Equine 1 Internal Flashcards
temp of adult horse
37-38
temp of foal
37.5-38.5
changes of temp due to
physiological
pathological
hypothermia
hyperthermia
adult heart rate
28-42 bpm
foal heart rate at birth
60-80bpm
foal heart rate at 0-2hrs
120-150bpm
foal heart rate at 12hrs
80-120bpm
foal heart rate at 24hrs
80-100bpm
foal heart rate at 1-7days
60-100bpm
foal heart rate at 1 week -6month
40-60bpm
where to palpate pulse
facial artery
transverse facial artery
medial and lateral digital artery (FL & HL)
resp rate of adult
10-18 breaths/min
resp of foal at birth
gasping
resp of foal at 0-2hrs
40-60 breaths
resp of foal at 12hrs
30-40 breaths
resp of foal at 24hrs
30-35 breaths
resp of foal at 1-7 days
20-35 breaths
resp of foal at 1 week- 6months
10-25breaths
sequence of organ examination
skin
ln
mm
resp
cardiovasc
gi
urinary
genital
haematopoeietic
endocrine
locomotor
nervous
primary skin lesions
macule
papule
vesicule
pustule
urticaria
nodule
tumour
cyst
secondary skin lesion
alopecia
scaling
crusting
scar
erosion
ulcer
lichenification
fissure
hypo/hyperpigmentation
necrosis
special areas for skin lesions
mucocutaneous junctions
chestnuts
hooves
coronary bands
ancillary diagnostic methods for skin diseases
haematoglogy
biochem
skin scraping
hair and follicle sample
brushing
cellotape
swab, aspiration, impression smear
biopsy
indications of skin biopsy
to establish a specific diagnosis
to rule out differential diagnosis
to follow course of disease
to confirm the completeness of tumour excision
ancillary methods of ln examination
fna
biopsy
surgical excision
us
endoscope
types of skin biopsy
shave
wedge
punch
excisional
normally palpable ln in horse
lnn mandibulares
ln inguinale spf
palpable ln rectally
iliosacrale
mesenteric
palpable ln only when enlarged
retropharyngeal lateral
cervical spf
mm to examine
oral
conjunctiva
nasal
anal
genital
normal findings of mm
light pink
smooth
shiny
moist
intact
blood vessels barely visible
crt <2sec
steps of physical exam of resp system
nose and paranasal sinuses
guttural pouch
cough
larynx
trachea
thorax
normal findings of nose
temperature of region is equal to surroundings
palpation is not painful
percussion sound is sharp, bone-like
nasal discharge
continuous or temp
uni or bi lateral
grade
quality, colour, smell
origin
expired air
intensity
temp
smell
normal findings of expired air
medium strength and temp
odour is characteristic, not unpleasant
airflow is symmetrical bilateral
do paranasal sinuses communicate
yes
names of paranasal sinuses
rostral maxillary sinus
caudal maxillary sinus
dorsal conchal sinus
frontal sinus
ethmooidal sinus
sphenopalatine sius
which sinus is most affected
maxillary
normal findings of sinuses
skin is intact, no alopecia or abnormal shape
temp is equal to surroundings
palpation is not painful
percussion sound is sharp, bone-like
what bone splits the guttural pouch
stylohyoid bone
do guttural pouches communicate
no
where are guttural pouches
betweeen base of the skull, atlas and pharynx
normal findings of guttural pouch
the skin is intact, no alopecia
temp is equal to surroundings
palpation is not painful
percussion sound is resonant
examination of cough
frequency
intensity
tone
occurrence
duration
amount of secretion
pain
induction of cough
press arytenoid cartilage of larynx
press first tracheal rings
normal findings of induced cough
strong, sharp, low, short, dry, non-painful, snapping, does not recu
normal findings of the larynx
skin is intact, no alopecia, shape is normal
temp is equal to surroundings
no alterations on palpation
very mild stridor on auscultation
normal findings of the trachea
skin is intact, no alopecia, shape is normal
temp is equal to surroundings
no alterations on palpation
laryngeal noise is audible in a weaker form on auscultation
inspection of thorax
shape, size, symmetry
breathing - resp rate, rhthym, type, depth
weaker than normal resp sounds indicates
decreased airflow, spf breathing
missing resp sounds indicates
pleural effusion
consolidated lung
increased intensity resp sounds
dyspnoe
musical resp sounds
wheezes
whistling
ca4sed by diameter shrinking
non- musical resp sounds
crackles
clicking
rattling
crackling noises
percussion sound of air filled lung
resonant
normal percussion sound of thorax
strong/sharp
low
resonant
short
normal lung border
deltoid tuberosity - ICS 7
point of shoulder - ICS 10
ischiadic tuber - ICS 14
tuber coxae - ICS 16
ancillary diagnostic methods of thorax
endoscope
US
x ray
CT
thoracocentesis
thoracscopy
lung function test
nasal & pharyngeal swab
tracheal wash
bronchoalveolar lavage
arterial blood gas analysis
pulmonary function tests
transpleural pressure change
pneumotachograph, flow measurement
resistance
dynamic compliance
arterial blood gas analysis
ancilliary methods of cardiovasc system
ecg
echo
phonocardiography
blood pressure measurement
pericardiocentesis
cardiac catheterization
lab tests
location of heart
2nd - 6th ICS
twisted anticlockwise
right side - cranially
left side - on left and caudally
location of heart base
left side - 3rd-5th ICS
right side - 3rd - 4th ICS
palpation of cardiac region
local and intensity of heart beat
heart rate
trauma, deformity
pain
precordial thrill, fremitus
S1 sound of heart
beginning of systole
caused by initial movement of ventricle, abrupt arrest of blood flow, AV valves tense
early part of ejection
S2 sound of heart
end of systole
caused by the change in direction of blood flow
closing of the semilunar valves
S3 sound of heart
termination of rapid ventricular filling
commonly heard at or caudal and dorsal to apex beat
S4 sound of heart
atrial contraction and sudden arrest of the distended ventricle
2 physiological murmurs
systolic
diastolic
systolic murmur
caused by blood flow in aorta and pul artery in early systole
left side of thorax
localised and brief
intensity may change with exercise
early - midsystolic
crescendo - decrescendo or decrescendo
PMI of systolic murmur
over aortic or pul valves
diastolic murmur
caused by ventricular filling
left side of thorax
early diastolic (S2-3) or late diastolic (S4-1)
quality is often musical/squeaking
PMI of diastolic murmur
over mitral area
PMI of pulmonary murmur
left 3rd ICS below point of shoulder
PMI of aortic murmur
left 4th ICS below point of shoulder
PMI of mitral murmur
left 5th ICS halfway btw shoulder and sternum
PMI of tricuspid murmur
right 4th ICS
blood tests for cardiac exam
AST
CK
LDH
salivary glands
parotid
mandibular
sublingual
buccal
regions of abdomen
epigastric
mesogastric
hypogastric
normal percussion findings of left side of abdomen
dorsal 3rd - dulled tympanic
medium 3rd - dulled tympanic
ventral 3rd - dulled
normal findings of right side of abdomen
dorsal 3rd - tympanic
medium 3rd - dulled tympanic
ventral 3rd - dulled
examination of gastric content
quantity, quality, colour, smell, pH, components, foreign materials
examination of liver
serum levels of hepatic enzymes
bile salts
ammonia
glucose
bilirubin
clotting factors
plasma proteins
location of pancrease
behind of the stomach and liver
in dorsal part of epigastric resion above the duodenum
lab diagnostic of pancrease
serum amylase and lipase
peritoneal fluid amylase activity
indication of abdominocentesis
peritonitis
abdominal neoplasia
abscesses
strangulation obstructions
blood urine
ruptured - bladder, gi
transudate, exsudate, modified transudate
indications of abdominal us
colic
weigth loss
pyrexia
leukocytosis, leucopenia
elevated plasma fibrinogen
abnormal x ray
elevated liver enzymes
elevates kidney vallues
abrnomal peritoneal fluid
where to US stomach
left side 10-15th ICS
medial to hilus of spleen
where to US caecum
right paralumbar fossa adjacent to the right kidney and descending duodenum
indication of xray of stomach
check NG tube placement in neonates
diagnose certain diseases in neonates
detect sand in ventral colon
detect enteroliths
ancillary diagnostic aids for nervous system examination
neuroradiography
nuclear scintigraphy
computed scintigraphy
mri
electroencephalography
lab test
clinical signs of lesions in segments
C1-C5
tetraparesis/plegia
+/- neck pain
normal to exaggerated reflexes
clinical signs of lesions in segments
C6-T2
tetraparesis/plegia
+/- neck pain
decreased to absent thoracic limb spinal reflexes
normal to exaggerated spinal reflexes to pelvic limbs
clinical signs of lesions in segments
T3-L3
paraparesis/plegia
+/- back pain
normal thoracic limb spinal reflexes
normal to exaggerated pelvic limbs spinal reflexes
clinical signs of lesions in segments
L4-S3
paraparesis/plegia
+/- back pain
normal thoracic limb spinal reflexes
decreased to absent spinal reflexes of pelvic limbs
clinical signs of lesions in segments
caudal
paresis/plegia of tail
decreased tail tone
decreased tail sensation
head tilt indicates
vestibular lesion
deviation of head and neck towards side of lesions indicates
cerebral lesions
jerky movements during voluntary motion with fine tremor at rest indicates
cerebellar lesion
test for olfactory nerver
evaluation of smell
test for optic nerve
menace reflex
test for oculomotor nerve
pupillary light reflex
test for trigeminal nerve
facial cutaneous sensation
palpebral reflex
corneal reflex
ability to chew
jaw movement
test for facial nerve
evaluation of facial symmetry and movement
palpebral and corneal reflec
test for vestibulocochlear nerve
evaluation of hearing
evaluation of balance
test for hypoglossal nerve
evaluation of tongue function
horner’s syndrome
upper palpebral ptosis
hyperthermia and unilateral sudoresis of face and variable regions of the neck and trunk
enopthalamos
3rd eyelid protrusion and miosis
n. oculomotor innervate what muscles
m. rect dors. vent. med
m, obl. vent
n. trochlearis innervate what muscles
m. obl dors
n. abducens innervate what muscles
m. rect lat
m. rect bulbi
dysmetria definition
an error in trajectory due to abnormal range, rate and force of motion
hypometria definition
voluntary movement is shorter than the intended goal - too little joint movement
hypermetria definition
voluntary movement results in overreaching of intended goal - excessive joint movement
paresis definition
muscles weakness resulting from neurologic dysfunction
paralyssi
inability to move voluntarily
neuro test for neck and F.L.
neck mobility
cervicoauricular reflex
cervical cutaneous sensation
deep pain perception
sway reaction
resistance to dorsal pressure on withers
positional limbs in a crossed position - correction test
sideways hopping
neuro tests of H.L.
cutaneous sensation
deep pain perception
sway reaction
resistance to dorsal pressure on lumbar region
positional limbs in a crossed position 0 not reliable
sideways hopping
neuro tests of tail and anus
tail tone
perineal reflex
neuro tests of recumbent horses
forelimb flexor reflex
biceps reflex
triceps reflex
hindlimb flexor reflex - tibial, peroneal, femoral
patellar reflex
if the horse can lift only its head, the lesion is
in the cranial cervical region
if the horse can raise its head and neck, the lesion is
in the caudal cervical region
if the horse cannot rise into a sitting position (dog-sitting position) the lesion is in
the cervical cord
If the thoracic limbs are functional, the lesion is
caudal to T2
If the deficit is in the trunk or hind limbs, the lesion is
located between T2 and S2
Localized sweating indicates a lesion in
the descending sympathetic tracts
rectal palpation of kidneys
only caudal 3rd of left kidney
info about - shape, size, consistency, painfullness of cadual 3rd
palpation of ureters
only when wall is thickened and/or lumen is distended
examination of urinary bladder
full bladder palpable in caudoventral part of the abdomen of neonates
rectally - at bottom or entrance of pelvis. spherical or oval, non-painful, smooth, undulant structure.
what to check in urinary bladder
position
shape
size
surface
wall thickness
painfullness
content
structures within the lumen
mare urethra
short, large in diameter
orifice is 10-15cm from vulva
stallion urethra
long and narrow
observations during urination
posture
behaviour during urination
ways of voiding
amount of released urine
mare posture
HL wide stance, placed cranially, tail elevated, rump bent down
stallion posture
hl wide stance, placed caudally, tail elevated, penis is released
abnormalieis of urination
pollakiuria
oliguria
anuria
urinary tenesmus
dysuria
urinary incontinence
pollakiuria
abnormally frequent of passage of urine
due to
- normal amount of urine is passed in multiple, smaller portions
- polyuria: formation and elimination of abnormally large amount of urine – usually both frequency and
quantity per urination are increased often seen together with polydipsia
oligura
reduced urine output
due to
- reduced frequency, but normal amount of urine per urination
- reduced frequency and reduced amount per urination
anuria
lack urination, non-passage of urine
either renal or postrenal
urinary tenesmus
excessive straining during urination
- persistent and/or frequent voiding stance
- unsuccessful voiding
dysuria
painful urination
blood tests for urinalysis
anaemia due to decreased epo in CKD
urea
creatinine
electrolytes
urinalysis
physical exam
reagent strip analysis
sediment examination
enzymuria
fractional clearance of electrolytes
bacterial culture
clarity
SG
