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Equine > Cardiac Diseases > Flashcards

Cardiac Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

aim of exam1

A

diagnosis
treatable
performance
rideab;e

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2
Q

steps of cardiac exam

A

physical
exercise test/ performance analysis
echo
ecg
lab parameters

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3
Q

left sided heart failure

A

lung oedema
cardiac cachexia

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4
Q

right sided heart failure

A

ventral oedema
venous pulsation

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5
Q

causes of CHF

A

ventricular septal defect
dilated cardiomyopathy
valvular heart disease
vascular disease
atrial fibrillation

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6
Q

clinical signs of CHF

A

exercise intolerance
slow return to resting values
weight loss
cough
tachycardia
tachypneoa
ventral oedema
pulmonary congestion
colic like signs

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7
Q

treatment of CHF

A

digoxin
furosemide
potassium chloride
ace inhibitor

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8
Q

congenital diseases of heart

A

ventricular septal defect
atrial septal defect
complex cardiac defects
vascular malformations

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9
Q

when do clinical signs of VSD develop

A

at an older age

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10
Q

size of VSD which is innocent

A

<2.5cm

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11
Q

what does a VSD over 2.5cm indicate

A

left to right shunt

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12
Q

what is eisenmongers syndrome

A

right to left shunt
due to increased pressure in right ventricle so blood flow shifts in direction into shunt and goes from right to left

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13
Q

what type of murmur is present with VSD

A

Holo or pan systolic
grade 3-5
PMI below the tricuspid

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14
Q

treatment of VSD

A

surgery or drugs
exclede the horse for breeding

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15
Q

acquired heart diseases of endocardium and valves

A

bacterial/vegetative endocarditis
degenerative thickening of the valves
valvular dysfunction
ruptured chordae tendinae
prolapse of valve
regurgitation

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16
Q

acquired heart diseases of myocardium

A

myocarditis
myocardial fibrosis
myocardial degeneration
myocardial neoplasia
DCM

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17
Q

acquired heart diseases of pericardium

A

pericarditis
idiopathic pericardial effusion
constrictive pericardial disease
neoplasia

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18
Q

causes of acquired arrhythmias

A

atrial, junctional and ventricular premature complexes
atrial/ ventricular tachycardia, flutter fibrillation
2nd and 3rd degree AV blocks

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19
Q

valvular diseases

A

bacterial endocarditis
aortic valve insufficency
mitral valve insufficiency
rupture of chordae tendineae
tricuspid and pulmonary valve insufficiency

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20
Q

cause of bacterial endocarditis

A

strep. equi ssp equi
strep. equi ssp zooepidemicus
actinobacillus
rhodococcus equi

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21
Q

localisation of bacterial endocarditis

A

mitral
aortic
tricuspid
pulmonary

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22
Q

clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis

A

bacteriaema
resp signs
cardiovascular signs
other

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23
Q

bacteriaemia of bacterial endocarditis

A

depression
anorexia
fever

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24
Q

resp signs of bacterial endocarditis

A

dyspnoea
tachypnoea
abnormal lung sounds

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25
Q

cardiovascular signs of bacterial endocarditis

A

cyanosis
tachycaedia
murmur
tachyarrhyhmia
venous congestion
ventral limb oedema

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26
Q

other signs of bacterial endocarditis

A

disseminated purulent nephritis
pneumonia

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27
Q

ancilliary diagnostic methods of bacterial endocarditis

A

ecg
phonocardiology - sound of heart
echocardiography

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28
Q

lab findings of bacterial endocarditis

A

leukocytosis
neutrophilia
hyperfibinogenaemia
hypergammaglobulinaemia

29
Q

treatment of bacterial endocarditis

A

AB
antiarrhythmics
flunixin meglumine
low molecular weight heparin
box rest

30
Q

what age horses is aortic valve insufficiency seen in

A

older

31
Q

is there exercise intolerance in aortic valve insufficiency

A

not always

32
Q

type of murmur with aortic valve insufficiency

A

holodiastolic decrescendo
grade 3-6 left sided murmur

33
Q

compensation due to aortic valve insufficiency

A

hypertrophy
MVI
left atrial dilation
AF

34
Q

pulse with aortic valve insufficiency

A

short
strong

35
Q

murmur with mitral valve insufficiency

A

pan or holosystolic murmur on the left side
PMI 5th ICS

36
Q

acute/peracute MVI

A

ruptured chordae tendinae
left atrial dilation
jet lesions

37
Q

rupture of chordae tendinae

A

peracute cardiac failure
pulmonary oedema
(give furosemide & digoxin)

38
Q

tricuspid valve insufficiency

A

rare
bacterial - can be secondary with MVI
dilated jugular vein
+ve venous pulse

39
Q

murmur for tricuspid valve insufficiency

A

systolic
grade 3-5 murmur on the right side

40
Q

sinus rhythms

A

normal sinus rhythm
sinus arrhythmia
sinoatrial block
sinus bradycardia
sinus tachycardia

41
Q

normal sinus rhythm

A

base apex lead
+ve elctrode put on cardiac apex
-ve electrode put on right jugular grove, top of ventral 1/3 of neck

42
Q

name for physiological arrhythmia

A

vagotonia

43
Q

physiological arrhythmia

A

no poor performance
no murmur
disappears during exercise

44
Q

types of ecg

A

telemetric
holter

45
Q

cardiac causes of pathological arrythmias

A

myocardial disease
secondary arrhythmia

46
Q

extracardiac causes of pathological arrythmias

A

ion balance disturbances
Ca, K, Mg

47
Q

how is atrial premature complexes recognised

A

ausculatation
ecg

48
Q

ecg of atrial premature complexes

A

early/abnormal P wave
early, narrow QRS
not always conducted through AV node
if conducted - 1st degree AV block
if not conducted - 2nd degree AV block

49
Q

treatment of atrial premature complexes

A

no treatment with occassional complexes
box rest
antiarrythmic drugs -quinidine, procainamide
dexmethasone
correct electrolytes

50
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

causes poor performance
doesnt alter cardiac output at rest
atrial dilation

51
Q

different forms of atrial fibrillation

A

acute/chronic
paroxysmal/ permanent

52
Q

paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

A

often occurs only once
slow down during racing
disappears within 24-48hrs
K depletion
difficult to diagnose

53
Q

heart rate of atrial fibrillation

A

normal resting
an increase could indicate another disease

54
Q

ecg of atrial fibrillation

A

variable
irregular RR intervals
no p waves
f waves instead

55
Q

treatment of atrial fibrillation

A

quinidine sulphte via NG tube
digoxin
measure plasma conc

56
Q

side effects of quinidine

A

depression
weakness
ataxia, convulsions
laminitis
hypotension, cardiac failure, death
paraphimosis
naseal oedaema
colic
diarrhoea
tachycardia

57
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

4 or more consecutive VPCs
fast rhythm by auscultation

58
Q

ecg of ventricular tachycardia

A

abnormal QRS complex and t wave
QRS is independant from preceding P wave
P wave merge into QRS or T wave
R on T phenomenon
torsades de pointes

59
Q

treatment of ventricular tachycardia

A

lidocaine
procainamide
propranolol
propafenone
flecainide acetate
bretylium
magnessium sulphate

60
Q

causes of pericardial diseases

A

idiopathic
virus
bacteria
fungi
trauma
tumours
influenza
viral arteritis
streptococcus
actinobacillus
pseudomonas
pasteurella
corynebacterium
mycoplasma

61
Q

pericardial tumours

A

mesothlioma
lymphosarcoma

62
Q

clinical signs of pericardial disease

A

fever
tachycardia
venous distension/pulse
lethargy
muffled cardiac sounds
signs of heart sounds

63
Q

echo of pericardial disease

A

anechoic or hypoechoic fluid
thickened pericardium
mass

64
Q

ecg of pericardial disease

A

low voltage
ST segment elevation
sinus tachycardia, atrial or ventricular premature complexes
electrical alternans

65
Q

blood levels with pericardial disease

A

anaaemia
neutrophil leukocytosis
increased fibrinogen and globulins

66
Q

clinical signs of bacterial pericarditis

A

exercise intolerance
distended jugular
dyspnoea
ventral oedema

67
Q

examination of pericardial disease

A

muffled cardiac sounds on auscultation
enlarged cardiac dullness on percussion

68
Q

treatment of pericardial disease

A

furosemide
AB
NSAIDS
dexmethasone
important to lavage

Equine (25 decks)

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