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Module 9 > Upper Resp. Passageways- Paranasal sinuses, Anatomy of Nasopharynx (Equine) > Flashcards

Upper Resp. Passageways- Paranasal sinuses, Anatomy of Nasopharynx (Equine) Flashcards

1
Q

what are these structures

A
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2
Q

what are these structures of the nasal cavity in the equine

A
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3
Q

what are these structures

A
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4
Q

what are the palpable landmarks

A
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5
Q

where do the dorsal and ventral nasal conchae form sinuses

A

4-5th cheek teeth (also in ruminants)

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6
Q

what are the features of nasal mucosa

A

very vascular

blood volume alters width the airways

prone to epitaxis

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7
Q

which concha are less developed in equines

A

olfaction ethmoidal conchae

middle concha

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8
Q

what are the conchae present

A

ethmoidal = top

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9
Q

what are the structures 1-4

A
  1. dorsal
  2. middle
  3. ventral
  4. olfaction ethmoidal conchae
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10
Q

nasal cavity transverse section of horse

A
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11
Q

what are the 5 pairs of paranasal sinuses

A
  1. frontal sinus
  2. dorsal conchal sinus
  3. maxillary sinus (rostral and caudal compartments)
  4. ventral conchal sinus
  5. sphenopalatinue sinus
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12
Q

why are the paranasal sinuses clincally important in horses

A
  1. bacterial infection, nasal tumours
  2. access to upper cheek teeth
  3. complex and extensive
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13
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses grouped as because of intercommunication

A
  1. ventral conchal/rostral maxillary sinuses
  2. all others
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14
Q

anatomy of paranasal sinuses

A
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15
Q

anatomy of paranasal sinuses

A
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16
Q

where is the location of the frontal sinus

A

internal and external plates of frontal bone

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17
Q

what is the frontal sinus separated by

A

left and right sides separated by bony septum

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18
Q

where does the frontal sinus extend to

A

rostrally from level with TMJ to level of eye orbit

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19
Q

what does the frontal sinus communicate with

A

rostrally with dorsal conchal sinus via conchofrontal sinus

caudal maxillary sinus via frontomaxillary opening

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20
Q

what separates rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses

A

bony septum

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21
Q

what does the caudal maxillary sinus communicate with and how

A

conchofrontal sinus via frontomaxillary opening

22
Q

what does the sphenopalatine sinus communicate with

A

caudal maxillary sinus

23
Q

what does the ventral conchal sinus communicate with

A

rostral maxillary sinus

24
Q

what does the rostral maxillary sinus communicate with

A

nasal cavity via nasomaxillary opening (located in middle meatus)

25
what are the intercommunication between paranasal sinuses of the horse
26
what are the cheek teeth that fill the maxillary sinus
3rd and 4th upper cheek teeth - rostral maxillary sinus 5th and 6th upper cheek - caudal maxillary sinus
27
what are the sinuses
28
what does the maxillary sinus increase with
age teeth wear and grow down and rostrally enlarging the maxillary sinus (RMS)
29
what is trephining
infection alleviated allows drainage and flushing out
30
what are the clinical landmarks of paranasal sinuses for surgery
1. median cathus of eye 2. nasoincisive notch 3. facial crest 4. infraorbital foramen
31
what are the clinical landmarks of the maxillary sinus
1. rostral: line through infraorbital foramen 2. caudal: transverse line through middle of the eye 3. dorsal: line from the medial canthus of the eye to infraorbital foramen 4. ventral: facial crest and just rostral to its end
32
what are the clinical landmarks of the frontal sinus
1. rostral: transverse line 1/2 way between medial canthus of eye and nasoincisive notch 2. caudal: transverse line taken 1/2 way along zygomatic arch 3. dorsal: approx. 2cm from the midline 4. ventral: dorsal to line from medial canthus of eye to nasoincisive notch
33
what are the features of the soft palate of the nasopharynx in equine
extremely long explains why the equine is an obligate nasal breather
34
what is the palatopharyngeal arch
cadaul edges of soft palate forms a soft cuff around the aditus (entrance) of the larynx
35
what is the net effect of the soft palate and the palatopharyngeal arch
laryngeal entrance (aditus) held permanetly up in nasopharynx
36
where is the epiglottis held
above soft palate
37
what is the pharyngeal recess and what are the implications
median recess located dorsally of nasopharynx very deep implications for passing stomach tube
38
what are tubal tonsil located
close to opening of auditory tubes
39
where are the entrance to the auditory tubes
long, slit like located on lateral walls of nasopharynx supported by flaps of cartilage lined with resp epithelium
40
what is occuring here
soft palate displacement the epiglottis has slipped below soft palate
41
what are these structures
auditory tube openings
42
what is the guttural pouches lined with
mucosa lining the auditory tubes expands into diverticulum on each side
43
how is the guttural pouch divided in
stylohyoid bone into medial and lateral compartment air filled resp. epithelium
44
what is this structure
guttural pouch
45
what is the clinical relevance of the medial compartment of the guttural pouch
**cranial nerves:** glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI), hypoglossal (XII) continuation of sympathetic trunk internal carotid artery
46
what is the clinical relevance of the lateral compartment of the guttural pouch
**cranial nerve:** facial nerve (VII) external carotid artery external maxillary vein
47
what is ventral to each guttural pouch
retropharyngeal lymph nodes
48
what is this structure
49
what is the function of the guttural pouch
unknown influence internal carotid artery blood pressure or cerebral blood cooling mechanism
50
what is the clinical importance of the guttural pouch
infection common leads to visible swelling and erosion of mucosa lining of the pouch resulting in epitaxis
51
what does chronic guttural pouch cause
pressure on cranial nerves (IX, X) --\> pharyngeal paralysis and/or laryngeal paralysis damage to facial nerve (VII) --\> rare facial paralysis hemorrhage from internal carotid artery abscess in retro-pharyngeal lymph nodes --\> strangles

Module 9 (43 decks)

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