Haematopoietic diseases + Surgery of the penis and the prepuce Flashcards
Evaluation of the erythron
o RBC count
o Haemoglobin o PCV/Haematocrit
o RBC indices
o Iron status (concentration, binding capacity)
o Bone marrow sample
rbc indices
MCV
MCH
MCHC
what is erythron
peripheral blood sample
Packed cell volume (PCV) should be interpretted in relation to
hydration status of horse
due to change in plasma volume
PCV can suddenly increase due to
excitement
pain
acute haemorrhage
exercise due to splenic contraction unique to horses
PCV normal values
Red blood cell count: 6-12 million cells/μl is normal
- Normal resting value: 0.32-0.45 l/l
o Most horses: 0.3-0.4 l/l
fitness affect on PCV
increases pcv
can is pcv estimated
sedimentation
Reduced MCV and MCH occur primaly
in iron deficiency stated
MCHC is increased
during haemolysis
MCHC decreased
during iron deficiency
Erythrocytosis definition
increase erythrocyte
Relative Erythrocytosis
Haemoconcentration or splenic contraction
Absolute Erythrocytosis
primary
myeloproliferative disorders(neoplastic) of bone marrow – produce a large number of cells compared to normal
Absolute Erythrocytosis
secondary
increased erythropoietin
§ Cardiac failure (right-left shunt – ventricular septal defect), chronic
pulmonary disease, high altitude (train them there, erythropoietin will increase to incr. performance)
anaemia types
- Blood loss anaemia
- Haemolytic anaemia
- Non-regenerative anaemia
differential diagnosis for
epistaxis
- Guttural pouch mycosis
- Pulmonary abscess
- Exercise- induced pulmonary haemorrhage
- Ethmoid hematoma
- Paranasal sinus abscess or infection
- Traumatic nasogastric intubation
- Upper respiratory tract neoplasm
- Coagulopathy - Trauma
- Pneumonia/pleuritis
differential diagnosis for
hemoperitoneum
- Trauma (splenic/hepatic rupture)
- Mesenteric vessel rupture
- Verminous arteritis
- Uterine artery rupture (foaling)
- Abdominal abscess
- Neoplasia
- Coagulopathy
differential diagnosis for
hemothorax
- Thoracic trauma (fractured rib, lacerated heart or vessels)
- Ruptured pulmonary abscess - Ruptured great vessel
- Neoplasia
- Coagulopathy (DIC)
differential diagnosis for
gi conditions
- Ulcerations
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity
- Parasites (strongylus vulgaris, Small strongyles)
- Granulomatous intestinal disease (histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, granuloma enteritis)
- Neoplasia (squamous cell carcinoma, Lymphosarcoma)
- Coagulopathy
differential diagnosis for
hematuria
- Pyleonephritis
- Cystitis/urolithiasis
- Neoplasia
- Trauma
- Uretrhal ulceration
- Coagulopathy
differential diagnosis for
external conditions
- Trauma
- Surgical complication
- Coagulopathy
- External parasites
Transfusion for acute anaemia
pcv <15%
transfution for chronic anaemia
pcv <12%
major blood crossmatching
between donor rbc and patient serum
minor blood crossmatching
between donor serum and patient rbcs
donor should be
male horse or never pregnant female horse
anticoaogulant
sodium citrate
never heparin
prior to transfusion
give dexmethason
sodium phosphate
neutropenia
low levels of neutrophils
early stage of infection
endotoxaemia
septicaemia
bone marrow suppression
immune mediated
neutrophilia
increased neutrophils
later stage of infection
eosinophilia
viral?
hypersentisitivity
lymphopenia
stress
virus
lymphocytosis
leukoemia
chronic immune stimulation
thrombocytopenia
decreased production - bone marrow disease
increased used - DIC, haemorrhage
increased destruction - EIA, autoimmune, equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis
thrombocytosis
splenic contraction
inflammatory disorder
myeloproliferative disorder
purpura haemorrhagica
IgA and IgM protein of strep equi ssp equi
clinical signs of purpura haemorrhagica
urticcaria
oedema
mucosal bleeding
hippo head
elephant leg
dyspnoea
suffocation
gi bleeding
weakness
shock
death
treatment of purpura haemorrhagica
tracheotomy
eliminate cause - AB
dexmethason, prednisolone
flunixin
penile/ prepuce disorders
injury
paraphymosis
paralysis
phimosis
priapism
parasympathetc nervous supply of penis
pudendal
sympathetc nervous supply of penis
pelvic plexus
paraphimosis definition
penile prolapse
inability to retract penis back to prepuce
paraphimosis cause
injury
oedema
EHV, dourine, purpura haemorrhagica, rabies,
ACP
is paraphimosis an emergency
yes
phimosis defintion
inability to protrude the penis from the prepuce
priapism defintion
persistent erection without sexual excitment
cause of priapism
ACP
neoplasia
neoplasias of penis
sarcoids
melanoma
squamous papillos
SCC -most common
segmental posthectomy
take out circumforential fold then suture
phalloplexy/ botz
cant use in stallions
phallectomy/ williams
caudal for preputial ring
en block resection
extensive neoplasia and injury to penis root
make urinary stoma
