Upper Resp Disease, Asthma, Pneumonia, Pleuropneumonia Flashcards
what is choanal atresia
no airflow in nostrils
congenital
patient history
age
breed
housing
type of work
signs - acute/chronic, uni/bi lateral, exercise intolerance, noise
physical exam
resp rate - normal = 8-12
effort
pattern
examin from different angles
in rest and during exercise
Rhinitis
infetion of the nasal passage independant of the sinuses
Rhinitis
viral cause
equine influenze
herpes
rhinovirus
adenovirus
Rhinitis
bacterial cause
uncommon
secondary to trauma
Rhinitis
fungal cause
aspergillus
conidiobolus
crytococcus
Rhinitis
parastitic cause
habronema
draschia
Rhinitis
diagnosis
physical exam
endoscope - difficult due to long narrow canal
xray
Rhinitis
treatment
systemic or local
treat cause
sinusitis
either primary or secondary
sinusitis
primary
bacterial or fungal
sinusitis
secondary
dental diseases
sinus cysts
enoplasia
PEH -progessive ethmoid hematoma
trauma
sinonasal polyps
sinusitis
signs
unilateral nasal discharge - mucopurulent, fetid odor
facial swelling
resp noise - deformity
lacrimation - frontal/maxillary is involved
head shaking - uncommon in fungal
sinusitis
diagnosis
history
percussion
oral exam
endoscopy, sinoscopy
sampling
xray
ct
mri
sinusitis
treatment
AB
debridment - trepination, sinus flap, draining
flushing
guttural pouch mycosis
fungi
Aspergillus spp.,
Mucor,
Fusarium,
Trichosporon
Opportunistic fungi
guttural pouch mycosis
signs
- Epistaxis
- Dysphagia
- Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
- Nasal discharge
- Coughing
- Horners syndrome
- Fungal encephalitis
guttural pouch mycosis
diagnosis
endoscope - If bleeding is present, care must be taken not to dislodge the clot! Biopsy, cytology, culture
xray -
guttural pouch mycosis
treatment
drugs
lavage
local antimyotics
ststemic antimycotics
nsaids
vits B, C, E Se
Ki
local antimycotics
o Nystatin
o Enilconazol
o Ketoconazol
o Thiabedazol
o Natamycin
systemic antimycotics
Amphotericin-B
Itrakonazol
Flukonazol
Voriconazol (borad spectrum, good bioavailability, cost!)
guttural pouch empyema
bacterial infection
ruptured retropharyngeal abscess
stenosis of gp opening
guttural pouch empyema
signs
Intermittent chronic nasal discharge
Submandicular lymphadenopathy
Parotis enlargement
Increased respiratory noise
mycosis signs
guttural pouch empyema
diagnosis
endscope
xray - fluid lines, air filled sacs
us - locate abcess
guttural pouch empyema
treatment
highly contagious
Strict biosecurity protocols
Removal of the exudate, flushing with saline
Sedating the horse to achieve a low head position
Local AB administration
chondroid removal
PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA
viral causes
herpes
influenza
PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA
bacteria causes
stre[ equi ssp equi
PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA
predisposition
young race horses
PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA
signs
- Nasal discharge
- Enlarged lymphnodes
- Coughing
- Poor performance
PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA
diagnosis
endoscope
grace 1-4
PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA
treatment
Mild cases respond well to reduced training
antiinflammatories
systemic immunomodulators
strangles
bacteria
strep equi ssp equi
strangles
common in
young
high morbidity
low mortality
shedding for 4-6 weeks
asymptomatic carriers
strangles
signs
- Fever, lethargy
- Serous to mucupurulent nasal discharge
- Hyperamic nasal/ocular mucous membranes
- Mucupurulent ocular discharge
- Firm than fluctuant lymph nodes
- Swollen/painful throatlatch
- Affected horses may stand with a stretched neck
- Refuse to eat
strangles
diagnosis
- Clinical signs
- Bacterial culture and PCR
swab - lymph node, nasal swab, nasopharyngeal lavage, guttural pouch lavage
strangles
treatment
- Supportive care
- Soft palatable feed
- NSAIDS - flunixin, phenylbutazone
strangles
complications
- Abscess formation in the mesentery/organs
- Purpura hemorrhagica
- Guttural pouch empyema/chondroid
- Septicaemia/septic arthritis/pneumonia
- CNS disease
- Infarctive purpura hemorrhagica
- Immune mediated myositis
equine IAD
inflammatory airway disease
what part of airway is affected with IAD
Lower
symptoms of -IAD
- poor performance
- coughing
- tracheobronchial mucus
- Increased airway secretion
- Thoracic auscultation often normal
- Slightly increased respiratory rate
- Somewhat more pronounced abdominal breathing component
- Tracheal mucus
diagnosis of IAD
history and clinical signs
enscope
BAL
US
Xray
lung function test
tracheal wash
differential of IAD
rao
upper airway diseases
pleuropneumonia
viral infection
EIPH
neoplasia
lungworm infestation
treatment of IAD
environmental management
AB
GCC
mast cell stabiliser
interferon alpha
bronchodilators
B2 adrenergic agonists
systemic GCC
prednisolone
dexamethasone
inhalation gcc
fluticason
beclomethasone
prevention of IAD
dust free environment
RAO
environmental factors
- moulds
- endotoxins
- Mites and their faeces
- Plant materials
- Inorganic dust ingredients
- Gases (ammonia)
- Summer pasture-associated RAO (SPARAO)
difference btw heaves and rao
heaves is reversed by a change in the environnement or the use of a bronchodialtor
RAO
clinical signs
- Normal rectal temperature
- Increased respiratory rate (and heart rate - hypoxaemia)
- Poor performance, exercise intolerance
- Dyspnea (mainly expiratory, but you may see mix types)
- Chronic cough
- Mucopurulent nasal discharge
- Adventitious lung sounds (more pronounced during expiratory phase)
- Tracheal mucus
- Caudal shift of the caudal lung border
- Weight loss
- Cor pulmonale (rare)
RAO
diagnosis
- History, clinical signs
- Respiratory endoscopy
- Thoracic ultrasonography
- Thoracic radiography
- cytology
- lung function tests
RAO
differential diagnosis
- SPARAO
- IAD
- Pneumonia
- Pleuritis
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Thoracic neoplasia
- Lungworm infestation
RAO
treatment
give bronchodilators before steroids
B2 adrenergic agents
anticholinergic agents
methylxanthine derivatives
GCC
mucolytics
B2 adrenergic agents
clenbuterol
sallbutamol
salmeterol
anticholinergic agents
atropine sulhpate
glycopyrrolate
ipratropoium bromide
methylxanthine derivatives
aminophylline
pentoxifylline
GCC
prednisolone
dexamethasone
fluticasona
beclomethasone
triamcinolone
mucolytics
dembrexine
acetlycysteine
bromhexine
EIPH
cause
RUPTURE OF MICROBRONCHIAL AND ALVEOLAR CAPILLARIES
EIPH
Causes
lesions in capillary wall
genetic predispositon
small airway disease
environmental causes
RAO, IAD
resp infection
mechanical forces
EIPH
treatment
furosemide
pneumonia
cause
step. equi
staph aureus
e. coli
klebsiella
bordetella bronchiseptica
pasteurella
clostridium
actinobacillus equuli
pneumonia
signs
- Can be non-specific
- Lethargic attitude
- Reduced appetite
- Fever
- Dyspnoea
- Cough +/-
- Pleurodinia
pneumonia
diagnosis
history
physical examination
US
endoscopy
xray
thoracocentesis
thoracic draining
fenestrated mediastinum
pneumonia
treatment
AB
drainage
nsaids
bronchodilator
mucolytics
fluid and electrolyte therapy
stall rest
pneumonia
prognosis
- Depends on severity and duration
- Fair: acute cases (detected early with limited effusion, aggressive therapy)
- Guarded: long-standing or complicated cases
- Poor: if anaerobic bacteria cultured
rhodococcus equi
gram +ve
facultative
herpes causes immunosuppresion
infection aerogenically
rhodococcus equi
xray
nodular increase in radiodensity
nodular interstitial pattern and air-broncho framms
rhodococcus equi
treatment
eryhtomycin
rifampin
azithromycin
clarithryomycin
