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Module 9 > Patterns of Disease in Lung: Inflammation > Flashcards

Patterns of Disease in Lung: Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

name the structures of the resp tract

A
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2
Q

what is pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lung

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3
Q

what are the causes of pneumonia

A
  1. viruses
  2. bacteria
  3. parasites
  4. toxic gases/metabolites
  5. foreign material
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4
Q

what are the routes of entry

A
  1. aerogenous (inhaled) –> including aspiration
  2. hematogenous (embolic)
  3. direct entry
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5
Q

which route of entry

A

aerogenous (inhaled)

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6
Q

which route of entry

A

hematogenous

mulit-focal distribution

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7
Q

which route of entry

A

direct entry

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8
Q

how is the pattern of pneumonia distinguished

A

based on distribution, texture, appearance and exudation

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9
Q

why is pattern of pneumonia useful information

A

info on the cause, route of entry and possible sequelae

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10
Q

why is the cause, route of entry and possible sequelae important to know

A

predict etiology, inform which samples should be collected for which tests

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11
Q

what is the pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia (5)

A
  1. inhaled agents
  2. inflammation at bronchoalveolar junction
  3. acute inflammatory response
  4. exudation of fluid and plasma proteins into bronchioles and alveoli
  5. recruitment of alveolar macrophages and emigration of neutrophils
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12
Q

what pneumonia is this

A

bronchopneumonia

filled with suppurative material

caused by bacteria (ex. enzootic pneumonia mycoplasma spp.)

cranio-ventral consolidation

histologically: bronchiole (round donut shape, lined with epithelium with smooth muscle) –> tons of inflammation in it, neutrophils in the wall and lumen

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13
Q

what are the possible sequelae of bronchopneumonia

A
  1. resolution
  2. chronic pneumonia (BALT hyperplasia, bronchiolar goblet cell metaplasia –> more mucous production)

abcess formation

pleuritis (surface of the lung, can form adhesions)

bronchiectasis (bronchi damaged, wall damaged from inflammatory mediators or ruptures)

death

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14
Q

what is the classification of bronchopneumonia

A

suppurative bronchopneumonia

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15
Q

what is the cause of bronchopneumonia

A

bacteria

ex. enzootic pneumonia (Mycoplasma spp.)

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16
Q

what is shown here

A

multifocal pulmonary abscesses

filled with supprative exudate and surrounded by a fibrous capsule

distinguished from bronchiectasis is to see if it is continuous with airway or if it is a blind ending pocket

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17
Q

what classification of pneumonia is this

A

bronchopneumonia –> cranio-ventral distribution

acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia (pleuropneumonia)

fibrin released from inflammatory response –> grossly it is friable and can be removed and broken down

dark red colour –> hemorrhage

caused by Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

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18
Q

what pneumonia is this

A

bovine: fibrinous bronchopneumonia (mannheimia)

bovine have prominent interlobular septa and lobular septa –> widened because of edema and fibrin

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19
Q

what pneumonia is this

A

bronchopneumonia –> aspiration pneumonia

typically on right cranial or right middle lobe

pre-disposing factors: tube feeding, laryngeal paralysis, animals recovering from anaesthesia, megaesophagus

unilateral typically

if inhaled GI contents are acidic –> dark red areas, necrotizing

milk –> less prominent reaction (less necrotizing)

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20
Q

what classification of pneumonia is this

A

hematogenous (embolic)

multi-focal and affecting all lobes of the lung

yellow, round nodules –> creamy white material surrounded by fibrous capsule

causes: suppurative focus (ex. endocarditis, hepatic abscess)

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21
Q

what pneumonia would this cause

A

hematogenous

AV valve of right ventricle

white red mottled lesions

degeneration of the valve

bits of lesions will go thru pulmonary artery to the lungs

22
Q

what are these lesions from

A

pulmonary thromboemboli

from a valvular endocarditis

fibrin, neutrophils and bacteria

sat within the vessels (platelets, erythrocytes)

inflammation and abscess formation –> significant hemorrhage possible as well

23
Q

what classification of pneumonia is this

A

granulomatous (hematogenous or aerogenous)

causes: mycobacteria, systemic mycoses (TB, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis), fungi

24
Q

what classification of pneumonia is this

A

granulomatous (hematogenous or aerogenous)

pale white areas = abnormal

multi-focal to coalescing

cranial and caudal lung lobes

granuloma is dominated by macrophages –> fusion forms giant cells –> surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells –> fibrous tissue surrounding

25
Q

what pneumonia is this

A

bovine tuberculosis

granulomatous –> several multinucleated giant cells (Langhan’s type is horse shoe shaped, random arragement is foreign body type)

caseous lesions (crumbly, cheese like)

histology: dark spots = lymphocytes, pale pink = macrophages

26
Q

what pneumonia is this

A

granulomatous pneumonia due to bastomyces dermatitidis

multi focal to coalescing pale areas

histology: yeast organism –> thick wall, dividing by budding

27
Q

what is the classification of pneumonia

A

interstitial pneumonia (aerogenous or hematogenous)

causes: viral, toxin, sepsis, allergen (influenza, canine distemper virus, acute resp distress syndrome)

inflammation is in the supporting interstitium of the alveoli

hardest to identify grossly

diffuse changes (cranial, middle, caudal lobes)

expand and get bigger

28
Q

what is this histology showing

A

interstitial pneumonia

expanded interstitial alveolar septae

type 1 pneumocytes, common basement membrane and endothelial cells –> where gas exchange occurs

normally should be clear but in this picture there are blue dots (nuclei of inflammatory cells, mononuclear usually because its viral)

29
Q

what occurs in acute interstitial pneumonia

A

death of type 1 pneumocytes

exudation of protein and neutrophils into alveolar lumen and intersititium

+/- hyaline membranes (pink eosinophilic)

expansion of interstitial space

30
Q

what occurs during chronic interstitial pneumonia

A

alveolar septae expanded by lymphocyte and plasma cells

+/- fibrosis

repair by type II epithelium (large cuboidal cells intstead of flat type I pneumocytes)

31
Q

what type of pneumonia is this

A

interstitial pneumonia

pig with PRRS

lung fails to collapse and fills entire thoracic cavity

some faint rib impressions

32
Q

what type of pneumonia is this

A
33
Q

what type of pneumonia

A

verminous

dark red lung that is collapsed, firm

caudal-dorsal pattern

dictyocalus adults in bronchus collapse of adjacent parenchyma

parasites are sitting in airways –> inflammation surrounding this

34
Q

what type of pneumonia is this

A

cattle lung worm

dictyocaulus viviparus

parasitic bronchitis

35
Q

what type of pneumonia is this

A

cattle lungworm dictyocaulus viviparus

parasitic bronchitis (catarrhal bronchitis –> mucous production)

36
Q

what type of pneumonia is this

A

sheep meulleris capillaris: non immune

dorsal part of lung: puffy coalescing lesions –> superficial lesions

lesions are larger than the immune stage (acute stage, or host response that the animal is not able to restrict the nematodes)

histoloy: nematodes within the lung parenchyma, surrounded by lots of inflammation

37
Q

what type of pneumonia is this

A

more chronic stage or host that can control the infection

similar distribution

multifocal, caudal and ventral

greyish colour

histology: degenerate fragments of nematodes surrounded by inflammation –> able to wall them off and degrade them

38
Q

which type of pneumonia is this

A

bronchopneumonia

ovine mycoplasmosis (cuffing pneumonia) caused by mycoplasma ovipneumoniae

cranioventral distribution and consolidated “red” appearance

called cuffing because –> hyperplasia of bronchiole alveoli lymphoid tissue –> ring around the airway

39
Q

which pneumonia is this

A

mycoplasma (cuffing) bronchopneumonia sheep

40
Q

which type of pneumonia is this

A

embolic pneumonia, acute

hemorrhage, suppurative part is small (with time there would have been larger abscesses)

41
Q

which type of pneumonia

A

fibrinous bronchopneumonia

yellow, stringy fibrin

lung underneath is darker (hemorrhagic)

42
Q

what is an example of acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia

A

shipping fever mannheimia haemolytica

colonizes lower resp tract and produces a leukotoxin –> lyses alveolar macrophages and neutrophils (nucleus becomes oat shaped) –> release of lysosomal contents –> tissue necrosis and fibrinous bronchopneumonia –> extensive deposition of fibrin in interlobular septa and on pluera

suppurative or fibrinuous is determined by severity of injury (can co-exist –> fibrinosuppurative)

43
Q

what type of pneumonia is this

A

granulomatous pneumonia

foal with granulomatous pneumonia due to Rhodoccus equi infection

44
Q

which pathogen is associated most commonly with enzootic pneumonias

A

bacteria most common

mycoplasma spp

45
Q

what is the classical histologic lesion in enzootic pneumonias

A

cranioventral, dark red, sharply demarcated

46
Q

which is the major pathogen in shipping fever in cattle

A

mannhiemia hemolytica

47
Q

what class of pneumonia does shipping fever cause

A

acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia

48
Q

name a virus in sheep that causes interstitial pneumonia

A

maedi-visna virus

ovine lentivirus that causes chronic, progressive disease (OPP)

49
Q

list 3 causes of granulomatous pneumonia

A

hematogenous or aerogenous

  1. mycobacteria
  2. systemic mycoses
  3. blastomycosis
  4. histoplasmosis
50
Q

what are two cell types involved in granulomatous inflammation

A

mutlinucleated giant cell

lymphocytic cells

51
Q

describe 2 common lesions that predispose cattle to develop embolic pneumonia

A
  1. hepatic abscess
  2. deep vein or jugular thrombosis
  3. valvular endocarditis

Module 9 (43 decks)

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