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Equine > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

systemic diseases that can cause ocular signs

A

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
Equine leucoenceophalomalcia
Equine motor neuron disease
Equine encephalomyelitis
thiamine deficiency
vestibular disease
horners syndrome
tetanus botulism
photic head shaking

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2
Q

OU meaning

A

occurs in both eyes

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3
Q

OS meaning

A

ocular sinister

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4
Q

OD meaning

A

ocular dexter

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5
Q

blepharospasm definition

A

painful closure of eyelid

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6
Q

enophthalmos defintion

A

globe retracted in orbit

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7
Q

exophthalmos definition

A

globe bulging out

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8
Q

what to check in examination of head, adnexa

A

symmetry
scar
pain
globe size
movement
position
eyelids
conjunctiva
eyelashes
lacrimation, discharge
blepharospasm
enophthalmos
exophthalmos

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9
Q

nictitans definition

A

3rd eyelid

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10
Q

examination of the eye globe

A

OU same size
shape
symmetry
tense
painless
normal optic axis

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11
Q

tests to check in initial exam

A

pupillary light reflex
schirmer tear test
collection of specimens
evaluation of vision
intraocular pressure

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12
Q

normal intraocular pressure value

A

17-28mmHg

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13
Q

normal difference btw the 2 eyes pressure

A

5mmHg

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14
Q

what reduces intraocular pressure

A

xylazine

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15
Q

what does normal intraocular pressure reading depend on

A

time of day
head position

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16
Q

what affects the intraocular pressure

A

blephrospasm
auricopalpebral nerve block
fibrin
oedema

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17
Q

anisocoria definition

A

uneven pupil size

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18
Q

dyscoria definition

A

irregular pupil size

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19
Q

polycoria definition

A

more than 1 pupil in the eye

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20
Q

how to check direct pupillary light reflex

A

shine light into eye
check pupil constriction

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21
Q

how to check indirect/ consensual pupillary light reflex

A

if pupil of affected eye is not visible
direct light into sick eye
check other eye for pupil constriction

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22
Q

where does afferent PLR start

A

at retina –> optic nerve –> chiasma –> optic tract –> lateral geniculatis nucl –> visual cortex –> n. oculomotor

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23
Q

what is the efferent PLR

A

pupil constriction

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24
Q

what cranial nerves are used for vision

A

N. opticus
N. Oculomotorious
N. trochlear
N. trigeminal
N. abducent
N. facial
N. vestibulocochlear

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25
Q

test for N. opticus

A

vision
PLR
dazzle reflex
menace response

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26
Q

test for N. oculomotorius

A

efferent PLR
oblique muscles
lateral strabism
ptosis
mydriasis

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27
Q

test for N. trochlear

A

dorsal oblique muscles

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28
Q

test for N. trigeminal - opthalmic

A

eyelid movement
cornea reflex

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29
Q

test for N. abducent

A

lateral retractor muscle

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30
Q

test for N. facial

A

afferent way
dazzle
menace
ptosis
eyelid reflex

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31
Q

test for N. vestibulocochlear

A

nystagmus
head tilt
ataxia

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32
Q

what is dazzle reflex

A

when patient twinkles or blinks when light is directed in eye.
indicates retina function

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33
Q

how many neurons are required for perfect vision

A

4

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34
Q

neurons required for visula pathway

A
  1. rods & cones in retina
  2. bipolar cell
  3. ganglion cell
  4. neurons in corpus genculatum laterale
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35
Q

topical anaesthesia for eye

A

tetracaine
oxibuprocaine
proparacaine

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36
Q

what to check in anterior section of eye

A

palpebrae fissure
eyelids
third eyelid
conjunctiva
lacrimal system
sclera
cornea, limbus
anterior chamber
iris & pupil

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37
Q

how to check palpebrae fissure

A

by inspection
ability to open eye

38
Q

normal palpebrae fissure

A

both eyes should be mid wide
symmetrical
no discharge
small dried up mucus at medial canthus

39
Q

how to examine eyelids

A

by inspection and palpation

40
Q

normal eyelids

A

thin skin gently folded
fit into globe
movement not hampered
regular margin
gently caved
tarsal gland openings seen on lid margin
slightly curved ciliae of upper lid directed outward

41
Q

how to examine 3rd eyelid

A

inspection
palpation

42
Q

normal 3rd eyelid

A

OU fit into globe at medial canthus
pigmented free margin
palpebral surface is - pale, pink, smooth, shiny, gently vacularised, few lymphoid follicles

43
Q

normal conjunctive

A

pale pink
gently folded
covered by tear
moistly shining
vessels not seen
ventral fornix more hyperaemic than superior
limited pigmentation in lateral bulbar surface

44
Q

how to check lacrimal system

A

inspection

45
Q

normal lacrimal system

A

upper and lower puntas 1-3mm from medial canthus
border can be pigmented

46
Q

sclera examination

A

by inspection elevate superior eyelid

47
Q

normal sclera

A

covered by conjunctiva
smooth
whitish
without gap/scar

48
Q

what is the limbus

A

the border between the sclera and cornea

49
Q

how is limbus nourished

A

by diffusion
no blood vessels

50
Q

normal limbus

A

corneal surface uniformly glistening
reflected images are bright and sharp
regular in centre
cornea spherical
transparent
blinking reflex

51
Q

what is the ligament at edge of cornea

A

pectinate lig

52
Q

normal anterior chamber

A

aqueous humour is clear and transparent
corneal precipitate

53
Q

if aqueous humour is turbid could indicate

A

high protein content or aqueous flare

54
Q

if wbc present in aqueous humour

A

spots on cornea

55
Q

if fibrin present in anterior chamber

A

anterior uveitis

56
Q

if blood present in anterior chamber

57
Q

hypopion definition

A

when puss and WBC visible in anterior chamber

58
Q

normal iris

A

brown or gey
gentle circular pattern of surface
mid wide
centrally place

59
Q

pupil in eq, ru, su

A

horizontal elliptical

60
Q

pupil in ca

61
Q

pupil in fe

A

perendicular rhomboid

62
Q

normal lens

A

bright
clear
regular
no opacity

63
Q

1st purkinje fibre

64
Q

2 other purkinje fibre

A

anterior and posterior

65
Q

last purkinje fibres

A

upside down

66
Q

vitreous body

A

complete transparent gel btw lens and fundus

if you can see retina and fundus clearly, you can say the vitreous body is without opacity

67
Q

whats in the posterior globe

A

vitreous body and fundus

68
Q

diagnostic imaging of eye

A

vital staining
lacrimal potency
US
retinoscopy
xray, ct, mri
elctrography
oct - optical coverance tomography

69
Q

fluorescein

A

confirm cornel ulcer

intact membrane = no stain uptake

70
Q

rose bengal stain

A

when pre corneal tear firm mucin layer is thinner than normal
degenerated epithelial cells present on corneal surface
KCS

71
Q

function of cornea

A

refraction
protection

72
Q

layers of cornea

A

outer - epithelium
middle - stroma
thick basement membrane
bottom - aqueous humor and endothelium

73
Q

corneal transparency is due to

A

no blood or lymph vessels in cornea
no keratin in cornea
no pigment in cornea
tear film
microanatomy of stroma

74
Q

diseases of cornea

A

ulceration
melting ulcer

75
Q

corneal ulceration
types

A

simple or complicated

76
Q

corneal ulceration
simple

A

spf abbreviation and loss of epithelial cells
can heal with treatment
e.g. dex, hyaluronic acid, dexpanthexol

only give steroids if epithelium is intact

77
Q

corneal ulceration
complicated

A

high risk of corneal perforation
bacteria travel to injury
cause inflammatory cells, leukocytes, elastase, collagenase, proteinase
sofetning stroma –> melting ulcer

78
Q

what is keratomalatia

A

if entire cornea is involved AKA melting ulcer

79
Q

if neutrophils are present

A

infectious keratinitis

80
Q

if lymphocytes/ eosinophils are present

A

immune mediated keratitis

81
Q

if -ve fluorescin & smooth epithelium

A

stroma abscess or immune mediated keratitis

82
Q

if rough ocular surface

83
Q

melting ulcer

A

collagenase enzyme activity digesting stroma

84
Q

melting ulcer
cause

A

pseudomonas
b hemolytic streoptococcus
fusarium
aspergillus

85
Q

melting ulcer
clinical signs

A

pain, oedema, ulcer, secondary uveitis with myosis and aqueous flare

86
Q

melting ulcer
diagnosis

A

slit lamp
cytology - neutrophils, IC and EC bacteria

87
Q

fungal keratitis

A

deep groove around lesion
extra plaque on surface
cant give eyedrops

88
Q

treatment of complicated ulcers

A

tobramycin
gentamycin
chloramphenicol
natamycin
fluconazol
collagenase inhibitor
atropine
flunixin

or debridement

89
Q

immune mediated keratitis
IMML
treatment

A

steroids
cyclosporines
tacrolimus

90
Q

eosinophilic keratoconjunctivits

A

proliferation or extra tissue
treat with debridement and steroids

Equine (25 decks)

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