Comparative Lung Features + Diaphragm

Question 1

what does shape of the lungs depend on

Answer 1

shape depends on stage of respiration

Question 2

what is the colour of lungs

Answer 2

pink/red = healthy

Question 3

what is the weight of lungs

Answer 3

light/elastic/spongy/float

Question 4

identify the lobes of the lung

Answer 4

Question 5

what are the structures that enter the hilus of the lungs

Answer 5

pulmonary artery

pulmonary vein

primary bronchus

Question 6

how is the left lobe divided

Answer 6

the cranial lobe is divided into cranial and caudal

Question 7

what are the features of the ruminant right lung

Answer 7

cranial (divided into cranial and caudal parts), middle, caudal and accessory lobes

tracheal bronchus present

Question 8

what are the features of the left lung in the ruminant

Answer 8

smaller than right

cranial (divided into cranial and caudal) and caudal lobes

Question 9

what is lobulation like in the ruminant

Answer 9

conspicuously lobulated –> visceral pleural covering

Question 10

what are the lobes of the right lung of the pig lung

Answer 10

cranial (not split), middle, caudal, accessory

tracheal bronchus

Question 11

which species are these and name the lobes

Answer 11

pig

right: cranial, middle, caudal, accessory
left: cranial (cranial and caudal) and caudal lobe

Question 12

which species are these lungs and name the lobes

Answer 12

bovine

right: cranial (cranial and caudal), middle, caudal and accessory
left: cranial (cranial and caudal), and caudal lobe

Question 13

what are the lobes of the right equine lung

Answer 13

cranial, caudal, accessory

no middle lobe

Question 14

what are the lobes of the left equine lung

Answer 14

cranial/caudal

Question 15

what is the lobulation like in the equine lung

Answer 15

minimal –> smooth

Question 16

which species is this lung and what are the lobes

Answer 16

equine

right: cranial, caudal, accessory
left: cranial/caudal

Question 17

what are these lymph nodes in the canine

Answer 17

cranial mediastinal nodes

tracheobronchial nodes (left, middle, right)

pulmonary group

Question 18

where do the lymph nodes assocaited with the trachea and lungs drain to in the dog

Answer 18

middle (and caudal) mediastinal nodes and/or to the thoracic duct

Question 19

what is the function of the diaphragm

Answer 19

primary muscle of inspiration

Question 20

what is the diaphragm tissue

Answer 20

muscular and tendinous

Question 21

what is the shape of the diaphragm

Answer 21

dome shape

convex on its thoracic surface (6th rib)

Question 22

what is on the thoracic or cranial surface of the diaphragm

Answer 22

diaphragmatic pleura

Question 23

what is on the abdominal or caudal surface of the diaphragm

Answer 23

peritoneum

Question 24

what are the attachments of the diaphragm in the dog

Answer 24

costal: medial surface R8-13
sternal: xiphoid cartilage
lumbar: crura attach to ventral longitundinal ligament RC=L1-4, LC=L1-2

Question 25

what are the regions of the diaphragm

Answer 25

Question 26

what are the regions of the diaphragm

Answer 26

1. muscular rim 2. tendinous centre

Question 27

how is the muscular rim divided

Answer 27

into 3 parts lumbar, costal and sternal

Question 28

what does the lumbar part of the muscular rim consist of

Answer 28

2 fan shaped muscles or crura (right and left)

Question 29

what does the tendinous centre of the diaphragm form and where does it extend to

Answer 29

the most cranial part of the dome extend under rib cage to 6th rib

Question 30

what is the lumbocostal arch

Answer 30

located between costal and lumbar attachments of diaphragm

Question 31

what separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities at the lumbocostal arch

Answer 31

connective tissue, pleura, peritoneum

Question 32

what is the route taken by the sympathetic trunk and splanchnic nerves travel in the diaphragm

Answer 32

the lumbocostal arch

Question 33

what are the foramina in the diaphragm

Answer 33

1. aortic hiatus 2. esophageal hiatus 3. foramen vena cava (caval foramen)

Question 34

where is the aortic hiatus and what runs through it

Answer 34

between the crura (L and R) aorta, azygous vein and thoracic duct

Question 35

where is the esophageal hiatus and what runs through it

Answer 35

ventral to aortic hiatus in the RC esophagus, vagus nerves **weak (diaphragmatic hernia) and loose (passage of food)**

Question 36

where is the foramen vena cava and what runs through it

Answer 36

within the tendinous centre to the right of the midline caudal vena cava **tight**

Question 37

identify the diaphragmatic foramina

Answer 37

Question 38

identify the structures

Answer 38

Question 39

what is the nerve supply of the diaphragm

Answer 39

R & L phrenic nerves

Question 40

where does the phrenic nerve arise from and where does it run

Answer 40

ventral branches of **C5, 6, 7** (cervical spinal fractures can affect) runs across lateral walls of heart within mediastinum

Question 41

what is the blood supply to the diaphragm

Answer 41

1. musculophrenic artery (branch internal thoracic artery) 2. caudal phrenic artery (branch of abdominal aorta) --\> caudal surface of diaphragm