come under Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis?

A

Group A streptococcal infection
infectious mononucleosis/ glandular fever/kissing disease
Diphtheira
Thrush

36
Q

Which URTI is a medical emergancy?

A

Epigottitis

37
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A

cellulitis of the epiglottis which causes airways obstruction

38
Q

What are the symptoms of epiglottitis?

A 
fever
irritable 
difficulty speaking (act as though there is a hot potato in their mouth)
difficulty swallowing
leans forward
drools
stridor
hoarse voice
39
Q

What imaging is undertaken in epiglottitis and what does it show?

A

Laternal neck x ray - shows enlarged epiglottis

40
Q

Why should you send blood cultures and not a throat swab with someone that has epiglottitis?

A

putting anything down the throat can cause an obstruction - only okay if incubated

41
Q

What is the treatement for epiglottitis?

A

maintain airway

cefotaxime

42
Q

What organism most commonly causes epiglottitis these days?

A

s. aureus

respiratory bacteria

43
Q

What antibiotic is effective against the ‘common 3 suspects’ of respiratory infection?

A

cefotaxime

44
Q

What are the symptoms of acute laryngitis?

A 
Hoarse/husky voice
globus pharyngeus (lump in the throat)
fever
myalgia (pain in muscles)
dysphagia
45
Q

What are the causes of acute laryngitis?

A

usually viral
sometimes bacterial - the usual suspects
non infective causes e.g. voice abuse (singing), malignancy

46
Q

What is the treatment for acute laryngitis?

A

bacteria or severe - antibiotics

make airway patent if stridor

47
Q

What is ‘croup’ a leymans term for?

A

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis

48
Q

What is Acute laryngotracheobronchitis?

A

Inflammation of larynx and trachea after infection of the upper airway

49
Q

What is the treatment for Acute laryngotracheobronchitis?

A

Symptomatic treatment only

50
Q

What is a common, very contagious RTI that can occur in adults as well as children?

A

Whooping cough

51
Q

What are the symptoms of Whooping cough after the incubation time?

A

dry, non productive cough

short bursts of exhalation followed by inspiratory gasps

52
Q

What is the treatment for Whooping cough?

A

supportive

erythromycin

53
Q

Which RTI are notifiable diseases?

A

Whooping cough

Diphtheria

54
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

infection of the external auditory canal - like any other skin condition but in the canal

55
Q

what are the symptoms of otitis externa?

A 
pain
itch
swelling
erythema - superficial reddening of the skin
otorrhoea - ear discharge
56
Q

What are the 3 types of otitis externa?

A

Acute
chronic
malignant

57
Q

What is the main organism that causes acute Otitis externa?

A

A. aureus - likely if pustular

pseudomonas ssp - esp after swimming

58
Q

What is the treatment for acute Otitis externa?

A 
eardrops with:
Saline
alcohol
acetic acid
antibiotics
antifungals 
steroids

wick insertion

59
Q

What is chronic Otitis externa?

A

irritation from drainage from perforated tympanic membrane

60
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic Otitis externa?

A

Itchy

61
Q

What type of antibiotic should you avoid in Otitis externa if perforated?

A

aminoglycosides

62
Q

What is malignant Otitis externa?

A

severe necrotising infection that spreads more deeply

63
Q

What organism causes malignant Otitis externa?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

64
Q

What are the symptoms of malignant Otitis externa?

A

very severe pain and drainage of pus

65
Q

Who is malignant Otitis externa most common in?

A

Elderly
diabetics
immunosuppressed

66
Q

What is the treatment for malignant Otitis externa?

A

IV ceftazidime
followed by PO ciprofloxacin
4-6 week treatment

67
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Middle ear inflammation

fluid present - send sample

68
Q

Who is otitis media most common in?

A

children

69
Q

What are the symptoms of otitis media?

A

Fever
pain
impaired hearing
red, bulging tympanic membrane

70
Q

What organisms cause otitis media?

A

Viral
H. influenza
S. pneumoniaw
M. catarrhalis

71
Q

What is the treatment for otitis media?

A

Symptomatic

if unwell, amoxicillin

72
Q

What is mastoiditis?

A

inflammation of the mastoid air cells after a middle ear infection - pus collects in the cells which may lead to necrosis of the bone

73
Q

What are the symptoms of mastoiditis?

A 
pain
itch
swelling
erythema - superficial reddening of the skin
otorrhoea - ear discharge
swelling over mastoid
74
Q

How do you diagnose mastoiditis?

A

bacteriology samples

CT imaging

75
Q

What is the treatment for mastoiditis?

A

eardrops and wick
unless gram -ve the broad spectrum cover needed
co-amoxiclav is 1st line in LTHT

CP (50 decks)

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