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CP > CNS Infections > Flashcards

CNS Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 CNS infections?

A

meningitis
encephalitis
brain abscess

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2
Q

What are the features of neisseria meningitidis histologically?

A

gram negative diplococci
requires blood for growth - chocolate agar
13 capsular types
can also be detected by nucleic acid amplification

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3
Q

Where is the natural habitat of neisseria meningitidis?

A

nasopharynx

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4
Q

In what circumstances does the amount of neisseria meningitidis in the nasopharynx increase?

A

smokers
outbreak communities
Gp A carriage rates before epidemic
university students in 1st term

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5
Q

What diseases can neisseria meningitidis cause?

A 
fulminant septicaemia
septicaemia with purpuric rash
septicaemia with meningitis
pyogenic meningitis with no rash
focal sepsis
conjuctivitis
endophthalmitis
chronic meningococcal bacteraemia with arthraligia
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6
Q

When does blanching occur in meningitis?

A

Early in disease

therefore non blanching is not diagnostic

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7
Q

What is the treatment for neisseria meningitidis?

A

ceftriaxone
cefotaximine
penicillin

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8
Q

Who receives chemoprophylaxis and what is the chemoprophylaxis for neisseria meningitidis?

A

close of kissing contact
rifampicin
ciprofloxacin
vaccine against group A, C and W135

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9
Q

What is haemophilus influenza?

A

not an influenza
causes respiratory symptoms
only grows in blood

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10
Q

What is haemophilus influenza histologically?

A 
small
pleomorphic 
gram -ve
bacilli
some strains have polysaccharide capsules
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11
Q

Which type of haemophilus influenza causes the most invasive disease?

A

Type B

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12
Q

What is the treatment for haemophilus influenza?

A

Ceftriaxone

Cefotaxime

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13
Q

What chemoprophylaxis is given to those in contact with a person with haemophilus influenza?

A

Rifampicin

Type B vaccine

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14
Q

What is streptococcus pneumoniae histologically?

A

gram +ve cocci
cells in pairs
blood/serum for growth
polysaccharide capsule

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15
Q

What is the normal habitat of streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

human respiratory tract - transmission via droplet spread

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16
Q

What is optochin/ethyldydrocupreine?

A

lab only antibiotic - strep pneumonia is the only strep sensitive to it

17
Q

What age group does streptococcus pneumoniae affect?

A

all ages
more common and severe in elderly
more common in immunocompromised

18
Q

What is the treatment for streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

ceftriaxone
cefotaxime
steroids e.g. dexamethasome

19
Q

What micro-organisms cause neonatal meningtitis?

A

group B β haemolytic streptococci
escherichia coli
listeria monocytogenes

20
Q

How is neonatal meningitis acquired?

A

bugs from the birth canal which come from the GI tract get transferred to the baby

21
Q

What is the treatment for neonatal meningitis?

A

ampicillin

gentamicin

22
Q

What is cryptococcal meningitis?

A

yeast
common in immunocompromised/late stage HIV
lymphocytic meningitis
capsular organism

23
Q

How is cryptococcal meningitis seen in CSF? which stain is used?

A

indian ink stain

24
Q

What is the treatment for cryptococcal meningitis?

A

prolonged treatment
amphotericin
fluctosine
fluconazole - normally for life

25
Q

What is clostridium tetani histologically?

A

gram +ve spore forming bacillus
strict anarobe
terminal round spore

26
Q

Where does clostridium tetani live?

A

soil - transmission by contamintated soil in a wound

27
Q

What is the toxin that clostridium tetani produces how does it cause symptoms?

A

toxin = tetanospasmin
toxin genes plasmid encoded
toxin spreads via bloodstream and retrograde transport (towards axon)
binds to ganglioside receptors
blocks release of inhibitory interneurons
convulsive contraction of involuntary muscles

28
Q

What are the symptoms of clostridium tetani?

A

‘lockjaw’
tonic muscle spasms
trismus - spasm of jaw muscles, causing the mouth to remain tightly closed
Opisthotonus - state of severe hyperextension and spasticity in which an individual’s head, neck and spinal column enter into a complete “arching” position
respiratory/cardiovascular dificulties

29
Q

What is the treatment for clostridium tetani?

A

Antitoxin
penicillin/metronidazole
muscle relaxants
respiratory support

30
Q

What is used as prevention for clostridium tetani?

A

toxoid - antibodies against toxins

CP (50 decks)

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