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Cardiac Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

aim of exam1

A

diagnosis
treatable
performance
rideab;e

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2
Q

steps of cardiac exam

A

physical
exercise test/ performance analysis
echo
ecg
lab parameters

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3
Q

left sided heart failure

A

lung oedema
cardiac cachexia

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4
Q

right sided heart failure

A

ventral oedema
venous pulsation

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5
Q

causes of CHF

A

ventricular septal defect
dilated cardiomyopathy
valvular heart disease
vascular disease
atrial fibrillation

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6
Q

clinical signs of CHF

A

exercise intolerance
slow return to resting values
weight loss
cough
tachycardia
tachypneoa
ventral oedema
pulmonary congestion
colic like signs

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7
Q

treatment of CHF

A

digoxin
furosemide
potassium chloride
ace inhibitor

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8
Q

congenital diseases of heart

A

ventricular septal defect
atrial septal defect
complex cardiac defects
vascular malformations

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9
Q

when do clinical signs of VSD develop

A

at an older age

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10
Q

size of VSD which is innocent

A

<2.5cm

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11
Q

what does a VSD over 2.5cm indicate

A

left to right shunt

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12
Q

what is eisenmongers syndrome

A

right to left shunt
due to increased pressure in right ventricle so blood flow shifts in direction into shunt and goes from right to left

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13
Q

what type of murmur is present with VSD

A

Holo or pan systolic
grade 3-5
PMI below the tricuspid

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14
Q

treatment of VSD

A

surgery or drugs
exclede the horse for breeding

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15
Q

acquired heart diseases of endocardium and valves

A

bacterial/vegetative endocarditis
degenerative thickening of the valves
valvular dysfunction
ruptured chordae tendinae
prolapse of valve
regurgitation

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16
Q

acquired heart diseases of myocardium

A

myocarditis
myocardial fibrosis
myocardial degeneration
myocardial neoplasia
DCM

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17
Q

acquired heart diseases of pericardium

A

pericarditis
idiopathic pericardial effusion
constrictive pericardial disease
neoplasia

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18
Q

causes of acquired arrhythmias

A

atrial, junctional and ventricular premature complexes
atrial/ ventricular tachycardia, flutter fibrillation
2nd and 3rd degree AV blocks

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19
Q

valvular diseases

A

bacterial endocarditis
aortic valve insufficency
mitral valve insufficiency
rupture of chordae tendineae
tricuspid and pulmonary valve insufficiency

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20
Q

cause of bacterial endocarditis

A

strep. equi ssp equi
strep. equi ssp zooepidemicus
actinobacillus
rhodococcus equi

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21
Q

localisation of bacterial endocarditis

A

mitral
aortic
tricuspid
pulmonary

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22
Q

clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis

A

bacteriaema
resp signs
cardiovascular signs
other

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23
Q

bacteriaemia of bacterial endocarditis

A

depression
anorexia
fever

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24
Q

resp signs of bacterial endocarditis

A

dyspnoea
tachypnoea
abnormal lung sounds

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25
cardiovascular signs of bacterial endocarditis
cyanosis tachycaedia murmur tachyarrhyhmia venous congestion ventral limb oedema
26
other signs of bacterial endocarditis
disseminated purulent nephritis pneumonia
27
ancilliary diagnostic methods of bacterial endocarditis
ecg phonocardiology - sound of heart echocardiography
28
lab findings of bacterial endocarditis
leukocytosis neutrophilia hyperfibinogenaemia hypergammaglobulinaemia
29
treatment of bacterial endocarditis
AB antiarrhythmics flunixin meglumine low molecular weight heparin box rest
30
what age horses is aortic valve insufficiency seen in
older
31
is there exercise intolerance in aortic valve insufficiency
not always
32
type of murmur with aortic valve insufficiency
holodiastolic decrescendo grade 3-6 left sided murmur
33
compensation due to aortic valve insufficiency
hypertrophy MVI left atrial dilation AF
34
pulse with aortic valve insufficiency
short strong
35
murmur with mitral valve insufficiency
pan or holosystolic murmur on the left side PMI 5th ICS
36
acute/peracute MVI
ruptured chordae tendinae left atrial dilation jet lesions
37
rupture of chordae tendinae
peracute cardiac failure pulmonary oedema (give furosemide & digoxin)
38
tricuspid valve insufficiency
rare bacterial - can be secondary with MVI dilated jugular vein +ve venous pulse
39
murmur for tricuspid valve insufficiency
systolic grade 3-5 murmur on the right side
40
sinus rhythms
normal sinus rhythm sinus arrhythmia sinoatrial block sinus bradycardia sinus tachycardia
41
normal sinus rhythm
base apex lead +ve elctrode put on cardiac apex -ve electrode put on right jugular grove, top of ventral 1/3 of neck
42
name for physiological arrhythmia
vagotonia
43
physiological arrhythmia
no poor performance no murmur disappears during exercise
44
types of ecg
telemetric holter
45
cardiac causes of pathological arrythmias
myocardial disease secondary arrhythmia
46
extracardiac causes of pathological arrythmias
ion balance disturbances Ca, K, Mg
47
how is atrial premature complexes recognised
ausculatation ecg
48
ecg of atrial premature complexes
early/abnormal P wave early, narrow QRS not always conducted through AV node if conducted - 1st degree AV block if not conducted - 2nd degree AV block
49
treatment of atrial premature complexes
no treatment with occassional complexes box rest antiarrythmic drugs -quinidine, procainamide dexmethasone correct electrolytes
50
atrial fibrillation
causes poor performance doesnt alter cardiac output at rest atrial dilation
51
different forms of atrial fibrillation
acute/chronic paroxysmal/ permanent
52
paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
often occurs only once slow down during racing disappears within 24-48hrs K depletion difficult to diagnose
53
heart rate of atrial fibrillation
normal resting an increase could indicate another disease
54
ecg of atrial fibrillation
variable irregular RR intervals no p waves f waves instead
55
treatment of atrial fibrillation
quinidine sulphte via NG tube digoxin measure plasma conc
56
side effects of quinidine
depression weakness ataxia, convulsions laminitis hypotension, cardiac failure, death paraphimosis naseal oedaema colic diarrhoea tachycardia
57
ventricular tachycardia
4 or more consecutive VPCs fast rhythm by auscultation
58
ecg of ventricular tachycardia
abnormal QRS complex and t wave QRS is independant from preceding P wave P wave merge into QRS or T wave R on T phenomenon torsades de pointes
59
treatment of ventricular tachycardia
lidocaine procainamide propranolol propafenone flecainide acetate bretylium magnessium sulphate
60
causes of pericardial diseases
idiopathic virus bacteria fungi trauma tumours influenza viral arteritis streptococcus actinobacillus pseudomonas pasteurella corynebacterium mycoplasma
61
pericardial tumours
mesothlioma lymphosarcoma
62
clinical signs of pericardial disease
fever tachycardia venous distension/pulse lethargy muffled cardiac sounds signs of heart sounds
63
echo of pericardial disease
anechoic or hypoechoic fluid thickened pericardium mass
64
ecg of pericardial disease
low voltage ST segment elevation sinus tachycardia, atrial or ventricular premature complexes electrical alternans
65
blood levels with pericardial disease
anaaemia neutrophil leukocytosis increased fibrinogen and globulins
66
clinical signs of bacterial pericarditis
exercise intolerance distended jugular dyspnoea ventral oedema
67
examination of pericardial disease
muffled cardiac sounds on auscultation enlarged cardiac dullness on percussion
68
treatment of pericardial disease
furosemide AB NSAIDS dexmethasone important to lavage

Equine (25 decks)

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