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Module 9 > Lungworms in Large Animals > Flashcards

Lungworms in Large Animals Flashcards

1
Q

what are two main families of lungworms

A
  1. trichostrongyloidea
  2. metastrongyloidea
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2
Q

what is the lifecycle of trichostrongyloidea

A

direct life cycle

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3
Q

what species are trichostrongyloidea

A

Dictyocaulus species

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4
Q

what does trichostrongyloidea cause

A

parasitic bronchitis (husk)

pathogenic

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5
Q

what is the life cycle of metastrongyloidea

A

indirect

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6
Q

what are the metastrongyloidea species in pigs and what is the intermediate host

A

metastrongylus apri (earthworm intermediate host)

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7
Q

what are the metastrongyloidea species in sheep/goats and what is the intermediate host

A

muellerius capillaris –> snail/slug

protostrongylus rufescens –> snail

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8
Q

is metastrongyloidea pathogenic

A

not

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9
Q

what are the trichostrongyloidea lungworms in cattle

A

dictyocaulus viviparus

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10
Q

what are the trichostrongyloidea lungworms in horses and donkey

A

dictyocaulus arnfieldi

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11
Q

what are the trichostrongyloidea lungworms in sheep and goats

A

dictyocaulus filaria

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12
Q

what are the trichostrongyloidea lungworms in deer

A

dictyocaulus eckerti (capreolus)

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13
Q

what is the life cycle of dictyocaulus viviparus

A
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14
Q

what is present in the feces in the lifecycle in D.viviparus

A

L1 larvae not the eggs

dark food granules in intestine of L1

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15
Q

what do the D.viviparus adult worms look like

A

up to 8cm in length

slender

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16
Q

what occurs after infection of D.viviparus

A

strong immunity following infection but immune response can cause pathology

immunity boosted by natural challenge

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17
Q

what are the clinical signs of parasitic bronchitis (mild, moderate, severely affected)

A
  1. mildy affected animals (100 worms approx): intermittent cough
  2. moderately affected: coughing at rest, tachypnoe (<60), hyperpnoea (crackles posterior lung lobes)
  3. severely affected animals (1000 worms): harsh cough, tachypnoea (>80), dyspnoea, mouth breathing, pyrexia due to secondary bacterial infection, emphysema
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18
Q
A
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19
Q

what is the pathogenesis of parasitic bronchitis

A
  1. penetration phase: days 1-7 –> larvae migrating to lungs (no pathology)
  2. prepatent phasE: days 8-25 –> larvae migrating up through lungs
  3. patent phase: days 26-60 –> mature adults present in airways
  4. postpatent phase: days 61-90 –> adults expelled from airways (recovery)
20
Q

what occurs during the prepatent phase (days 8-25) (5)

A
  1. L4 and young adults migrating up resp tree
  2. acute inflammatory response (monocytes and eosinophils)
  3. mucus/cellular plugs –> collapse of alveoli
  4. clinical signs first seen

5. heavy infection –> calves can die from day 15 onwards

21
Q

what occurs during the patent phase (Days 26-60)

A

clinical signs worse

  1. lesions due to presence of worms in bronchi –> aspirated eggs/larvae
  2. profuse inflammatory exudate
  3. hyperplasia of bronchial epithelium
  4. over inflation of alveoli
  5. interstitial emphesema & edema
  6. lots of eosinophils
22
Q

what occurs during the postpatent phase of parasitic bronchitis

A

most animals gradually recover, strong acquired immunity

some animals (up to 25%) —> clinical signs increase (often fatal) due to either alveolar epithelialization or bacterial infection (acute interstitial pneumonia)

23
Q

what is occuring here

A

alveolar epithelialization in postpatent phase of parasitic bronchitis

24
Q

what is reinfection syndrome in parasitic bronchitis

A

heavy challenge in immune animal (prev. infected or vaccinated)

IR kills larvae in lungs

coughing and slight tachypnoea –> mild syndrome

25
what is the diagnosis of reinfection syndrome
clinical signs history and response to treatment
26
how is parasitic bronchitis diagnosed
1. clinical signs, time of year 2. grazing/vaccination/athelmintic history 3. L1 larvae present in feces (50-1000 L1/g, baermann technique) (not present during pre-patent phase)
27
how does ELISA diagnose parasitic bronchitis
detects antibody to adult and L3 antigens reflects exposure to infection available in UK through VLA 60% herds ELISA positive for lungworm
28
how is L1 detected in the feces in parasitic bronchitis
baermann apparatus
29
what is the epidemiology of bovine lungworm
temperate regions with high rainfall (N. Europe, N.E USA) in UK usually july-sept/oct
30
which larvae can overwinter in bovine lungworm
L3 can overwinter
31
how many worms are needed to cause disease
small numbers 100-1000 worms
32
what are the optimal conditions for development of bovine lungworm
L1-L3 development rapid in warm and wet
33
where is bovine lungworm typically seen
1st season grazing calves common in adult cattle
34
why is lung worm more common in adults
1. susceptible to heavy challenge 2. no prev history of lungworm or vaccination 3. anthelminitic use in 1st and 2nd years (no immunity)
35
how is bovine lungworm prevented
1. vaccination with irradiated L3 vaccine (2 doses of 1000 irradiated L3s) vaccinate 1st season calves before turnout very effective but not sterile immunity (dont mix unvaccinated)
36
how is bovine lungworm treated
anthelmintic drugs (use early to reduce pathology)
37
how are bovine lungworm midly infected animals treated
treat and move to clean pasture
38
how are severely affected animals with lungworm treated
house, hydration, NSAIDs, antibiotics if pyrexic
39
what is the lifecycle of dictyocaulus arnfieldi
similar to D.viviparus except eggs in feces
40
what is the PPP of dictyocaulus arnfieldi
2-4 months reaches patency in donkeys and foals/yearlings in horse doesn't reach patency in adult horse
41
how are dictyocaulus arnfieldi
eggs or L1s in feces close exam, harsh lung sounds
42
how is dictyocaulus arnfieldi diagnosed in horses
usually no eggs or L1s clinical signs (chronic cough and tachyonoea) grazing/anthelmintic history (co-grazing with donkeys) response to anthelmintic treatment tracheal wash --\> eosinophils
43
what is the PPP of dictyocaulus filaria
5 weeks
44
what does dictyocaulus filaria cause
sporadic disease --\> usually lambs/yearlings in autumn
45
what are the clinical signs dictyocaulus filaria
chronic cough/unthriftiness nasal discharge severe cases dyspnoea
46
how is dictyocaulus filaria diagnosed
L1 in feces

Module 9 (43 decks)

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