lameness

Question 1

lameness definition

Answer 1

clinical sign that results in gait abnormality characterized by limping

Question 2

supporting phases of stride

Answer 2

landing
loading
stance
break over
swinging - cranial extension and caudal flexion

Question 3

break over phase of stride

Answer 3

extension of fetlock
hyper extension of the DIPJ (dist inter phalangeal)

Question 4

stance phase

Answer 4

hyperextension of fetlock.
flexion of DIPJ

Question 5

gait cycle

Answer 5

impact –> mid stance –> breakdown - -> initial swing –> mid swing –> final swing

Question 6

FL recognition

Answer 6

head nod
fetlock extension
irregular rhythm
phases of stride
foot flight

Question 7

HL recognition

Answer 7

asymmetry
not tracking straight
foot flight
fetlock extension
irregular rhythm

Question 8

grade 0

Answer 8

not perceptible

Question 9

grade 1

Answer 9

difficult to observe and not consistently apparent

Question 10

grade 2 lameness

Answer 10

difficult to observe at walk or when trotting in straight line

Question 11

grade 3

Answer 11

consistently observable at a trot under all circumstances

Question 12

grade 4

Answer 12

obvious at a walk

Question 13

grade 5

Answer 13

produces minimal weight bearing in motion and/or at rest

Question 14

gait evaluation

Answer 14

in hand - even surface, walk and trot, small circles, flexion test
on lunge
ridden if possible

Question 15

flexion tests FL

Answer 15

distal limb
carpus

Question 16

flexion tests on hl

Answer 16

prox and distal limb

Question 17

how to do a flexion test

Answer 17

hold limb for one minute
avoid adding focal pressure
let horse trot
do both limbs
start with non lame limb

Question 18

3 provocation tests

Answer 18

flexion test
wedge test
plank test

Question 19

causes of lamenss

Answer 19

trauma
degenerative, repetative wear and tear
congenital
developmental
infection
metabolic
circulatory
mechanical
neurological - suprascapular neuropathy

Question 20

reciprocal apparatus

Answer 20

stifle and hock
if the stifle is flexed, so is the hock and fetlock and digits.
due to peroneus tertius

Question 21

interference forms at the trot

Answer 21

front li,b to front limb
ipsilateral front to hind
pacer
ipsilateral hind to front

Question 22

feet move from a skyline

Answer 22

normal
padding
winging
plaiting

Question 23

example of congenital lameness

Answer 23

navicular disease

Question 24

classification of lameness

Answer 24

supporting limb lameness
swinging limb lameness
compensatory lameness
untypical lameness
special lameness

Question 25

supporting limb lameness

Answer 25

cranial phase is longer
head and neck elevated on affected side
worse on inside circle
hyperextension in fetlock during stands
problem usually lower

Question 26

swinging limb lameness

Answer 26

cranial phase is shortened
evident during motion
worse on outside circle
problem usually higher

Question 27

compensatory lameness

Answer 27

uneven distribution of weight on another limb

Question 28

untypical lameness

Answer 28

when more than one limb is affected

Question 29

special lameness

Answer 29

e.g.
rupture of peroneus tertius
upward fixation of patella
ddft rupture
chronic navicularis sonography

Question 30

what is patella fixation

Answer 30

conformational abnormality
quadricaps cant unlock patella
fixation involves cutting patella lig medially and lifting up patella

Question 31

fibrotic myopathy

Answer 31

in the last movement of swinging phase
dropping the leg back again due to semimembraneous and semitendinosus myopathy

Question 32

lameness examination
6 steps

Answer 32

anamnesis
visual examination
palpation
provocation tests
diagnostic analgesia
supplementary diagnostic aids

Question 33

visual examination

Answer 33

at distance - conformation, posture, BCS, atrophy/assymmetry
close - hoof, swelling
at rest
at exercise - hard surface, soft surface, all limbs, walk, circle, trot, gallop

Question 34

supplementary diagnostic aids

Answer 34

RTG
arthroscopy
MRI
US
synovia analysis
CT