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CP > Endocrine Pathology > Flashcards

Endocrine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

secrete hormones directly in to the bloodstream

act systemically

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2
Q

What do paracrine glands do?

A

secrete hormones

acts locally

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3
Q

What do autocrine glands do?

A

secrete hormones

affects the cell secreting the protein

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4
Q

What classification are most primary pituitary tumours?

A

adenomas

benign

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of anterior pituitary adenomas?

A

Prolactinoma - commonest, galactorrhoea and menstral disturbances
Growth hormone secreting - gigantism in children, acromegaly in adults
ACTH secreting - Cushing’s syndrome

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6
Q

What is a common side effect of a thyroidectomy?

A

horse voice - due to damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve

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7
Q

What are ultimobranchial bodies?

A

Embryological structure

Gives rise to the parafollicular cells/C cells of the thyroid gland

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8
Q

Where does ectopic thyroid tissue occur?

A

From foramen cecum (tongue) to supra-sternal notch

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9
Q

What is a thyroglossal duct cyst?

A

Fluid filled tissue from when the thyroid was developing in the embryo

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10
Q

What is acute thyroiditis?

A

acute inflammation of the thyroid due to infection

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11
Q

What is palpation thyroiditis?

A

granulomas in thyroid follicles

almost always presents as thyroid nodules

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12
Q

What is hashimoto’s?

A

Aka chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
Autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder
Thyroid antibodies - diagnostic

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13
Q

What is the gland like in hashimotos macro and microscopically?

A

Diffuse enlarge non tender gland
No nodes/focal lesions
Follicules atrophied

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14
Q

Does hashimotos cause hyper or hypothyroidism?

A

HYPOthyroidism

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15
Q

Hashimotos increases the patients risks of developing which cancers?

A

Thyroid lymphoma

Papillary carcinoma

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16
Q

What is Graves Disease?

A

Aka Diffuse Hyperplasia

autoimmune process causing HYPERthyroidism

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17
Q

Thyroid pathology is more common in men or woman?

A

Women

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18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of graves disease? (5)

A 
HYPERthyroidism
Pretibial myxoedema -  waxy discolored skin, peau d orange, non pitting oedema
Hair loss
Exophthalmos/proptosis
Tachycardia
Hyperactive reflexes
19
Q

What is the gland like in Graves disease macro and microscopically?

A

Diffusely enlarged goitre
Beefy red appearance
Hyperplastic infoldings

20
Q

What are the levels of T3, T4 and TSH in Graves disease?

A

T3 and T4 are elevated

TSH supressed

21
Q

What is a multinodular goitre?

A

It’s in the name! - many nodules and enlargement of the gland
Normal thyroid function

22
Q

How are benign and malignant tumours differentiated?

A

Colour: white = Malignant
Density: solid = Malignant
Location: In situ/encapsulated = Benign
Vascularity: High = Malignant

23
Q

What is the only benign tumour of the thryoid called? How does it present?

A 
Follicular adenoma
Encapsulated 
Follicular cell differentiation 
Painless neck mass
One node in one lobe
'Cold' nodule on imaging
24
Q

What is the commonest malignant tumour of the thyroid?

A

Papillary carcinoma

25
Q

What 4 gene mutations cause papillary carcinoma?

A

RET
NTRK1
BRAF V600E
RAS

26
Q

What are psammoma bodies?

A

calcified structures in follicules

27
Q

What are the 3 differentiated malignant tumours of the thyroid?

A

Papillary carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma
Hurthle cell carcinoma

28
Q

What are the 3 undifferentiated malignant tumours of the thyroid?

A

Insular carcinoma
Anaplastic carcinoma
Medullary carcinoma - amyloid present

29
Q

What is primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

excessive section of parathyroid hormone from one or more glands

30
Q

What is secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Hyperplasia of glands with elevated PTH in response to hypocalcemia

31
Q

What is tertiary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Adenoma in association with longstanding secondary hyperparathyroidism

32
Q

What 3 things cause primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Ageing
Ionising radiation
MEN 2a - subtype of endocrine tumours

33
Q

What 3 non neoplastic changes to the parathyroid gland causes hyperparathyroidism?

A

Primary chief cell hyperplasia
Parathyroid adenoma - one gland
Secondary and tertiary parathyroidism - all glands effected

34
Q

What are the clinical features of Cushings syndrome?

A

Slim arms and legs
Fat deposits on the back of the neck and shoulders = “buffalo hump”
Moon face

35
Q

What are the causes of Cushing’s syndrome?

A 
Steroids
Pituitary adenoma
Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor
primary adrenal gland disease
Familial Cushings disease
36
Q

How does Cushing’s syndrome develop?

A

Excess cortisol in the body

37
Q

What are the clinical features of Conns syndrome?

A 
High blood pressure
High level of calcium in the blood
Fatigue
Headache
Muscle weakness
Numbness
38
Q

What are the causes of Conns’s syndrome?

A

Aldosterone-producing tumours

39
Q

How does Conns syndrome develop?

A

Excess aldosterone

40
Q

What are the clinical features of Addisons disease?

A

Hyperpigmentation
Postural hypotension
Hyponatraemia

41
Q

What are the causes of Addisons disease?

A

Autoimmune most common

42
Q

How does Addisons disease develop?

A

Primary adrenal cortical deficiency

Abnormal development of the gland cortex/adrenal cortex destruction

43
Q

What is the treatment for Addisons disease?

A

Long term steroid replacement

44
Q

What is phaeochromocytoma?

A

Catecholamine-secreting tumour

Arising from adrenal medulla

CP (50 decks)

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