Haematopoietic diseases + Surgery of the penis and the prepuce

Question 1

Evaluation of the erythron

Answer 1

o RBC count
o Haemoglobin o PCV/Haematocrit
o RBC indices
o Iron status (concentration, binding capacity)
o Bone marrow sample

Question 2

rbc indices

Answer 2

MCV
MCH
MCHC

Question 3

what is erythron

Answer 3

peripheral blood sample

Question 4

Packed cell volume (PCV) should be interpretted in relation to

Answer 4

hydration status of horse
due to change in plasma volume

Question 5

PCV can suddenly increase due to

Answer 5

excitement
pain
acute haemorrhage
exercise due to splenic contraction unique to horses

Question 6

PCV normal values

Answer 6

Red blood cell count: 6-12 million cells/μl is normal
- Normal resting value: 0.32-0.45 l/l
o Most horses: 0.3-0.4 l/l

Question 7

fitness affect on PCV

Answer 7

increases pcv

Question 8

can is pcv estimated

Answer 8

sedimentation

Question 9

Reduced MCV and MCH occur primaly

Answer 9

in iron deficiency stated

Question 10

MCHC is increased

Answer 10

during haemolysis

Question 11

MCHC decreased

Answer 11

during iron deficiency

Question 12

Erythrocytosis definition

Answer 12

increase erythrocyte

Question 13

Relative Erythrocytosis

Answer 13

Haemoconcentration or splenic contraction

Question 14

Absolute Erythrocytosis
primary

Answer 14

myeloproliferative disorders(neoplastic) of bone marrow – produce a large number of cells compared to normal

Question 15

Absolute Erythrocytosis
secondary

Answer 15

increased erythropoietin
§ Cardiac failure (right-left shunt – ventricular septal defect), chronic
pulmonary disease, high altitude (train them there, erythropoietin will increase to incr. performance)

Question 16

anaemia types

Answer 16

• Blood loss anaemia
• Haemolytic anaemia
• Non-regenerative anaemia

Question 17

differential diagnosis for
epistaxis

Answer 17

• Guttural pouch mycosis
• Pulmonary abscess
• Exercise- induced pulmonary haemorrhage
• Ethmoid hematoma
• Paranasal sinus abscess or infection
• Traumatic nasogastric intubation
• Upper respiratory tract neoplasm
• Coagulopathy - Trauma
• Pneumonia/pleuritis

Question 18

differential diagnosis for
hemoperitoneum

Answer 18

• Trauma (splenic/hepatic rupture)
• Mesenteric vessel rupture
• Verminous arteritis
• Uterine artery rupture (foaling)
• Abdominal abscess
• Neoplasia
• Coagulopathy

Question 19

differential diagnosis for
hemothorax

Answer 19

• Thoracic trauma (fractured rib, lacerated heart or vessels)
• Ruptured pulmonary abscess - Ruptured great vessel
• Neoplasia
• Coagulopathy (DIC)

Question 20

differential diagnosis for
gi conditions

Answer 20

• Ulcerations
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity
• Parasites (strongylus vulgaris, Small strongyles)
• Granulomatous intestinal disease (histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, granuloma enteritis)
• Neoplasia (squamous cell carcinoma, Lymphosarcoma)
• Coagulopathy

Question 21

differential diagnosis for
hematuria

Answer 21

• Pyleonephritis
• Cystitis/urolithiasis
• Neoplasia
• Trauma
• Uretrhal ulceration
• Coagulopathy

Question 22

differential diagnosis for
external conditions

Answer 22

• Trauma
• Surgical complication
• Coagulopathy
• External parasites

Question 23

Transfusion for acute anaemia

Answer 23

pcv <15%

Question 24

transfution for chronic anaemia

Answer 24

pcv <12%

Question 25

major blood crossmatching

Answer 25

between donor rbc and patient serum

Question 26

minor blood crossmatching

Answer 26

between donor serum and patient rbcs

Question 27

donor should be

Answer 27

male horse or never pregnant female horse

Question 28

anticoaogulant

Answer 28

sodium citrate never heparin

Question 29

prior to transfusion

Answer 29

give dexmethason sodium phosphate

Question 30

neutropenia

Answer 30

low levels of neutrophils early stage of infection endotoxaemia septicaemia bone marrow suppression immune mediated

Question 31

neutrophilia

Answer 31

increased neutrophils later stage of infection

Question 32

eosinophilia

Answer 32

viral? hypersentisitivity

Question 33

lymphopenia

Answer 33

stress virus

Question 34

lymphocytosis

Answer 34

leukoemia chronic immune stimulation

Question 35

thrombocytopenia

Answer 35

decreased production - bone marrow disease increased used - DIC, haemorrhage increased destruction - EIA, autoimmune, equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis

Question 36

thrombocytosis

Answer 36

splenic contraction inflammatory disorder myeloproliferative disorder

Question 37

purpura haemorrhagica

Answer 37

IgA and IgM protein of strep equi ssp equi

Question 38

clinical signs of purpura haemorrhagica

Answer 38

urticcaria oedema mucosal bleeding hippo head elephant leg dyspnoea suffocation gi bleeding weakness shock death

Question 39

treatment of purpura haemorrhagica

Answer 39

tracheotomy eliminate cause - AB dexmethason, prednisolone flunixin

Question 40

penile/ prepuce disorders

Answer 40

injury paraphymosis paralysis phimosis priapism

Question 41

parasympathetc nervous supply of penis

Answer 41

pudendal

Question 42

sympathetc nervous supply of penis

Answer 42

pelvic plexus

Question 43

paraphimosis definition

Answer 43

penile prolapse inability to retract penis back to prepuce

Question 44

paraphimosis cause

Answer 44

injury oedema EHV, dourine, purpura haemorrhagica, rabies, ACP

Question 45

is paraphimosis an emergency

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

phimosis defintion

Answer 46

inability to protrude the penis from the prepuce

Question 47

priapism defintion

Answer 47

persistent erection without sexual excitment

Question 48

cause of priapism

Answer 48

ACP neoplasia

Question 49

neoplasias of penis

Answer 49

sarcoids melanoma squamous papillos SCC -most common

Question 50

segmental posthectomy

Answer 50

take out circumforential fold then suture

Question 51

phalloplexy/ botz

Answer 51

cant use in stallions

Question 52

phallectomy/ williams

Answer 52

caudal for preputial ring

Question 53

en block resection

Answer 53

extensive neoplasia and injury to penis root make urinary stoma