Patterns of Disease in Lung: Inflammation Flashcards
name the structures of the resp tract


what is pneumonia
inflammation of the lung
what are the causes of pneumonia
- viruses
- bacteria
- parasites
- toxic gases/metabolites
- foreign material
what are the routes of entry
- aerogenous (inhaled) –> including aspiration
- hematogenous (embolic)
- direct entry
which route of entry

aerogenous (inhaled)
which route of entry

hematogenous
mulit-focal distribution
which route of entry

direct entry
how is the pattern of pneumonia distinguished
based on distribution, texture, appearance and exudation
why is pattern of pneumonia useful information
info on the cause, route of entry and possible sequelae
why is the cause, route of entry and possible sequelae important to know
predict etiology, inform which samples should be collected for which tests
what is the pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia (5)
- inhaled agents
- inflammation at bronchoalveolar junction
- acute inflammatory response
- exudation of fluid and plasma proteins into bronchioles and alveoli
- recruitment of alveolar macrophages and emigration of neutrophils
what pneumonia is this

bronchopneumonia
filled with suppurative material
caused by bacteria (ex. enzootic pneumonia mycoplasma spp.)
cranio-ventral consolidation
histologically: bronchiole (round donut shape, lined with epithelium with smooth muscle) –> tons of inflammation in it, neutrophils in the wall and lumen
what are the possible sequelae of bronchopneumonia
- resolution
- chronic pneumonia (BALT hyperplasia, bronchiolar goblet cell metaplasia –> more mucous production)
abcess formation
pleuritis (surface of the lung, can form adhesions)
bronchiectasis (bronchi damaged, wall damaged from inflammatory mediators or ruptures)
death
what is the classification of bronchopneumonia
suppurative bronchopneumonia
what is the cause of bronchopneumonia
bacteria
ex. enzootic pneumonia (Mycoplasma spp.)
what is shown here

multifocal pulmonary abscesses
filled with supprative exudate and surrounded by a fibrous capsule
distinguished from bronchiectasis is to see if it is continuous with airway or if it is a blind ending pocket
what classification of pneumonia is this

bronchopneumonia –> cranio-ventral distribution
acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia (pleuropneumonia)
fibrin released from inflammatory response –> grossly it is friable and can be removed and broken down
dark red colour –> hemorrhage
caused by Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
what pneumonia is this

bovine: fibrinous bronchopneumonia (mannheimia)
bovine have prominent interlobular septa and lobular septa –> widened because of edema and fibrin
what pneumonia is this

bronchopneumonia –> aspiration pneumonia
typically on right cranial or right middle lobe
pre-disposing factors: tube feeding, laryngeal paralysis, animals recovering from anaesthesia, megaesophagus
unilateral typically
if inhaled GI contents are acidic –> dark red areas, necrotizing
milk –> less prominent reaction (less necrotizing)
what classification of pneumonia is this

hematogenous (embolic)
multi-focal and affecting all lobes of the lung
yellow, round nodules –> creamy white material surrounded by fibrous capsule
causes: suppurative focus (ex. endocarditis, hepatic abscess)
what pneumonia would this cause

hematogenous
AV valve of right ventricle
white red mottled lesions
degeneration of the valve
bits of lesions will go thru pulmonary artery to the lungs
what are these lesions from

pulmonary thromboemboli
from a valvular endocarditis
fibrin, neutrophils and bacteria
sat within the vessels (platelets, erythrocytes)
inflammation and abscess formation –> significant hemorrhage possible as well
what classification of pneumonia is this

granulomatous (hematogenous or aerogenous)
causes: mycobacteria, systemic mycoses (TB, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis), fungi
what classification of pneumonia is this

granulomatous (hematogenous or aerogenous)
pale white areas = abnormal
multi-focal to coalescing
cranial and caudal lung lobes
granuloma is dominated by macrophages –> fusion forms giant cells –> surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells –> fibrous tissue surrounding
what pneumonia is this

bovine tuberculosis
granulomatous –> several multinucleated giant cells (Langhan’s type is horse shoe shaped, random arragement is foreign body type)
caseous lesions (crumbly, cheese like)
histology: dark spots = lymphocytes, pale pink = macrophages
what pneumonia is this

granulomatous pneumonia due to bastomyces dermatitidis
multi focal to coalescing pale areas
histology: yeast organism –> thick wall, dividing by budding
what is the classification of pneumonia

interstitial pneumonia (aerogenous or hematogenous)
causes: viral, toxin, sepsis, allergen (influenza, canine distemper virus, acute resp distress syndrome)
inflammation is in the supporting interstitium of the alveoli
hardest to identify grossly
diffuse changes (cranial, middle, caudal lobes)
expand and get bigger
what is this histology showing

interstitial pneumonia
expanded interstitial alveolar septae
type 1 pneumocytes, common basement membrane and endothelial cells –> where gas exchange occurs
normally should be clear but in this picture there are blue dots (nuclei of inflammatory cells, mononuclear usually because its viral)
what occurs in acute interstitial pneumonia
death of type 1 pneumocytes
exudation of protein and neutrophils into alveolar lumen and intersititium
+/- hyaline membranes (pink eosinophilic)
expansion of interstitial space
what occurs during chronic interstitial pneumonia
alveolar septae expanded by lymphocyte and plasma cells
+/- fibrosis
repair by type II epithelium (large cuboidal cells intstead of flat type I pneumocytes)
what type of pneumonia is this

interstitial pneumonia
pig with PRRS
lung fails to collapse and fills entire thoracic cavity
some faint rib impressions
what type of pneumonia is this


what type of pneumonia

verminous
dark red lung that is collapsed, firm
caudal-dorsal pattern
dictyocalus adults in bronchus collapse of adjacent parenchyma
parasites are sitting in airways –> inflammation surrounding this
what type of pneumonia is this

cattle lung worm
dictyocaulus viviparus
parasitic bronchitis
what type of pneumonia is this

cattle lungworm dictyocaulus viviparus
parasitic bronchitis (catarrhal bronchitis –> mucous production)
what type of pneumonia is this

sheep meulleris capillaris: non immune
dorsal part of lung: puffy coalescing lesions –> superficial lesions
lesions are larger than the immune stage (acute stage, or host response that the animal is not able to restrict the nematodes)
histoloy: nematodes within the lung parenchyma, surrounded by lots of inflammation
what type of pneumonia is this

more chronic stage or host that can control the infection
similar distribution
multifocal, caudal and ventral
greyish colour
histology: degenerate fragments of nematodes surrounded by inflammation –> able to wall them off and degrade them

which type of pneumonia is this

bronchopneumonia
ovine mycoplasmosis (cuffing pneumonia) caused by mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
cranioventral distribution and consolidated “red” appearance
called cuffing because –> hyperplasia of bronchiole alveoli lymphoid tissue –> ring around the airway
which pneumonia is this

mycoplasma (cuffing) bronchopneumonia sheep

which type of pneumonia is this

embolic pneumonia, acute
hemorrhage, suppurative part is small (with time there would have been larger abscesses)
which type of pneumonia

fibrinous bronchopneumonia
yellow, stringy fibrin
lung underneath is darker (hemorrhagic)
what is an example of acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia
shipping fever mannheimia haemolytica
colonizes lower resp tract and produces a leukotoxin –> lyses alveolar macrophages and neutrophils (nucleus becomes oat shaped) –> release of lysosomal contents –> tissue necrosis and fibrinous bronchopneumonia –> extensive deposition of fibrin in interlobular septa and on pluera
suppurative or fibrinuous is determined by severity of injury (can co-exist –> fibrinosuppurative)

what type of pneumonia is this

granulomatous pneumonia
foal with granulomatous pneumonia due to Rhodoccus equi infection
which pathogen is associated most commonly with enzootic pneumonias
bacteria most common
mycoplasma spp
what is the classical histologic lesion in enzootic pneumonias
cranioventral, dark red, sharply demarcated
which is the major pathogen in shipping fever in cattle
mannhiemia hemolytica
what class of pneumonia does shipping fever cause
acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia
name a virus in sheep that causes interstitial pneumonia
maedi-visna virus
ovine lentivirus that causes chronic, progressive disease (OPP)
list 3 causes of granulomatous pneumonia
hematogenous or aerogenous
- mycobacteria
- systemic mycoses
- blastomycosis
- histoplasmosis
what are two cell types involved in granulomatous inflammation
mutlinucleated giant cell
lymphocytic cells
describe 2 common lesions that predispose cattle to develop embolic pneumonia
- hepatic abscess
- deep vein or jugular thrombosis
- valvular endocarditis