Diabetes Flashcards
What is diabetes?
Syndrome with chronic high blood glucose
People with diabetes often have what else?
High BP
High cholesterol
What is the normal blood glucose level?
5 mmol/l
Where does insulin go to in the body when released from the pancreas?
Liver - 50%
Rest of the cells in the body
What is the range for HYPOglycaemia?
What is the range for HYPERglycaemia?
> 11mmol/l
What is a syndrome?
Collection of symptoms and signs that may be due to more than one cause
What are the signs and symptoms of diabetes?
Thirst
Polyuria
Weight loss
Tiredness
Dry mouth
Weight loss
Glycosuria
Hyperglycaemia
What ethnic group is diabetes most commonly in?
Asians
Afro-Caribbeans
What does the diagnosis of diabetes depend on?
High and randon blood glucose
Fast blood glucose > 7mmol/l
HbA1c = 48mmol/mol
What is the glucose tolerance test?
24h fast
75g of glucose given - 45 mins later blood glucose should be normal
What is the normal HbA1c?
30-35mmol/l
What is type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of the beta islet cells
Usually young
What antibody tests should be undertaken for diagnosing type 1 diabetes?
Islet cell antibodies (ICA)
Islet antigen-2 (IA2)
GAD
Is there a family history with type 1 diabetes?
Often other endocrine disorders in patient/family
What is latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)?
Slower onset type 1 diabetes
Older patients
Medical/family history of related conditions e.g. Addisons, addisons ect.
What is the criteria to quality as being type 2 diabetes?
Non insulin dependent (mostly)
Insulin resistant/deficient
Strong family history
Usually obese/hypertensive/hyperlipadaemic
What is ketosis prone type 2 diabetes?
Ketosis occurs when physically stressed with illness
Obese
Ethnic minority
Temporarily requires insulin
Diabetes can be secondary to what pancreatic disorders?
Acute/Chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatic cancer
CF
Haemochromatosis - absorb too much iron
What drugs can induce diabetes?
Diuretics
Steroids
Antipsychotics e.g. Olanzapine - can also lead to weight gain
What endocrine disorders can cause diabetes?
Acromegaly - ↑ growth hormone
Cushing’s syndrome - ↑ cortisol
Phaeochromocytoma - ↑ catacholamines
What 2 genetic syndromes can cause diabetes?
Friedreich’s ataxia
Myotonic dystrophy
What is gestational diabetes and what does it involve?
Diabetes that arises during pregnancy
Resolves after pregnancy
At risk of diabetes later in pregnancy/in the future
What is maturity onset diabetes in the young?
Different to type 1 and 2 diabetes
Onset under 25
Autosomal dominant
Strong family history
