Respiratory Anatomy Practical Flashcards
Identify and name the boundaries which define the nasal cavity in the dog
- Rostral boundary: incisive bones
- Caudal boundary: Cribiform plate of ethmoid (and lachrymal )
- Dorsal boundary: nasal and frontal
- Ventral boundary: hard palate- lateral plates of incisive, maxilla and palatine bones
- Lateral boundary: incisive maxilla, zygomatic
identify and what is the function of the infraorbital foramen
a number of important structures become superficial –> infraorbital nerve artery and veins
list the bones which contribute to the formation of the hard palate (from a rostral to caudal)
hard palate, lateral plates of incisive, maxilla and palatine bones
locate the vomer, what structure does this support in the living animal
nasal septum
the nasal conchae (turbinate’s) often get damaged when the skulls are being prepared. What is the functional role of these bony structures
increase surface area –> air conditioning but also olfaction (caudally)
the perforated nature of this bony plate can be visualized in some of the sectioned skulls
what area of the brain lies immediately behind cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
the olfactory bulb
identify the structures
identify the structures
what are these structures
what is a paranasal sinus
a space between 2 bony plates which is characteristic of several of the skull bones
how do the frontal sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity in the dog
directly
does the dog have a true maxillary sinus
no its more of a recess –> the sinus is incomplete
what are the 3 skull conformations
- dolichocephalic: greyhound
- mesaticephalic: labrador
- brachycephalic: peke, bulldog
is the frontal sinus a feature in skull of the cat
yes one on each side
dog lateral view of the dog head locate features
- cranial cavity
- nasal cavity
- frontal sinus
- horizontal body
4a. vertical ramus of the mandible - angular process
- cornoid process of mandible
- temporomandibular joint
- tympanic bulla
- zygomatic arch
can you identify any turbinate bones in the nasal cavity on the radiograph
yes
identift the structures
- orbit
- body of mandible
- cornoid process of the ramus of the mandible
- zygomatic arch
- cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
can you see the nasal septum in this place, why not?
no poor positioning
which structure is supported by the vomer
nasal septum
the vestibule projects beyond the bony skeleton and is supported by a complex series of cartilages
the alar fold extends from the vestibule into the main nasal cavity which is bounded by skull bones
identify the structures
- cartilaginous nasal septum
- dorsal concha
- ventral concha
- ethmoidal concha
- maxillary recess
- frontal sinus
- nasal bone
- vomer
- cribiform plate of ethmoidal bone
identify the structures
- nostril
- nasal planum
- cartilaginous nasal septum
- ventral concha
- ethmoidal concha
- maxillary recess
- cribiform plate of ethmoidal bone
what structure is absent at 8 weeks in pup
frontal sinus
cat head and neck
- shortened skull and single compartment of frontal sinus
- identify zygomatic arch
- external acoustic meatus is clearly visible as an oval radiolucent area rostral to the tympanic bulla
identift structures A-E
A: ventral conchae
B: maxillary recess
C: infraorbital canal
D: nasal septum
E: internal nares leading to nasopharynx
the nasal septum is intact in this specimen (A-E)
how does the septum vary in composition rostral to caudal?
rostral is cartilage, medial is membranous, caudal is bony
A: hard palate
B: soft palate
C: nasopharynx
D: oropharynx
E: vomer diverging away from hard palate
sagittal sections of dog head - nasal septum removed to show the nasal vestibule and structures associated with nasal cavity
A: alar fold
B: opening of nasolacrimal gland
identify C, D, E, F
C: dorsal concha
D: ventral concha
E: ethmoidal conchae
F: middle concha
what special name is given to passageways which pass between the conchae
meatuses
what type of epithelium lines most of the structures associated with nasal cavity
resp epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells) cleanses and moistens incoming air
what type of epithelium lines the ethmoidal conchae and why
olfactory epithelium
smell
notice how fragile and crunchy the bony scrolls of the conchae are in the fresh specimen
identify the structures
- frontal sinus
- orbital structures
2’. eye
- zygomatic gland
- masseter
- facial vein
- mandible
- digastricus
- tongue
- oral cavity and hard palate
- choana
- ethmoidal conchae
- zygomatic arch
- maxillary recess
identify the structures
1: frontal sinus
6. mandbile
9. oral cavity and hard palate
10. choana
12. zygomatic arch
identify the structures
- frontal sinus
2’. eye
- mandible
- digastricus
- tongue
- oral cavity and hard palate
- choana
- ethmoidal conchae
- sectorial teeth
- oral vestibule
identify the structures
- right nostril
- ventral nasal concha
- dorsal nasal concha
- ethmoidal conchae
4’. cribiform plate
- frontal sinus
5’. fronal bone
- hard palate
- tongue
7’. vomer
- oropharynx
- soft palate
9’. nasopharynx
- epiglottis
- basihyoid
- trachae
- esophagus
identify the structures
- ventral nasal conchae
- ethmoidal conchae
4’. cribiform plate
- frontal sinus
- hard palate
- tongue
- soft palate
9’. nasopharynx
- nasal bone
14’. horizontal crest of nasal bone
14’’. dorsal part of nasal cavity invaded by ethmoidal conchae
- optic canal
15’. hypophyseal fossa
identify structures
identify the structures
identify the structures
A: auditory tube opening form nasopharynx - leads to middle ear –> allows equalization either side of tympanic membrane
B= Pharyngeal tonsil which forms part of retropharyngeal lymphatic system- immuno surveillance
C = caudal pillars of the soft palate (palatopharyngeal arch). This corresponds to the caudal limit of the nasopharynx.
The oropharynx and nasopharynx unite at the common pharynx (D) Give another name for the common pharynx. Laryngopharynx
The larynx (E) consists of a series of cartilages and membranes and leads to the trachea. The oesophagus (F) is located dorsal to the larynx and the trachea.
identify structures
- Ethmoidal conchae
- Frontal sinus
- Hard palate
- Soft palate
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx (common pharynx)
The nasal septum and septum separating the frontal sinuses are intact in some of these specimens.
Note the relative short length of the nasal cavity and that the ethmoidal conchae are especially well developed.
The frontal sinus consists of just 1 chamber in this species.
identify the structures
what structure extends into the adult bovine horn
cornual diverticulum
Horns are special adaptations of the integument (skin). The corium (the area of cells located at the junction of the horn and skin) is the site of horn production. Horns begin as buds within the skin of the poll. At approximately 2 months of age, the horn buds become attached to the periosteum of the frontal bone overlying the frontal sinus. As the horns grow, the cornual diverticulum of the caudal portion of the frontal sinus extends into the most proximal portion of the horn. Disbudding involves destroying the horn-producing
cells (corium) of the horn bud. Horn buds are usually removed before the cattle reach 2 months to avoid opening the frontal sinus. Chemical and hot-iron disbudding methods destroy the horn-producing cells, whereas physical methods of disbudding excise them Dehorning is removal of the horns after they have formed from the horn bud. Physical methods of dehorning (gouge dehorning) include the use of embryotomy wire, guillotine shears, or dehorning knives, saws, spoons, cups, or tubes. The Barnes-type scoop dehorner is commonly used for physical dehorning. The presence of the cornual diverticulum of the frontal sinus causes surgical dehorning of adult cattle to be more invasive and increases the risk of sinusitis, bleeding, prolonged wound healing, and infection.
bovine skull structures
Does the frontal sinus communicate with the maxillary sinus in bovine
No it directly communicates with the nasal cavity via openings between the ethmoidal conchae.
The maxillary sinus is continuous with the palatine sinus which is a prominent feature in this species. Where does the maxillary sinus communicate with the nasal cavity in this species?
Via the nasomaxillary opening which is located in the middle meatus of the nasal cavity
identify the structures
Paranasal sinuses equine
identify the structures
identify the structures
identify the structures
larynx muscles equine
equine glottis
bovine skull
identify the structures
sheep skull
bovine transverse section
bovine paranasal sinuses
bovine paranasal sinuses
identify the structures
transverse section thru nasal cavity of bovine
A= dorsal concha
B=- ventral concha- scrolled)
C= nasal septum
D= hard palate- note that this level it splits to forms the palatine sinus
E= infraorbital canal – lateral to this is the most rostral part of the maxillary sinus -at this level does not constitute a significant space)
pig skull
The green pin shows the position of the rostral bone. What is the functional significance of this?
The blue pin shows the position of the pharyngeal diverticulum. Why is it important to be aware of this structure?
Strengthens the snout -for rooting behaviors
passing nasogastric tube can be problematic
pig nasal septum removed
radiograph of pg (left = juvenile, right = adult)
In the adult pig the internal and external plates of the frontal (and parietal bones) are widely separated from the internal plates which cover the brain thus rendering mechanical means of stunning at slaughter ineffective and inhumane- electrocution or CO2 gas is therefore used for this purpose in most slaughter houses. When shooting is necessary the point of entry must be accurately determined- see lecture info for useful external landmarks.
