Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Module 9 > Resp. Pharmacology and Lungs as Route Of Drug Delivery > Flashcards

Resp. Pharmacology and Lungs as Route Of Drug Delivery Flashcards

1
Q

what are premedicant drugs

A

drugs given prior to a general anaesthetic

typically a sedative-opiod combo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are induction durgs

A

usually IV agents

used to achieve the transition from consciousness to unconsciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are maintenance drugs

A

usually inhalational agents

drugs used to maintain the anaesthetic state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the overton and meyer theory

A

increase lipid fluidity changes lipid bilayer dimensions or permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the current view on lipids

A
  1. receptor/protein targets now recognized
  2. lipid solubility important in reaching target
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the blood:gas partition coefficient

A

low b:g gives rapid induction/recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the oil:gas partition coefficient

A

high o:g gives high potency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the physiological factors of anaesthetic agents that affect speed of induction/recovery

A
  1. alveolar ventilation rate
  2. cardiac output
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the metabolism of anaesthetics

A

liver –> extent depends on agent

litter influence on duration of action

potential toxic metabolites (risk to patient and staff)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how are inhalational agents (anaesthetics) eliminated

A

primarily by exhalation

determines duration of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are halogenated anaesthetic compounds

A

halothane

isoflurane

sevoflurane

desflurane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are other anaesthetic agents

A

nitrous oxide

xenon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)

A

the minimum alveolar concentration at which 50% of patients will not respond to a particular stimulus

compares the potency of different inhalational agents

relates to the percentage of drug in the inspired air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what factors can alter MAC

A
  1. species
  2. age (MAC lower in geriatrics & neonates)
  3. pregnancy (MAC reduced)
  4. hypothermia (MAC reduced)
  5. drugs –> premedicants can greatly reduce MAC (ex. opioids)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the sympathetic control of bronchial tone

A

no innervation but dilated by circulating adrenaline

B2 adrenoceptors –> increased cAMP in bronchial smooth muscle –> relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

also inhibit release of histamine from mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the parasympathetic control of bronchial tone

A

muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

M3: increases IP3, increases [Ca2+]

constriction of bronchial smooth muscle

17
Q

how can bronchodilation be achieved pharmacologically (3)

A
  1. B-adrenergic agonists
  2. anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) drugs
  3. methylxanthines (PDE inhibitors)
18
Q

what are examples of B2 adrenoceptor agonists

A

terbutaline, salbutamol, salmeterol, clenbuterol

19
Q

how do B-adrenoceptor agonists work

A

stimulate adrenergic pathways

20
Q

what is an emergancy drug used to treat life threatening bronchoconstriction

A

adrenaline (epinephrine)

21
Q

what are the side effects of B-adrenoceptor agonists

A

CVS: increased heart rate, palpitations

skeletal muscle: tremors

22
Q

what is the mechanisms of anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) drugs

A

block endogenous parasympathetic tone (ex. atropine)

23
Q

what are the side effects of anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) drugs

A

CNS stimulation

GI inhibition

24
Q

how are anticholinergic (anitmuscarinic) drugs administered

A

topical vs systemic

25
Q

what is ipratropium bromide

A

quaternary derivative of atropine, limited absorption therefore minimal systemic side effects

26
Q

what are methylxanthines

A

theobromine, caffiene, theophyline, etamiphylline

27
Q

what are the mechanism of action of methylxanthines

A

PDE inhibitors –> increase cAMP –> bronchial smooth muscle relaxation

decrease inflammatory mediators, adenosine inhibition

28
Q

what are the side effects of methylxanthines

A

GI

cardiac

CNS

29
Q

what physiochemical property of halogenated agents gives info on ease of vaporization

A

vapour pressure (mmHg)

the higher it is –> the more sensitive it is to changes in environmental temp (boiling point)

ex. desflurane has high vapour pressure –> any small change in temp will affect its availability b/c its boiling point is 23 degrees

30
Q

what values give info on potency in halogenated agents

A
  1. MAC (%)
  2. oil:gas partition coefficient
31
Q

what does a low MAC (%) indicate

A

the more potent the drug is and the less you need of it

32
Q

what does a high oil:gas partition coefficient mean

A

most potent

correlated inversely with MAC

33
Q

why is the % metabolized a concern in halogenated agents

A

doesn’t have anything to do with duration of action –> concern is with toxic metabolites

Module 9 (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions