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CP > Introduction to Haematology > Flashcards

Introduction to Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of haematology?

A

Biology and pathology of the cells that normally circulate in the blood

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2
Q

What is the definition of haemopoiesis?

A

physiological developmental process that gives rise to the cellular components of the blood - starts in bone marrow
single multipotent haemopoietic stem cell can divide and differentiate to form different cell lineages

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3
Q

What are the features of Haemopoietic stem cells?

A

differentiates into all lineages
Long term activity throughout the lifespan of the individual
Self renewal

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of self renewal that can occur?

A

symmetric self revewal - duplication of identical cells to increase volume
asymmetric self-renewal - forms half stem and half mature cells
lack of self renewal - forms fully differentiated cells
lack of self renewal - does not differentiate

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5
Q

What are the two Haemopoietic Lineages?

A

Myeloid - WBC, RBC, platelets

lymphoid - B and T lymphocytes

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6
Q

What is another name for precursor cells?

A

committed cells

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7
Q

Where does haemopoiesis originate from?

A

starts on day 27
aorta gonad mesonephos region - vessel wall
stems cells then travel in the bloodstream and migrate into the foetal liver and that becomes the site of haemopoiesis

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8
Q

What is anaemia?

A

reduced red cells

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9
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

raised red cells

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10
Q

What is relative polycythaemia?

A

plasma volume is reduced

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11
Q

What is the lifespan of the red blood cell?

A

120 days in the blood

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12
Q

What shape is a red blood cell?

A

bi-concave

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of ganulocytes?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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14
Q

What is the function of neurophils?

A

phagocyte

engulfs bacteria

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15
Q

What is neutophilia and when does it occur?

A

increased number of neutrophils
bacterial infection
inflammation

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16
Q

What is neutropenia and when can it occur?

A

decreased number of neutrophils
side effect of a drug - chemo
autoimmune disease

17
Q

what is eosinophilia and when can it occur?

A

increased number of eosinophils
parasitic infection - schistosomiasis
allergies
drugs e.g. aspirin

18
Q

what is basophilia and when can it occur?

A

increased number of basophilia

chronic myeloid leukaemia

19
Q

What are monocytes?

A

phagocytic
antigen presenting cells
migrate to tissues the identified as macrophages or histiocytes

20
Q

what is monocytosis and when can it occur?

A

increased number of monocytes

TB

21
Q

What cells are lymphocytes?

A

Natural killer cells
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Plasma cells

22
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

innate immune system
large granular lymphocytes
recognises ‘non self’ cells i.e. viruses

23
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

humoral immunity
adaptive immune system
antigen specific antibody production

24
Q

What do T lymphocytes do?

A 
adaptive/cell mediated immune system
rearrange T cell antigen receptors
interact with B cells and macrophages
regulate immune response
uses cytotoxicity
25
Q

What is lymphocytosis and when can it occur?

A

increased number of lymphocytes
chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
glandular fever - atypical

26
Q

What is lymphopenia and when can it occur?

A

post bone marrow transplant

27
Q

What is plasmacytosis and when can it occur?

A

increased number of plasma cells
infection
myeloma

28
Q

What do platelets do?

A

forms part of blood clotting system

aggregate to plug holes in damaged blood vessels

29
Q

where are platelets derived from?

A

bone marrow megakaryocytes

30
Q

What is microcytic hypochromic anaemia?

A

low MCV

low MCH

31
Q

When can microcytic hypochromic anaemia occur?

A

iron deficiency
thalassaemia
lead poisioning
Anaemia of some chronic diseases

32
Q

What is normocytic normochromic anaemia?

A

MCV 80-95 (normal)
MCH >27 (normal)
Hb low

33
Q

When can normocytic normochromic anaemia occur?

A 
Many haemolytic anaemias
Anaemia of chronic disease (some cases)
After acute blood loss
Renal disease
Mixed deficiencies
Bone marrow failure (e.g. post-chemotherapy, infitration by carcinoma etc)
34
Q

What is macrocytic anaemia?

A

MCV > 95 (larger RBC)

35
Q

When can macrocytic anaemia occur?

A

Megaloblastic: Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

Non-megaloblastic: alcohol, liver disease, myelodysplasia, aplastic anaemia etc

CP (50 decks)

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