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CP > Diseases of Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Diseases of Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by the term Arthritides?

A

Pain and stiffness in the joint
Inflammation in joint
Lots of diseases come under this title

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2
Q

Is osteoarthritis acute or chronic? What structures are formed/destroyed?

A

Chronic and degenerative
Progressive erosion of articular cartilage
Formation of bony spurs/cysts at the margin of joints

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3
Q

What parts of the body are most commonly affected by osteoarthritis?

A

knees

hands

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4
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

cells that produce cartilage

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5
Q

What 2 processes that affect chondrocytes in osteoporosis?

A

Chondrocytes produce IL-1 = initiate matric breakdown

Postaglandin derivatives cause release of lytic enzymes = prevents matrix synthesis

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6
Q

How does muscle strength affect osteoporosis?

A

Increase muscle strength delays onset due to less pressure on the joints

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7
Q

What are Herberdens and Bouchard nodes?

A

Bouchard’s nodes = hard, bony outgrowths/gelatinous cysts on the PIJ
Herberden’s nodes = hard, bony outgrowths/gelatinous cysts on the DIJ

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8
Q

What is Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Chronic progressive disease causing inflammation in the joints and resulting in painful deformity and immobility
Ankylosis of joints - abnormal stiffness due to fusion of the bone

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9
Q

What parts of the body are affected in Rheumatoid arthritis?

A 
joints
skin
muscles
heart
lungs
blood vessels
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10
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Thickening of the synovium - produces a pannus ( sticky substance filled with inflammatory cells)
Causes erosion of articular cartilage
Penetrates into bone = cysts

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11
Q

What are the clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Malaise/fatigue
Generalised musculoskeletal pain initially
Joints swollen/warm/stiff - In morning/after activity
Deformed joints
Symmetrical
Rhematoid nodes - later stages
Rhematoid factor
Radiological changes - narrowing of joint space, loss of cartilage

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12
Q

How is rheumatoid arthritis diagnoised?

A

Rheumatoid factor - not very specific though

Analysis of synovial fluid for neutrophils

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13
Q

What is palisaded granuloma?

A

Subtype of necrotizing granuloma

Mononuclear phagocytes at the periphery have elongated or spindle-shaped nuclei

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14
Q

What is gout?

A

A type of arthritis in which small uric acid crystals form inside and around the joints

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15
Q

What are the clinical features of gout?

A

Acute arthritis - red, swollen, painful
Tophi - deposit of crystalline uric acid at the surface of joints or in skin or cartilage
Gouty Nephropathy - decreasing kidney function due to hyperuraemia

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16
Q

What is pyogenic osteomyelitis?

A

pathogen causing infection of the bone

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17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pyogenic osteomyelitis?

A

systemic illness - fever/malaise/chills
Pain over affected region
Bone destruction surrounded by sclerosis
Blood culture = positive

18
Q

What microorganisms most commonly cause infective arthritis?

A

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

19
Q

What is osteoporosis and its characteristics?

A

Bones become brittle and fragile from loss of bone mass

Can be localised or the entire skeleton

20
Q

What two factors contribute to primary osteoporosis?

A

Age

Post-menopause = oestrogen exposure

21
Q

What 3 things can osteoporosis cause?

A

Verterbral fractures
Kyphosis
Scoliosis

22
Q

What 3 conditions cause secondary osteoporosis?

A

Endocrine disorders - hyperparathyroidism, Type I diabetes
Neoplasias - multiple myeloma
Malnutrition

23
Q

What 4 conditions are caused by osteoclast dysfunction?

A

Paget’s disease
Osteomalacia
Hyperparathyroidism
Renal osteodystrophy

24
Q

What virus causes Paget’s Disease?

A

Paramyxovirus

25
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

Cells are ‘mosaic’ or ‘chaotic’

Too much bone but weak due to irregular structure

26
Q

What is a rare but serious complication of Pagets disease?

A

Tumours - can be benign or malignant

27
Q

What is osteomalacia and what causes it?

A

Defect in matrix mineralisation

Related to lack of Vit Decreased bone density

28
Q

What does ‘osteitis fibrosa cystica’ mean?

A

Loss of bone mineral with osteoporosis

29
Q

What is renal osteodystrophy?

A 
Skeletal changes that occur during chronic renal disease. Includes:
Increased bone reabsorption
Delayed matrix mineralisation
Osteosclerosis
Growth retardation
Osteoporosis
30
Q

Where does soft tissue originate from embryologically?

A

Mesoderm

31
Q

What is a malignant soft tissue tumour called?

A

Sarcoma

32
Q

How is diagnosis of soft tissue tumours done?

A

Ultrasound guided core biopsy
Wide excision
Karyotypic analysis
Molecular genetics via FISH/PCR

33
Q

What is the comment site for malignant bone tumours (osteosarcoma) to arise?

A

the knee

34
Q

How are the cells described in bone and soft tissue tumours?

A

Pleomorphic

35
Q

What is the most common sign of SLE on the skin?

A

‘Butterfly rash’ - affects bridge of nose and cheeks

36
Q

What other systems are affected in SLE?

A

Cardiac
Renal
CNS

37
Q

What is systemic sclerosis?

A

Autoimmune disease of the connective tissue
Thickening of the skin caused by accumulation of collagen
Injuries to the smallest arteries

38
Q

What body systems are affected in systemic sclerosis?

A

Renal
Cardiorespiratory
GI
MSK i.e. artharlgia, arthritis

39
Q

What is Polymyalgia Rheumatica?

A

Pain, stiffness and inflammation in the muscles around the shoulders, neck and hips
Associated with giant cell artheritis
Immunological mechanism

40
Q

What are the symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica?

A

Affects occipital/facial arteries:
Pyrexia
Headache
Severe scalp pain

CP (50 decks)

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