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CP > Disorders of the female genital tract 2 - Uterus and ovaries > Flashcards

Disorders of the female genital tract 2 - Uterus and ovaries Flashcards

1
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Endometrial tissue that somewhere other than the endometrium

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2
Q

What are the 4 theories of why endometriosis occurs?

A

regurgitation theory
metaplasia theory
stem cell theroy
metastasis theory

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3
Q

What is the regurgitation theory?

A

menstrual tissue goes backwards into the fallopian tube then into the pelvic cavity
implants itself there and grows

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4
Q

What is the metaplasia theory?

A

endometrium is derived from the same cell as your endothelium
therefore metaplasia may have occured

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5
Q

What 2 things happens after ectopic endometrium is formed?

A

bleeding into tissues

fibrosis

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of endometriosis?

A 
25% asymptomatic
dysmenorrhoea
dyspareunia - difficult or painful sexual intercourse
pelvic pain
subfertility
pain on passing stools
dysuria
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7
Q

What are the complications of endometriosis?

A

ectopic pregnancy
ovarian cacer
inflammatory bowel disease

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8
Q

What is endometritis?

A

inflammation of the endometrium

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9
Q

What are the acute causes of endometritis?

A

retained products of conception - lacental and/or fetal tissue that remains in the uterus after a spontaneous pregnancy loss (miscarriage), planned pregnancy termination, or preterm/term delivery.
prolonged rupture of membranes
complicated labour

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10
Q

What are the chronic causes of endometritis?

A

pelvic inflammatory disease
retained gestational tissue
endometrial TB
interuterine contraceptive device infection

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of endometritis?

A 
abdominal/pelvic pain
pyrexia
discharge
dysuria
abnormal vaginal bleeding
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12
Q

What are endometrial polyps?

A

oestrogen dependent outgrowths

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of endometrial outgrowths?

A 
Often asymptomatic
intermenstrual bleeding
post menopausal bleeding
menorrhagia - heavy bleeding
dysmenorrhoea - no bleeding
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14
Q

What is leiomyomata (uterine fibroids)?

A

benign myometrial tumours with oestrogen and progesterone dependent growth

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15
Q

What are the risk factors for leiomyomata (uterine fibroids)?

A 
genetics
never given birth before
obesity
Polycystic ovary syndrome 
hormone replacement therapy
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16
Q

What are the symptoms of leiomyomata (uterine fibroids)?

A

Often asymptomatic
menometrorrhagia (Fe def anaemia - tiredness, SOB, chest pains)
subfertility/pregnancy problems
pressure symptoms - constipation, dysuria

17
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Excessive endometrial proliferation

18
Q

What are the risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia?

A 
obesity
exogenous oestrogen
Polycystic overy syndrome
oestrogen-producing tumours
tamoxifen
HNPCC - PTEN mutations
19
Q

What are the two types of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

non-atypical hyperplasia

atypical hyperplasia - over half are carcinomas

20
Q

What are the 2 types of endometrial carcinomas and when does it occur and how?

A 
Type 1 (endometroid) - progresses from hyperplasia. pre/perimenopausal. Mutation in PTEN/Kras, responsive to oestrogen 
Type 2 (serous) - endometrial atrophy. Postmenopausal. Mutation is p53. Unresponsive in oestrogen. Abnormal glandular structure
21
Q

What are the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome?

A 
Rotterdam criteria 2/3 of polycystic ovaries
hyperandrogenism (hirsuitism/ biochemical)
irregular periods (>35 days)
22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of endometrial carcinomas?

A

low FSH, high LH/testosterine/DHEAS (steroid hormone which its function predominantly as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the androgen and oestrogen)
abnormal bleeding
pain if late

23
Q

What staging is used for endometrial carcinomas and ovarian cancer?

A

FIGO

24
Q

What are the 2 types of gonadal failure?

A

Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism - primary failure of the gonads
Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism - hypothalmic/pituitary failure

25
Q

What are the 3 origins of ovarian neoplasms?

A

surface epithelial stromal tumours
sex cord stromal tumours
germ cell tumours

26
Q

What are the 3 main histological types of epithelial tumours?

A

serous
mucinous
endometroid

27
Q

How are benign epithelial tumours classified?

A

based on componant of the tumour

cystic, fibrous, cystic and fibrous

28
Q

What are malignant epithelial tumours classified called?

A

cystadenocarcinomas

29
Q

What are the two categories of germ cell tumours?

A

germinomatous - differentiation towards oogonia

Non-germinomatous

30
Q

What are the 3 types of non-germinomatous germ cell tumours?

A

teratoma - differentiation towards multiple cell layers
yolk sac tumours
choriocarcinomas - differentiation towards placenta

31
Q

What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?

A 
non-specific symptoms:
pain
bloating
weight loss/anorexia
Pregnancy vaginal bleeding
urinary frequency

CP (50 decks)

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