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Module 9 > Patterns of Disease in Lung: Inflammation > Flashcards

Patterns of Disease in Lung: Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

name the structures of the resp tract

A
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2
Q

what is pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lung

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3
Q

what are the causes of pneumonia

A
  1. viruses
  2. bacteria
  3. parasites
  4. toxic gases/metabolites
  5. foreign material
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4
Q

what are the routes of entry

A
  1. aerogenous (inhaled) –> including aspiration
  2. hematogenous (embolic)
  3. direct entry
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5
Q

which route of entry

A

aerogenous (inhaled)

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6
Q

which route of entry

A

hematogenous

mulit-focal distribution

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7
Q

which route of entry

A

direct entry

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8
Q

how is the pattern of pneumonia distinguished

A

based on distribution, texture, appearance and exudation

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9
Q

why is pattern of pneumonia useful information

A

info on the cause, route of entry and possible sequelae

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10
Q

why is the cause, route of entry and possible sequelae important to know

A

predict etiology, inform which samples should be collected for which tests

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11
Q

what is the pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia (5)

A
  1. inhaled agents
  2. inflammation at bronchoalveolar junction
  3. acute inflammatory response
  4. exudation of fluid and plasma proteins into bronchioles and alveoli
  5. recruitment of alveolar macrophages and emigration of neutrophils
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12
Q

what pneumonia is this

A

bronchopneumonia

filled with suppurative material

caused by bacteria (ex. enzootic pneumonia mycoplasma spp.)

cranio-ventral consolidation

histologically: bronchiole (round donut shape, lined with epithelium with smooth muscle) –> tons of inflammation in it, neutrophils in the wall and lumen

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13
Q

what are the possible sequelae of bronchopneumonia

A
  1. resolution
  2. chronic pneumonia (BALT hyperplasia, bronchiolar goblet cell metaplasia –> more mucous production)

abcess formation

pleuritis (surface of the lung, can form adhesions)

bronchiectasis (bronchi damaged, wall damaged from inflammatory mediators or ruptures)

death

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14
Q

what is the classification of bronchopneumonia

A

suppurative bronchopneumonia

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15
Q

what is the cause of bronchopneumonia

A

bacteria

ex. enzootic pneumonia (Mycoplasma spp.)

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16
Q

what is shown here

A

multifocal pulmonary abscesses

filled with supprative exudate and surrounded by a fibrous capsule

distinguished from bronchiectasis is to see if it is continuous with airway or if it is a blind ending pocket

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17
Q

what classification of pneumonia is this

A

bronchopneumonia –> cranio-ventral distribution

acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia (pleuropneumonia)

fibrin released from inflammatory response –> grossly it is friable and can be removed and broken down

dark red colour –> hemorrhage

caused by Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

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18
Q

what pneumonia is this

A

bovine: fibrinous bronchopneumonia (mannheimia)

bovine have prominent interlobular septa and lobular septa –> widened because of edema and fibrin

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19
Q

what pneumonia is this

A

bronchopneumonia –> aspiration pneumonia

typically on right cranial or right middle lobe

pre-disposing factors: tube feeding, laryngeal paralysis, animals recovering from anaesthesia, megaesophagus

unilateral typically

if inhaled GI contents are acidic –> dark red areas, necrotizing

milk –> less prominent reaction (less necrotizing)

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20
Q

what classification of pneumonia is this

A

hematogenous (embolic)

multi-focal and affecting all lobes of the lung

yellow, round nodules –> creamy white material surrounded by fibrous capsule

causes: suppurative focus (ex. endocarditis, hepatic abscess)

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21
Q

what pneumonia would this cause

A

hematogenous

AV valve of right ventricle

white red mottled lesions

degeneration of the valve

bits of lesions will go thru pulmonary artery to the lungs

22
Q

what are these lesions from

A

pulmonary thromboemboli

from a valvular endocarditis

fibrin, neutrophils and bacteria

sat within the vessels (platelets, erythrocytes)

inflammation and abscess formation –> significant hemorrhage possible as well

23
Q

what classification of pneumonia is this

A

granulomatous (hematogenous or aerogenous)

causes: mycobacteria, systemic mycoses (TB, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis), fungi

24
Q

what classification of pneumonia is this

A

granulomatous (hematogenous or aerogenous)

pale white areas = abnormal

multi-focal to coalescing

cranial and caudal lung lobes

granuloma is dominated by macrophages –> fusion forms giant cells –> surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells –> fibrous tissue surrounding

25
what pneumonia is this
bovine tuberculosis granulomatous --\> several multinucleated giant cells (Langhan's type is horse shoe shaped, random arragement is foreign body type) caseous lesions (crumbly, cheese like) histology: dark spots = lymphocytes, pale pink = macrophages
26
what pneumonia is this
granulomatous pneumonia due to bastomyces dermatitidis multi focal to coalescing pale areas histology: yeast organism --\> thick wall, dividing by budding
27
what is the classification of pneumonia
interstitial pneumonia (aerogenous or hematogenous) causes: viral, toxin, sepsis, allergen (influenza, canine distemper virus, acute resp distress syndrome) inflammation is in the supporting interstitium of the alveoli hardest to identify grossly diffuse changes (cranial, middle, caudal lobes) expand and get bigger
28
what is this histology showing
interstitial pneumonia expanded interstitial alveolar septae type 1 pneumocytes, common basement membrane and endothelial cells --\> where gas exchange occurs normally should be clear but in this picture there are blue dots (nuclei of inflammatory cells, mononuclear usually because its viral)
29
what occurs in acute interstitial pneumonia
death of type 1 pneumocytes exudation of protein and neutrophils into alveolar lumen and intersititium +/- hyaline membranes (pink eosinophilic) expansion of interstitial space
30
what occurs during chronic interstitial pneumonia
alveolar septae expanded by lymphocyte and plasma cells +/- fibrosis repair by type II epithelium (large cuboidal cells intstead of flat type I pneumocytes)
31
what type of pneumonia is this
interstitial pneumonia pig with PRRS lung fails to collapse and fills entire thoracic cavity some faint rib impressions
32
what type of pneumonia is this
33
what type of pneumonia
verminous dark red lung that is collapsed, firm caudal-dorsal pattern dictyocalus adults in bronchus collapse of adjacent parenchyma parasites are sitting in airways --\> inflammation surrounding this
34
what type of pneumonia is this
cattle lung worm dictyocaulus viviparus parasitic bronchitis
35
what type of pneumonia is this
cattle lungworm dictyocaulus viviparus parasitic bronchitis (catarrhal bronchitis --\> mucous production)
36
what type of pneumonia is this
sheep meulleris capillaris: non immune dorsal part of lung: puffy coalescing lesions --\> superficial lesions lesions are larger than the immune stage (acute stage, or host response that the animal is not able to restrict the nematodes) histoloy: nematodes within the lung parenchyma, surrounded by lots of inflammation
37
what type of pneumonia is this
more chronic stage or host that can control the infection similar distribution multifocal, caudal and ventral greyish colour histology: degenerate fragments of nematodes surrounded by inflammation --\> able to wall them off and degrade them
38
which type of pneumonia is this
bronchopneumonia ovine mycoplasmosis (cuffing pneumonia) caused by mycoplasma ovipneumoniae cranioventral distribution and consolidated "red" appearance called cuffing because --\> hyperplasia of bronchiole alveoli lymphoid tissue --\> ring around the airway
39
which pneumonia is this
mycoplasma (cuffing) bronchopneumonia sheep
40
which type of pneumonia is this
embolic pneumonia, acute hemorrhage, suppurative part is small (with time there would have been larger abscesses)
41
which type of pneumonia
fibrinous bronchopneumonia yellow, stringy fibrin lung underneath is darker (hemorrhagic)
42
what is an example of acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia
shipping fever mannheimia haemolytica colonizes lower resp tract and produces a leukotoxin --\> lyses alveolar macrophages and neutrophils (nucleus becomes oat shaped) --\> release of lysosomal contents --\> tissue necrosis and fibrinous bronchopneumonia --\> extensive deposition of fibrin in interlobular septa and on pluera suppurative or fibrinuous is determined by severity of injury (can co-exist --\> fibrinosuppurative)
43
what type of pneumonia is this
granulomatous pneumonia foal with granulomatous pneumonia due to Rhodoccus equi infection
44
which pathogen is associated most commonly with enzootic pneumonias
bacteria most common mycoplasma spp
45
what is the classical histologic lesion in enzootic pneumonias
cranioventral, dark red, sharply demarcated
46
which is the major pathogen in shipping fever in cattle
mannhiemia hemolytica
47
what class of pneumonia does shipping fever cause
acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia
48
name a virus in sheep that causes interstitial pneumonia
maedi-visna virus ovine lentivirus that causes chronic, progressive disease (OPP)
49
list 3 causes of granulomatous pneumonia
hematogenous or aerogenous 1. mycobacteria 2. systemic mycoses 3. blastomycosis 4. histoplasmosis
50
what are two cell types involved in granulomatous inflammation
mutlinucleated giant cell lymphocytic cells
51
describe 2 common lesions that predispose cattle to develop embolic pneumonia
1. hepatic abscess 2. deep vein or jugular thrombosis 3. valvular endocarditis

Module 9 (43 decks)

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