Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CP > Disease of the urinary tract 1 > Flashcards

Disease of the urinary tract 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

eliminate metabolic waste products
regulate fluid, acid base balance and electrolytes
production of renin and erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In the mechanism of glomerular damage, immunologically what part of the glomerular is affected?

A

Basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In the mechanism of glomerular damage, non- immunologically what part of the glomerular is affected?

A

vessels or basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In the mechanism of tubular damage, what is affected?

A

vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 2 types of mechanisms of tubular damage occur?

A

ischemic

toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What marker gives a good guide to level of damage to the tubules?

A

creatinine - The degree of damage to renal tubules correlates well with renal function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In the mechanism of vascular damage, what is affected?

A

vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A 
ALWAYS due to damage to glomerulus
Hypoalbuminaemia
Oedema
Proteinuria
\+/- hypertension
\+/- hyperlipidaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the complications of nephrotic syndrome?

A

infection

thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 main causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

A

Membranous nephropathy - idiopathic. MAIN CAUSE
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis - various causes, mostly idiopathic
minimal change disease - biopsy normal
other: diabetes, lupus nephritis, amyloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 main causes of nephrotic syndrome in children?

A

minimal change disease - biopsy normal, majority have excellent prognosis
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis - various causes, mostly idiopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is acute nephritis?

A

Hypertension
Oedema
Proteinuria
Acute renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 5 main causes of acute nephritis in adults?

A

Post infective glomerulonephritis - few weeks after streptococcal throat infection
IgA nephropathy - Most common primary glomerular disease worldwide, teenagers and young adults with haematuria
Vasculitis
Lupus - Autoimmune disease, typically young women
Other forms of primary glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the symptoms of vasculitis?

A 
fever
malasia
rash possible
myalgia - muscle ache
arthralgia - joint pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 main causes of acute nephritis in children?

A

post-infective glomeulonephritis
IgA nephropathy
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Henoch-Schonlein purpura?

A 
Specific type of IgA nephropathy
Typically young boys/teenagers
arthralgia
abdo pain
acute renal failure
rash
haematuria
Most recover completely
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome?

A

Typically children with E. Coli 0157 enteritis
Haemolysis
Acute nephritis
Thrombocytopaenia

18
Q

What is the diagnosis and prognosis of acute renal failure?

A

Diagnosis: anuria/oliguria + raised creatinine and urea
Prognosis: Many will recover and have good renal function if they had healthy kidneys previously

19
Q

What are the causes of acute renal failure?

A

Pre-renal: reduced blood flow to kidneys - most common
Renal: damage to the kidneys
Post-renal: obstructed urinary tract

20
Q

What are the causes of acute renal failure in adults?

A

Vasculitis
Acute interstitial nephritis/tubulointerstitial nephritis - tubular damage with inflammation, most commonly caused by drug reactions

21
Q

What are the causes of acute renal failure in children?

A

Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Acute interstitial nephritis

22
Q

What do all biopsies in acute renal failure show?

A

All biopsies will show “ATN” – acute tubular necrosis/ injury/damage/acute kidney injury (ATI/ATD/AKI)

23
Q

What are the complications of acute renal failure?

A 
Cardiac failure (fluid overload)
Arrythmias (electrolyte imbalance)
GI bleeding
Jaundice (hepatic venous congestion)
Infection, especially lung and urinary tract
24
Q

What is chronic renal failure?

A

Permanently reduced GFR – reduced number of nephrons

25
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of chronic renal failure in adults?

A

Diabetes (commonest)
Glomerulonephritis
Reflux nephropathy- chronic reflux of urine up the ureter

26
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of chronic renal failure in children?

A

Developmental abnormalities/malformations
Reflux nephropathy
Glomerulonephritis

27
Q

Why is renal biopsy often unhelpful in established chronic renal failure?

A

Kidney shows severe scarring with loss of glomeruli and tubules
Similar changes are seen in end-stage renal disease due to any cause

28
Q

What are the effects of Chronic renal failure?

A

Reduced excretion of water and electrolytes = oedema, hypertension
Reduced excretion of toxic metabolites = generally unwell, reduced appetite
Reduced production of erythropoietin = anaemia
Renal bone disease

29
Q

What would a Elderly patient with acute renal failure most likely present with?

A

Acute interstitial nephritis due to drug reactions

Myeloma

30
Q

What would a Young male with haematuria and rash most likely present with?

A

Henoch-Schonlein purpura

31
Q

What would a Teenager/young adult with haematuria most likely present with?

A

Post-infective glomerulonephritis

IgA nephropathy

32
Q

What would a Adult with acute renal failure, fever and myalgia most likely present with?

A

Vasculitis

33
Q

What would a Young woman with haematuria and facial rash most likely present with?

A

Lupus

34
Q

What would a Adult with nephrotic syndrome most likely present with?

A

Membranous nephropathy

35
Q

What would Child with nephrotic syndrome most likely present with?

A

Minimal change disease

36
Q

What may cause isolated haematuria?

A

IgA nephropathy
Thin basement membrane disease
Alport type hereditary nephropathy

37
Q

What may cause isolated proteinuria?

A

benign e.g. Postural, related to pyrexia or exercise

May be due to renal disease

38
Q

What is renal artery stenosis?

A

Due to atheroma (most common) or arterial dysplasia
Leads to ischaemia of the affected kidney
Activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone = hypertension
Loss of renal tissue due to ischaemia = reduced renal function

39
Q

How does vasculitis affect the kidney?

A

hypoxia of the tubules

40
Q

How does diabetes affect the kidney?

A

Hyperglycaemia is the main cause of diabetic nephropathy by damaging the basement membrane
Basement membrane becomes thicker - glomerulus produces excess extracellular matrix which forms nodules
damages small vessels leading to ischaemia and damage to renal tubules

CP (50 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions