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Module 9 > Lungworms in Large Animals > Flashcards

Lungworms in Large Animals Flashcards

1
Q

what are two main families of lungworms

A
  1. trichostrongyloidea
  2. metastrongyloidea
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2
Q

what is the lifecycle of trichostrongyloidea

A

direct life cycle

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3
Q

what species are trichostrongyloidea

A

Dictyocaulus species

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4
Q

what does trichostrongyloidea cause

A

parasitic bronchitis (husk)

pathogenic

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5
Q

what is the life cycle of metastrongyloidea

A

indirect

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6
Q

what are the metastrongyloidea species in pigs and what is the intermediate host

A

metastrongylus apri (earthworm intermediate host)

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7
Q

what are the metastrongyloidea species in sheep/goats and what is the intermediate host

A

muellerius capillaris –> snail/slug

protostrongylus rufescens –> snail

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8
Q

is metastrongyloidea pathogenic

A

not

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9
Q

what are the trichostrongyloidea lungworms in cattle

A

dictyocaulus viviparus

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10
Q

what are the trichostrongyloidea lungworms in horses and donkey

A

dictyocaulus arnfieldi

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11
Q

what are the trichostrongyloidea lungworms in sheep and goats

A

dictyocaulus filaria

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12
Q

what are the trichostrongyloidea lungworms in deer

A

dictyocaulus eckerti (capreolus)

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13
Q

what is the life cycle of dictyocaulus viviparus

A
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14
Q

what is present in the feces in the lifecycle in D.viviparus

A

L1 larvae not the eggs

dark food granules in intestine of L1

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15
Q

what do the D.viviparus adult worms look like

A

up to 8cm in length

slender

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16
Q

what occurs after infection of D.viviparus

A

strong immunity following infection but immune response can cause pathology

immunity boosted by natural challenge

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17
Q

what are the clinical signs of parasitic bronchitis (mild, moderate, severely affected)

A
  1. mildy affected animals (100 worms approx): intermittent cough
  2. moderately affected: coughing at rest, tachypnoe (<60), hyperpnoea (crackles posterior lung lobes)
  3. severely affected animals (1000 worms): harsh cough, tachypnoea (>80), dyspnoea, mouth breathing, pyrexia due to secondary bacterial infection, emphysema
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18
Q
A
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19
Q

what is the pathogenesis of parasitic bronchitis

A
  1. penetration phase: days 1-7 –> larvae migrating to lungs (no pathology)
  2. prepatent phasE: days 8-25 –> larvae migrating up through lungs
  3. patent phase: days 26-60 –> mature adults present in airways
  4. postpatent phase: days 61-90 –> adults expelled from airways (recovery)
20
Q

what occurs during the prepatent phase (days 8-25) (5)

A
  1. L4 and young adults migrating up resp tree
  2. acute inflammatory response (monocytes and eosinophils)
  3. mucus/cellular plugs –> collapse of alveoli
  4. clinical signs first seen

5. heavy infection –> calves can die from day 15 onwards

21
Q

what occurs during the patent phase (Days 26-60)

A

clinical signs worse

  1. lesions due to presence of worms in bronchi –> aspirated eggs/larvae
  2. profuse inflammatory exudate
  3. hyperplasia of bronchial epithelium
  4. over inflation of alveoli
  5. interstitial emphesema & edema
  6. lots of eosinophils
22
Q

what occurs during the postpatent phase of parasitic bronchitis

A

most animals gradually recover, strong acquired immunity

some animals (up to 25%) —> clinical signs increase (often fatal) due to either alveolar epithelialization or bacterial infection (acute interstitial pneumonia)

23
Q

what is occuring here

A

alveolar epithelialization in postpatent phase of parasitic bronchitis

24
Q

what is reinfection syndrome in parasitic bronchitis

A

heavy challenge in immune animal (prev. infected or vaccinated)

IR kills larvae in lungs

coughing and slight tachypnoea –> mild syndrome

25
Q

what is the diagnosis of reinfection syndrome

A

clinical signs

history

and response to treatment

26
Q

how is parasitic bronchitis diagnosed

A
  1. clinical signs, time of year
  2. grazing/vaccination/athelmintic history
  3. L1 larvae present in feces (50-1000 L1/g, baermann technique) (not present during pre-patent phase)
27
Q

how does ELISA diagnose parasitic bronchitis

A

detects antibody to adult and L3 antigens

reflects exposure to infection

available in UK through VLA

60% herds ELISA positive for lungworm

28
Q

how is L1 detected in the feces in parasitic bronchitis

A

baermann apparatus

29
Q

what is the epidemiology of bovine lungworm

A

temperate regions with high rainfall (N. Europe, N.E USA)

in UK usually july-sept/oct

30
Q

which larvae can overwinter in bovine lungworm

A

L3 can overwinter

31
Q

how many worms are needed to cause disease

A

small numbers

100-1000 worms

32
Q

what are the optimal conditions for development of bovine lungworm

A

L1-L3 development rapid in warm and wet

33
Q

where is bovine lungworm typically seen

A

1st season grazing calves

common in adult cattle

34
Q

why is lung worm more common in adults

A
  1. susceptible to heavy challenge
  2. no prev history of lungworm or vaccination
  3. anthelminitic use in 1st and 2nd years (no immunity)
35
Q

how is bovine lungworm prevented

A
  1. vaccination with irradiated L3 vaccine (2 doses of 1000 irradiated L3s)

vaccinate 1st season calves before turnout

very effective but not sterile immunity (dont mix unvaccinated)

36
Q

how is bovine lungworm treated

A

anthelmintic drugs (use early to reduce pathology)

37
Q

how are bovine lungworm midly infected animals treated

A

treat and move to clean pasture

38
Q

how are severely affected animals with lungworm treated

A

house, hydration, NSAIDs, antibiotics if pyrexic

39
Q

what is the lifecycle of dictyocaulus arnfieldi

A

similar to D.viviparus except eggs in feces

40
Q

what is the PPP of dictyocaulus arnfieldi

A

2-4 months

reaches patency in donkeys and foals/yearlings in horse

doesn’t reach patency in adult horse

41
Q

how are dictyocaulus arnfieldi

A

eggs or L1s in feces

close exam, harsh lung sounds

42
Q

how is dictyocaulus arnfieldi diagnosed in horses

A

usually no eggs or L1s

clinical signs (chronic cough and tachyonoea)

grazing/anthelmintic history (co-grazing with donkeys)

response to anthelmintic treatment

tracheal wash –> eosinophils

43
Q

what is the PPP of dictyocaulus filaria

A

5 weeks

44
Q

what does dictyocaulus filaria cause

A

sporadic disease –> usually lambs/yearlings in autumn

45
Q

what are the clinical signs dictyocaulus filaria

A

chronic cough/unthriftiness

nasal discharge

severe cases dyspnoea

46
Q

how is dictyocaulus filaria diagnosed

A

L1 in feces

Module 9 (43 decks)

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