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Equine > Equine 1 Internal > Flashcards

Equine 1 Internal Flashcards

1
Q

temp of adult horse

A

37-38

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2
Q

temp of foal

A

37.5-38.5

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3
Q

changes of temp due to

A

physiological
pathological
hypothermia
hyperthermia

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4
Q

adult heart rate

A

28-42 bpm

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5
Q

foal heart rate at birth

A

60-80bpm

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6
Q

foal heart rate at 0-2hrs

A

120-150bpm

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7
Q

foal heart rate at 12hrs

A

80-120bpm

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8
Q

foal heart rate at 24hrs

A

80-100bpm

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9
Q

foal heart rate at 1-7days

A

60-100bpm

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10
Q

foal heart rate at 1 week -6month

A

40-60bpm

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11
Q

where to palpate pulse

A

facial artery
transverse facial artery
medial and lateral digital artery (FL & HL)

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12
Q

resp rate of adult

A

10-18 breaths/min

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13
Q

resp of foal at birth

A

gasping

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14
Q

resp of foal at 0-2hrs

A

40-60 breaths

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15
Q

resp of foal at 12hrs

A

30-40 breaths

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16
Q

resp of foal at 24hrs

A

30-35 breaths

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17
Q

resp of foal at 1-7 days

A

20-35 breaths

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18
Q

resp of foal at 1 week- 6months

A

10-25breaths

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19
Q

sequence of organ examination

A

skin
ln
mm
resp
cardiovasc
gi
urinary
genital
haematopoeietic
endocrine
locomotor
nervous

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20
Q

primary skin lesions

A

macule
papule
vesicule
pustule
urticaria
nodule
tumour
cyst

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21
Q

secondary skin lesion

A

alopecia
scaling
crusting
scar
erosion
ulcer
lichenification
fissure
hypo/hyperpigmentation
necrosis

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22
Q

special areas for skin lesions

A

mucocutaneous junctions
chestnuts
hooves
coronary bands

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23
Q

ancillary diagnostic methods for skin diseases

A

haematoglogy
biochem
skin scraping
hair and follicle sample
brushing
cellotape
swab, aspiration, impression smear
biopsy

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24
Q

indications of skin biopsy

A

to establish a specific diagnosis
to rule out differential diagnosis
to follow course of disease
to confirm the completeness of tumour excision

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25
Q

ancillary methods of ln examination

A

fna
biopsy
surgical excision
us
endoscope

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26
Q

types of skin biopsy

A

shave
wedge
punch
excisional

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27
Q

normally palpable ln in horse

A

lnn mandibulares
ln inguinale spf

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28
Q

palpable ln rectally

A

iliosacrale
mesenteric

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29
Q

palpable ln only when enlarged

A

retropharyngeal lateral
cervical spf

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30
Q

mm to examine

A

oral
conjunctiva
nasal
anal
genital

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31
Q

normal findings of mm

A

light pink
smooth
shiny
moist
intact
blood vessels barely visible
crt <2sec

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32
Q

steps of physical exam of resp system

A

nose and paranasal sinuses
guttural pouch
cough
larynx
trachea
thorax

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33
Q

normal findings of nose

A

temperature of region is equal to surroundings
palpation is not painful
percussion sound is sharp, bone-like

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34
Q

nasal discharge

A

continuous or temp
uni or bi lateral
grade
quality, colour, smell
origin

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35
Q

expired air

A

intensity
temp
smell

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36
Q

normal findings of expired air

A

medium strength and temp
odour is characteristic, not unpleasant
airflow is symmetrical bilateral

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37
Q

do paranasal sinuses communicate

A

yes

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38
Q

names of paranasal sinuses

A

rostral maxillary sinus
caudal maxillary sinus
dorsal conchal sinus
frontal sinus
ethmooidal sinus
sphenopalatine sius

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39
Q

which sinus is most affected

A

maxillary

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40
Q

normal findings of sinuses

A

skin is intact, no alopecia or abnormal shape
temp is equal to surroundings
palpation is not painful
percussion sound is sharp, bone-like

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41
Q

what bone splits the guttural pouch

A

stylohyoid bone

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42
Q

do guttural pouches communicate

A

no

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43
Q

where are guttural pouches

A

betweeen base of the skull, atlas and pharynx

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44
Q

normal findings of guttural pouch

A

the skin is intact, no alopecia
temp is equal to surroundings
palpation is not painful
percussion sound is resonant

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45
Q

examination of cough

A

frequency
intensity
tone
occurrence
duration
amount of secretion
pain

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46
Q

induction of cough

A

press arytenoid cartilage of larynx
press first tracheal rings

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47
Q

normal findings of induced cough

A

strong, sharp, low, short, dry, non-painful, snapping, does not recu

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48
Q

normal findings of the larynx

A

skin is intact, no alopecia, shape is normal
temp is equal to surroundings
no alterations on palpation
very mild stridor on auscultation

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49
Q

normal findings of the trachea

A

skin is intact, no alopecia, shape is normal
temp is equal to surroundings
no alterations on palpation
laryngeal noise is audible in a weaker form on auscultation

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50
Q

inspection of thorax

A

shape, size, symmetry
breathing - resp rate, rhthym, type, depth

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51
Q

weaker than normal resp sounds indicates

A

decreased airflow, spf breathing

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52
Q

missing resp sounds indicates

A

pleural effusion
consolidated lung

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53
Q

increased intensity resp sounds

A

dyspnoe

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54
Q

musical resp sounds

A

wheezes
whistling
ca4sed by diameter shrinking

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55
Q

non- musical resp sounds

A

crackles
clicking
rattling
crackling noises

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56
Q

percussion sound of air filled lung

A

resonant

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57
Q

normal percussion sound of thorax

A

strong/sharp
low
resonant
short

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58
Q

normal lung border

A

deltoid tuberosity - ICS 7
point of shoulder - ICS 10
ischiadic tuber - ICS 14
tuber coxae - ICS 16

59
Q

ancillary diagnostic methods of thorax

A

endoscope
US
x ray
CT
thoracocentesis
thoracscopy
lung function test
nasal & pharyngeal swab
tracheal wash
bronchoalveolar lavage
arterial blood gas analysis

60
Q

pulmonary function tests

A

transpleural pressure change
pneumotachograph, flow measurement
resistance
dynamic compliance
arterial blood gas analysis

61
Q

ancilliary methods of cardiovasc system

A

ecg
echo
phonocardiography
blood pressure measurement
pericardiocentesis
cardiac catheterization
lab tests

62
Q

location of heart

A

2nd - 6th ICS
twisted anticlockwise
right side - cranially
left side - on left and caudally

63
Q

location of heart base

A

left side - 3rd-5th ICS
right side - 3rd - 4th ICS

64
Q

palpation of cardiac region

A

local and intensity of heart beat
heart rate
trauma, deformity
pain
precordial thrill, fremitus

65
Q

S1 sound of heart

A

beginning of systole
caused by initial movement of ventricle, abrupt arrest of blood flow, AV valves tense
early part of ejection

66
Q

S2 sound of heart

A

end of systole
caused by the change in direction of blood flow
closing of the semilunar valves

67
Q

S3 sound of heart

A

termination of rapid ventricular filling
commonly heard at or caudal and dorsal to apex beat

68
Q

S4 sound of heart

A

atrial contraction and sudden arrest of the distended ventricle

69
Q

2 physiological murmurs

A

systolic
diastolic

70
Q

systolic murmur

A

caused by blood flow in aorta and pul artery in early systole
left side of thorax
localised and brief
intensity may change with exercise
early - midsystolic
crescendo - decrescendo or decrescendo

71
Q

PMI of systolic murmur

A

over aortic or pul valves

72
Q

diastolic murmur

A

caused by ventricular filling
left side of thorax
early diastolic (S2-3) or late diastolic (S4-1)
quality is often musical/squeaking

73
Q

PMI of diastolic murmur

A

over mitral area

74
Q

PMI of pulmonary murmur

A

left 3rd ICS below point of shoulder

75
Q

PMI of aortic murmur

A

left 4th ICS below point of shoulder

76
Q

PMI of mitral murmur

A

left 5th ICS halfway btw shoulder and sternum

77
Q

PMI of tricuspid murmur

A

right 4th ICS

78
Q

blood tests for cardiac exam

A

AST
CK
LDH

79
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid
mandibular
sublingual
buccal

80
Q

regions of abdomen

A

epigastric
mesogastric
hypogastric

81
Q

normal percussion findings of left side of abdomen

A

dorsal 3rd - dulled tympanic
medium 3rd - dulled tympanic
ventral 3rd - dulled

82
Q

normal findings of right side of abdomen

A

dorsal 3rd - tympanic
medium 3rd - dulled tympanic
ventral 3rd - dulled

83
Q

examination of gastric content

A

quantity, quality, colour, smell, pH, components, foreign materials

84
Q

examination of liver

A

serum levels of hepatic enzymes
bile salts
ammonia
glucose
bilirubin
clotting factors
plasma proteins

85
Q

location of pancrease

A

behind of the stomach and liver
in dorsal part of epigastric resion above the duodenum

86
Q

lab diagnostic of pancrease

A

serum amylase and lipase
peritoneal fluid amylase activity

87
Q

indication of abdominocentesis

A

peritonitis
abdominal neoplasia
abscesses
strangulation obstructions

blood urine
ruptured - bladder, gi
transudate, exsudate, modified transudate

88
Q

indications of abdominal us

A

colic
weigth loss
pyrexia
leukocytosis, leucopenia
elevated plasma fibrinogen
abnormal x ray
elevated liver enzymes
elevates kidney vallues
abrnomal peritoneal fluid

89
Q

where to US stomach

A

left side 10-15th ICS
medial to hilus of spleen

90
Q

where to US caecum

A

right paralumbar fossa adjacent to the right kidney and descending duodenum

91
Q

indication of xray of stomach

A

check NG tube placement in neonates
diagnose certain diseases in neonates
detect sand in ventral colon
detect enteroliths

92
Q

ancillary diagnostic aids for nervous system examination

A

neuroradiography
nuclear scintigraphy
computed scintigraphy
mri
electroencephalography
lab test

93
Q

clinical signs of lesions in segments
C1-C5

A

tetraparesis/plegia
+/- neck pain
normal to exaggerated reflexes

94
Q

clinical signs of lesions in segments
C6-T2

A

tetraparesis/plegia
+/- neck pain
decreased to absent thoracic limb spinal reflexes
normal to exaggerated spinal reflexes to pelvic limbs

95
Q

clinical signs of lesions in segments
T3-L3

A

paraparesis/plegia
+/- back pain
normal thoracic limb spinal reflexes
normal to exaggerated pelvic limbs spinal reflexes

96
Q

clinical signs of lesions in segments
L4-S3

A

paraparesis/plegia
+/- back pain
normal thoracic limb spinal reflexes
decreased to absent spinal reflexes of pelvic limbs

97
Q

clinical signs of lesions in segments
caudal

A

paresis/plegia of tail
decreased tail tone
decreased tail sensation

98
Q

head tilt indicates

A

vestibular lesion

99
Q

deviation of head and neck towards side of lesions indicates

A

cerebral lesions

100
Q

jerky movements during voluntary motion with fine tremor at rest indicates

A

cerebellar lesion

101
Q

test for olfactory nerver

A

evaluation of smell

102
Q

test for optic nerve

A

menace reflex

103
Q

test for oculomotor nerve

A

pupillary light reflex

104
Q

test for trigeminal nerve

A

facial cutaneous sensation
palpebral reflex
corneal reflex
ability to chew
jaw movement

105
Q

test for facial nerve

A

evaluation of facial symmetry and movement
palpebral and corneal reflec

106
Q

test for vestibulocochlear nerve

A

evaluation of hearing
evaluation of balance

107
Q

test for hypoglossal nerve

A

evaluation of tongue function

108
Q

horner’s syndrome

A

upper palpebral ptosis
hyperthermia and unilateral sudoresis of face and variable regions of the neck and trunk
enopthalamos
3rd eyelid protrusion and miosis

109
Q

n. oculomotor innervate what muscles

A

m. rect dors. vent. med
m, obl. vent

110
Q

n. trochlearis innervate what muscles

A

m. obl dors

111
Q

n. abducens innervate what muscles

A

m. rect lat
m. rect bulbi

112
Q

dysmetria definition

A

an error in trajectory due to abnormal range, rate and force of motion

113
Q

hypometria definition

A

voluntary movement is shorter than the intended goal - too little joint movement

114
Q

hypermetria definition

A

voluntary movement results in overreaching of intended goal - excessive joint movement

115
Q

paresis definition

A

muscles weakness resulting from neurologic dysfunction

116
Q

paralyssi

A

inability to move voluntarily

117
Q

neuro test for neck and F.L.

A

neck mobility
cervicoauricular reflex
cervical cutaneous sensation
deep pain perception
sway reaction
resistance to dorsal pressure on withers
positional limbs in a crossed position - correction test
sideways hopping

118
Q

neuro tests of H.L.

A

cutaneous sensation
deep pain perception
sway reaction
resistance to dorsal pressure on lumbar region
positional limbs in a crossed position 0 not reliable
sideways hopping

119
Q

neuro tests of tail and anus

A

tail tone
perineal reflex

120
Q

neuro tests of recumbent horses

A

forelimb flexor reflex
biceps reflex
triceps reflex
hindlimb flexor reflex - tibial, peroneal, femoral
patellar reflex

121
Q

if the horse can lift only its head, the lesion is

A

in the cranial cervical region

122
Q

if the horse can raise its head and neck, the lesion is

A

in the caudal cervical region

123
Q

if the horse cannot rise into a sitting position (dog-sitting position) the lesion is in

A

the cervical cord

124
Q

If the thoracic limbs are functional, the lesion is

A

caudal to T2

125
Q

If the deficit is in the trunk or hind limbs, the lesion is

A

located between T2 and S2

126
Q

Localized sweating indicates a lesion in

A

the descending sympathetic tracts

127
Q

rectal palpation of kidneys

A

only caudal 3rd of left kidney
info about - shape, size, consistency, painfullness of cadual 3rd

128
Q

palpation of ureters

A

only when wall is thickened and/or lumen is distended

129
Q

examination of urinary bladder

A

full bladder palpable in caudoventral part of the abdomen of neonates
rectally - at bottom or entrance of pelvis. spherical or oval, non-painful, smooth, undulant structure.

130
Q

what to check in urinary bladder

A

position
shape
size
surface
wall thickness
painfullness
content
structures within the lumen

131
Q

mare urethra

A

short, large in diameter
orifice is 10-15cm from vulva

132
Q

stallion urethra

A

long and narrow

133
Q

observations during urination

A

posture
behaviour during urination
ways of voiding
amount of released urine

134
Q

mare posture

A

HL wide stance, placed cranially, tail elevated, rump bent down

135
Q

stallion posture

A

hl wide stance, placed caudally, tail elevated, penis is released

136
Q

abnormalieis of urination

A

pollakiuria
oliguria
anuria
urinary tenesmus
dysuria
urinary incontinence

137
Q

pollakiuria

A

abnormally frequent of passage of urine

due to
- normal amount of urine is passed in multiple, smaller portions
- polyuria: formation and elimination of abnormally large amount of urine – usually both frequency and
quantity per urination are increased often seen together with polydipsia

138
Q

oligura

A

reduced urine output
due to
- reduced frequency, but normal amount of urine per urination
- reduced frequency and reduced amount per urination

139
Q

anuria

A

lack urination, non-passage of urine

either renal or postrenal

140
Q

urinary tenesmus

A

excessive straining during urination

  • persistent and/or frequent voiding stance
  • unsuccessful voiding
141
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination

142
Q

blood tests for urinalysis

A

anaemia due to decreased epo in CKD
urea
creatinine
electrolytes

143
Q

urinalysis

A

physical exam
reagent strip analysis
sediment examination
enzymuria
fractional clearance of electrolytes
bacterial culture
clarity
SG

Equine (25 decks)

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