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Module 9 > Breathing & Airways > Flashcards

Breathing & Airways Flashcards

1
Q

what are the jobs of the lungs

A

to bring in fresh air rich in oxygen needed to feul the body + expel the waste gas (CO2) produced from cells in body

movement of air in/out of the lungs (breathing) must be coupled to cellular respiration

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2
Q

how is the respiratory system divided

A

upper and lower

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3
Q

what does the upper resp system comprised of

A

nares (nostrils)

nasal passages

pharynx

larynx

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4
Q

what is the function of upper resp system (3)

A
  1. conduct air to and from the lungs
  2. filter out particles
  3. warm the air
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5
Q

what is the lower resp tract comprised

A

trachea

bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli (site for gas exchange)

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6
Q

what filters air coming into resp tract

A

trachea lined by pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

inhaled particles stick to mucus –> mucus moved towards mouth by beating cilia

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7
Q

what occurs at the alveoli

A

gas exchange

O2 moves from air to capillaries

CO2 moves from capillaries to air

move by diffusion

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8
Q

what processes are involved in gas exchange

A

O2 consumption and CO2 production vary with metabolic rate (variable across species/lifestyle/body size)

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9
Q

when does O2 consumption vary

A

when animals exercise their muscles need more O2

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10
Q

what is maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) directly related to

A

directly related to total mass of mitochondira witihin the skeletal muscles

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11
Q

what is TLC

A

total volume of air lungs can hold

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12
Q

what is RV

A

total volume of air remaining after forced expiration

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13
Q

what is VC

A

total volume of air that can be moved

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14
Q

what is FRC

A

amount of air remaining after quite resting exhalation

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15
Q

what is TV

A

total volume of air moved in/out during quiet breathing

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16
Q

what is VE

A

total volume of air breathed per minute (minute ventilation, VE)

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17
Q

how is VE determined by

A

volume of each breath (VT) and breathing frequency (breaths per minute)

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18
Q

what is anatomic dead space

A

regions where air flows through conducting airways (not involved in gas exchange)

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19
Q

how does dead space occur in the wall of alveoli

A

ventilated alveoli are not perfused with blood

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20
Q

what is physiologic dead space

A

sum of both (anatomic) and determines portion of each breath not available for gas exchange

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21
Q

what is the formula for dead space

A

VT = VA + VD

VT = volume of each breath

VA = air that enters perfused alveoli

VD = volume that remains in physiologic dead space

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22
Q

what is the dead space/tidal volume ratio (VD/VT)

A

the fraction of each breath ventilating the physiological dead space

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23
Q

how does the dead space/tidal volume ration vary among species

A

33% in small species (dogs)

50-70% in larger species such as cattle and dogs

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24
Q

how does panting affect VT and f

A

small VT and high f

more air ventilates the dead space = increased water evaporation and heat loss

cold stress –> increases VT and decreases f –> retain heat

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25
what is equipment dead space
excessively long endotracheal tubes or overly large face masks create a large amount of equipment dead space animals must increase its VT to obtain adequate alveolar ventilation
26
what occurs during inspiration
active diaphragm contracts downwards pushing abdominal contents outwards external intercostals pull ribs outwards and upwards
27
what occurs during expiration
passive elastic recoil (except horses which have active phase to exhalation)
28
what are the muscles of inspiration
diaphragm major inspiratory --\> dome-shaped skeletal muscle other resp skeletal muscles active during more strenous breathing
29
what are the muscles of inspiration and expiration
30
what are the volume and pressure changes during inspiration and expiration (14)
1. beginning of inspiration, no flow --\> PA=0, PB=0 2. inspiratory muscles contract --\> increases thoracic volume 3. pleural pressure becomes more negative 4. increase in transpulmonary pressure 5. lungs expand and alveolar volume increases 6. PA becomes negative (below PB) 7. air flows into alveoli (from higher to lower pressure) 8. end inspiration --\> muscles stop contracting, thorax and alveoli stop expanding **PA = PB (no flow)** 9. beginning expiration: thoracic volume decreases 10. Ppl & PL return to pre-inspiration values 11. thorax and lungs recoil (elastic recoil pressure) 12. air in alveoli compressed 13. PA becomes greater than PB 14. air flows out of lungs
31
what is compliance and how is it calculated
measure of distensibility of an elastic structure for the lung --\> calculated as the change in lung volume that occurs for a given change in transpulmonary pressure (C= V/P)
32
how compliant is the lung
very compliant --\> readily increases in volume with modest changes in transpulmonary pressure
33
what is elasticity
materials that recoil elastance relates to the work required to inflate and deflate the lungs and is the reciprocal of compliance E = P/V
34
what are the alveoli lined with
thin layer of aqueous fluid --\> surfactant
35
where is the surfactant produced in the lungs
type II alveolar epithelial cells
36
what does surfactant contain and what is its function
lipid dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and proteins displaces water at the fluid/air interface **1. reduces surface tension (cohesive forces where liquid meets air)** **2. increases lung compliance**
37
what are these cells
38
what are these structures
39
what is airway resistance (R)
force that impedes airflow along the respiratory passage
40
what is a source of airway resistance
upper airways are the major source of R --\> large flow of air through a modest tube
41
what occurs to airway resistance as lung volume increases
airway resistance decreases
42
what are the blood supply to the lung
1. pulmonary circulation (low pressure) 2. bronchial circulation
43
what is the pulmonary circulation
**arteries:** brings deoxygenated blood from heart to pulmonary capillaries around alveoli and **veins:** oxygenated blood from lung to heart (reservoir of blood for increase cardiac output)
44
what is bronchial circulation
brings oxygenated blood to lung parenchyma
45
what are the structures
46
what is extra alveolar
pulmonary arteries/veins
47
what are alveolar
alveolar capillaries thin walled --\> perfuse alveolar septa
48
what is the direction of pulmonary circulation in quadruped animals
caudodorsal flow --\> increased by exercise
49
what is alveolar hypoxia
potent constrictor of small pulmonary arteries (beneficial for localized alveolar hypoxia)
50
what is bronchial circulation
part of systemic circulation venous drainage is unique --\> returns to the heart by both system and pulmonary circulations
51
where does deoxygenated bronchial venous blood drain
drains into the pulmonary veins and left ventricle --\> deoxygenated blood leaving from the bronchial veins mixing with oxygenated blood leaving the lungs in pulmonary veins one form of anatomic shunt because deoxygenated blood leaving bronchial circulation does not pass alveoli but is shunted to left side of heart
52
what must occur for adequate gas exchange
ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) must match
53
what is the V/Q ratio
ratio of ventilation to blood flow ratio can be defined for single alveolus, a group of alveoli or entire lung
54
what occurs when ventilation exceeds perfusion
V/Q \> 1
55
what occurs when perfusion exceeds ventilation
V/Q \< 1
56
what occurs when pulmonary blood flow and ventilation are mismatched
impaired O2 and CO2 transfer
57
what are lung zones
V/Q at apex = 3 (wasted ventilation) V/Q at base = 0.6 (wasted perfusion) **both ventilation and perfusion are greater at the base of the lung than the apex of the lung**
58
what is V/Q = O
airway obstruction (shunt) ex. foreign body aspiration
59
what is V/Q = ∞
blood flow obstruction (physiological dead space) ex. pulmonary embolus
60
when does optimal gas exchange occur
brings together air and blood in the alveolus ex. the matching of ventilation and blood flow (perfusion)
61
when can gas exchange not occur
if an alveolus receives blood but no ventilation and vice versa ideally each part of the lung would receive equal amounts of ventilation however uneven ventilation mostly becomes apparent in disease
62
when does uneven ventilation occur
decreased compliance (pneumonia) or local airway obstruction (mucus, bronchoconstriction, foreign body) important for recumbent animals becuase lowermost part of lung compressed --\> anesthetized large animals

Module 9 (43 decks)

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