Diseases of the Head and Neck Flashcards
What are the causes of carcinoma in the oral cavity and larynx?
Tobacco Alcohol HPV - better overall survival Meat and red chilli increases risk Fruit decreases risk via antioxidents Genetic factors
Name 5 pre cancerous lesions and conditions of the oral cavity
Submucous fibrosis Actinic keratosis Lichen planus Leukoplakia/erythroplakia Chronic hyperplastic candidosis
What is the most common type of cancer in the larynx?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is the pathogenesis of carcinoma in the larynx?
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
Carcinoma in situ
Invasive carcinoma
What is lichen planus?
Non-infectious, itchy rash
T cell mediated autoimmune disease
What causes vocal cord nodules and polyps?
Reactive lesions
Mostly seen in smokers and singers
What causes nasal polyps?
Recurrent attacks of rhinitis = protrusions of the mucosa
What is sinusitis usually preceded by?
Acute/chronic rhinitis
Maxillary = tooth
What is cholesteatoma?
Associated with chronic otitis media
Chronic inflammation/perforation of the eardrum/cell metaplasia
Lesions lined by squamous epitheium
Filled with cholesterol/debris
What is ostosclerosis?
Abnormal bone deposition in the middle ear
Causes hearing loss
What is labyrinthitis?
Inflammatory disorder of the inner ear
Disturbances of balance and hearing
What type of carcinomas occur on the external ear?
Basal cell
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is paragangliomas?
Most common tumour of the middle ear
Originates in the paraganglia
In simple terms, explain the stages in the pathogenesis of carcinoma of the oral cavity
1) Normal
2) Hyperplasia/Hyperkeratosis
3) Mild/Moderate dysplasia
4) Severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ
5) Invasive squamous cell carcinoma
