Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CP > Disorders of Calcium, Phosphate & Magnesium > Flashcards

Disorders of Calcium, Phosphate & Magnesium Flashcards

1
Q

What is Ca used for in the body?

A 
Muscle contraction
Neuronal excitation
Enzyme activity
Blood clotting
Bone mineral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is phosphate used for in the body?

A 
ATP
intracellular signalling
cellular metabolic processes e.g. glycolysis
structural component of DNA
Membrane phospholipids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is magnesium used for in the body?

A 
co factor for ATP
neuromuscular excitability
enzymatic function
regulate ion channels
structural component of bone matrix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the indications for a contaminated serum sample?

A 
↑ K+
↓ Ca
↓ P
↓ AKA
↓ Mg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the total plasma Ca made up of?

A

Ionised Ca
Bound Ca
Complexed Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is ionised Ca?

A 
Physiologically active part of Ca
highest proportion in total Ca
binds to negatively charged sites
Cellular effects
Regulates PTH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is bound Ca?

A

Physiologically inactive part of Ca

main protein that binds to albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is complex Ca?

A

salts

e.g. calcium phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the adjusted calcium?

A

calcium values corrected for changes in albumin

total Ca + (40-Alb) x 0.025

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does pH affect Ca levels?

A

H+ and Ca compete for albumin binding sites
Acidosis = reduced Ca-Albumin and vice versa
More ionised Ca, less bound Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the consequence of a patient that is hypocalcaemic with alkalosis?

A

tetany - involuntary contraction of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is Vit D activated?

A

Precursor taken in via diet → converted into another precursor by UV light → kidney converts to active form of Vit D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is measured in the lab when looking at levels of Vit D?

A 
precursor 25(OH)D3
longer half life so easier to measure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What environmental factors affect Vit D absorption?

A 
Endogenous: 
skin colour
aging
Exogenous:
ozone
sunscreen/clothes
latitude/season/time of day
diet/supplements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are risk factors for low Vit D?

A

age
BMI
body fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the causes of hypocalcaemia?

A 
Hypoproteinaemia
Vit D deficiency
Hypoparathyroidism
Low Ca
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Artefactual cause
17
Q

Low Ca and high PTH, is this hypoparathyroidism or Vit D deficiency?

A

Vit D deficiency

18
Q

Low Ca, high P and low PTH, is this hypoparathyroidism or Vit D deficiency?

A

Hypoparathyroidism

19
Q

What are the causes of hypercalcaemia?

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Malignancy - bone or PT
Drugs
Vit D excess

20
Q

What are the symptoms of hypercalcaemia?

A

Bones - bone pain
Stones - crystallisation of Ca in the kidney
Moans - Abdo pain
Grones - low mood/depression

21
Q

High calcium, high PTH and low phosphate, is this hyperparathyroidism or bone metastases?

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

22
Q

High calcium and low PTH, is this hyperparathyroidism or bone metastases?

A

bone metastases

23
Q

What are the causes of phosphate deficiency?

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Excess losses - renal tubular damage, GI, diabetes
Poor intake

24
Q

What are the symptoms of phosphate and magnesium deficiency?

A 
Haemolysis
Thrombocytopenia
Poor granulocyte function
Severe muscle weakness
Respiratory muscle failure
Rhabdomyolysis - the destruction of striated muscle cells
Confusion
Irritability
Coma - due to a metabolic encephalopathy due to phosphate deficiency
Renal dysfunction
25
Q

Where is the main site of Mg handling?

A

Kidney - loop of Henle and distil convoluted tubule - important in drugs e.g. lithium

26
Q

What are the causes of hypomagnesaemia?

A

Renal e.g. acute tubular necrosis, hypercalcaemic states
Drugs e.g. gentamicin, cisplatin
GI tract e.g. malnutrition

27
Q

What effect does Mg have on cells?

A

Involved in mitochondrial respiration/phosphorylation
ATP activity - only activated when bound to a Mg
Required for DNA synthesis

28
Q

What effect does low Mg have on the endocrine system?

A

impaired PTH release

PTH resistance in bone

29
Q

What effect does low Mg have on the cardiovascular system?

A

Cardiac irritability/reduced contraction

30
Q

What effect does low Mg have on the central nervous system?

A 
Hyperreflexia
Tetany - intermittent muscular spasms
Ataxia - loss of control of full body movements
Vetigo
Psychosis/Deprssion
31
Q

What effect does low Mg have on the muscles?

A

Weakness
Muscle fibrillation
Myopathic EMG

CP (50 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions