Cardiac Diseases Flashcards
aim of exam1
diagnosis
treatable
performance
rideab;e
steps of cardiac exam
physical
exercise test/ performance analysis
echo
ecg
lab parameters
left sided heart failure
lung oedema
cardiac cachexia
right sided heart failure
ventral oedema
venous pulsation
causes of CHF
ventricular septal defect
dilated cardiomyopathy
valvular heart disease
vascular disease
atrial fibrillation
clinical signs of CHF
exercise intolerance
slow return to resting values
weight loss
cough
tachycardia
tachypneoa
ventral oedema
pulmonary congestion
colic like signs
treatment of CHF
digoxin
furosemide
potassium chloride
ace inhibitor
congenital diseases of heart
ventricular septal defect
atrial septal defect
complex cardiac defects
vascular malformations
when do clinical signs of VSD develop
at an older age
size of VSD which is innocent
<2.5cm
what does a VSD over 2.5cm indicate
left to right shunt
what is eisenmongers syndrome
right to left shunt
due to increased pressure in right ventricle so blood flow shifts in direction into shunt and goes from right to left
what type of murmur is present with VSD
Holo or pan systolic
grade 3-5
PMI below the tricuspid
treatment of VSD
surgery or drugs
exclede the horse for breeding
acquired heart diseases of endocardium and valves
bacterial/vegetative endocarditis
degenerative thickening of the valves
valvular dysfunction
ruptured chordae tendinae
prolapse of valve
regurgitation
acquired heart diseases of myocardium
myocarditis
myocardial fibrosis
myocardial degeneration
myocardial neoplasia
DCM
acquired heart diseases of pericardium
pericarditis
idiopathic pericardial effusion
constrictive pericardial disease
neoplasia
causes of acquired arrhythmias
atrial, junctional and ventricular premature complexes
atrial/ ventricular tachycardia, flutter fibrillation
2nd and 3rd degree AV blocks
valvular diseases
bacterial endocarditis
aortic valve insufficency
mitral valve insufficiency
rupture of chordae tendineae
tricuspid and pulmonary valve insufficiency
cause of bacterial endocarditis
strep. equi ssp equi
strep. equi ssp zooepidemicus
actinobacillus
rhodococcus equi
localisation of bacterial endocarditis
mitral
aortic
tricuspid
pulmonary
clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis
bacteriaema
resp signs
cardiovascular signs
other
bacteriaemia of bacterial endocarditis
depression
anorexia
fever
resp signs of bacterial endocarditis
dyspnoea
tachypnoea
abnormal lung sounds
cardiovascular signs of bacterial endocarditis
cyanosis
tachycaedia
murmur
tachyarrhyhmia
venous congestion
ventral limb oedema
other signs of bacterial endocarditis
disseminated purulent nephritis
pneumonia
ancilliary diagnostic methods of bacterial endocarditis
ecg
phonocardiology - sound of heart
echocardiography
lab findings of bacterial endocarditis
leukocytosis
neutrophilia
hyperfibinogenaemia
hypergammaglobulinaemia
treatment of bacterial endocarditis
AB
antiarrhythmics
flunixin meglumine
low molecular weight heparin
box rest
what age horses is aortic valve insufficiency seen in
older
is there exercise intolerance in aortic valve insufficiency
not always
type of murmur with aortic valve insufficiency
holodiastolic decrescendo
grade 3-6 left sided murmur
compensation due to aortic valve insufficiency
hypertrophy
MVI
left atrial dilation
AF
pulse with aortic valve insufficiency
short
strong
murmur with mitral valve insufficiency
pan or holosystolic murmur on the left side
PMI 5th ICS
acute/peracute MVI
ruptured chordae tendinae
left atrial dilation
jet lesions
rupture of chordae tendinae
peracute cardiac failure
pulmonary oedema
(give furosemide & digoxin)
tricuspid valve insufficiency
rare
bacterial - can be secondary with MVI
dilated jugular vein
+ve venous pulse
murmur for tricuspid valve insufficiency
systolic
grade 3-5 murmur on the right side
sinus rhythms
normal sinus rhythm
sinus arrhythmia
sinoatrial block
sinus bradycardia
sinus tachycardia
normal sinus rhythm
base apex lead
+ve elctrode put on cardiac apex
-ve electrode put on right jugular grove, top of ventral 1/3 of neck
name for physiological arrhythmia
vagotonia
physiological arrhythmia
no poor performance
no murmur
disappears during exercise
types of ecg
telemetric
holter
cardiac causes of pathological arrythmias
myocardial disease
secondary arrhythmia
extracardiac causes of pathological arrythmias
ion balance disturbances
Ca, K, Mg
how is atrial premature complexes recognised
ausculatation
ecg
ecg of atrial premature complexes
early/abnormal P wave
early, narrow QRS
not always conducted through AV node
if conducted - 1st degree AV block
if not conducted - 2nd degree AV block
treatment of atrial premature complexes
no treatment with occassional complexes
box rest
antiarrythmic drugs -quinidine, procainamide
dexmethasone
correct electrolytes
atrial fibrillation
causes poor performance
doesnt alter cardiac output at rest
atrial dilation
different forms of atrial fibrillation
acute/chronic
paroxysmal/ permanent
paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
often occurs only once
slow down during racing
disappears within 24-48hrs
K depletion
difficult to diagnose
heart rate of atrial fibrillation
normal resting
an increase could indicate another disease
ecg of atrial fibrillation
variable
irregular RR intervals
no p waves
f waves instead
treatment of atrial fibrillation
quinidine sulphte via NG tube
digoxin
measure plasma conc
side effects of quinidine
depression
weakness
ataxia, convulsions
laminitis
hypotension, cardiac failure, death
paraphimosis
naseal oedaema
colic
diarrhoea
tachycardia
ventricular tachycardia
4 or more consecutive VPCs
fast rhythm by auscultation
ecg of ventricular tachycardia
abnormal QRS complex and t wave
QRS is independant from preceding P wave
P wave merge into QRS or T wave
R on T phenomenon
torsades de pointes
treatment of ventricular tachycardia
lidocaine
procainamide
propranolol
propafenone
flecainide acetate
bretylium
magnessium sulphate
causes of pericardial diseases
idiopathic
virus
bacteria
fungi
trauma
tumours
influenza
viral arteritis
streptococcus
actinobacillus
pseudomonas
pasteurella
corynebacterium
mycoplasma
pericardial tumours
mesothlioma
lymphosarcoma
clinical signs of pericardial disease
fever
tachycardia
venous distension/pulse
lethargy
muffled cardiac sounds
signs of heart sounds
echo of pericardial disease
anechoic or hypoechoic fluid
thickened pericardium
mass
ecg of pericardial disease
low voltage
ST segment elevation
sinus tachycardia, atrial or ventricular premature complexes
electrical alternans
blood levels with pericardial disease
anaaemia
neutrophil leukocytosis
increased fibrinogen and globulins
clinical signs of bacterial pericarditis
exercise intolerance
distended jugular
dyspnoea
ventral oedema
examination of pericardial disease
muffled cardiac sounds on auscultation
enlarged cardiac dullness on percussion
treatment of pericardial disease
furosemide
AB
NSAIDS
dexmethasone
important to lavage
