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Equine > Surgery of upper airways. Medical diseases of oral cavity & oesophagus > Flashcards

Surgery of upper airways. Medical diseases of oral cavity & oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

progressive ethmoid hematoma - PEH

A

unknown origing
avoid surgery - innervation

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2
Q

progressive ethmoid hematoma - PEH
clinical signs

A

exercise intolerance

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3
Q

progressive ethmoid hematoma - PEH
treatment

A

spinal needle to inject formalin
if formalin goes into venous circulation or brain, the horse will die

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4
Q

guttural pouch tympany
predisposing factors

A

arab, paint horse
filly> colt
uni > bilater

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5
Q

guttural pouch tympany
signs

A

during swallowing, both GP will open and some air will pass by
but air doesnt come out
air-pillow palp
unilat but looks bilat

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6
Q

guttural pouch tympany
cause

A

plica salpingopharyngea

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7
Q

guttural pouch tympany
diagnosis

A

endscope - pharynx collapsed dorsally
xray - radiolucent

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8
Q

guttural pouch tympany
treatment

A

foley cathter for 203weeks
transendoscopic laser surgery
mm - fold removal

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9
Q

guttural pouch mycosis
symptoms

A

bloody brownish nasal discharge
excessive nasal bleeding

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10
Q

which artery is affected in guttural pouch mycosis

A

internal carotid in 70% of cases
use balloon occlusion to treat

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11
Q

surgical treatment for guttural pouch mycosis

A

cut vessel
push balloon catheter above gp
blow up
mycostic plaque somewhere in between

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12
Q

functional disorders of the pharynx

A

dorsal displacement of the soft palate
pharyngeal collapse

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13
Q

devellopmental abnormalities of the pharynx

A

palatochisis
choana atresia

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14
Q

what type of breather is a horse

A

obligate nasal breather

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15
Q

DDSP treatment - dorsal displacement of the soft palate

A

conservative
- tongue tie (laryngeal position)
- cornell collar
- training
- pharyngeal muscle weakness (nsaids, figure 8 noseband)
surgical
- laryngeal tie forward
- myectomy
- staphylectomy
- scarring soft palate with laser

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16
Q

rostral pharyngeal collapse

A

noise during expiration

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17
Q

dorsal/lateral pharyngeal collapse

A

noise during inspiration

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18
Q

choana atresia

A

nasal passage ending blindly
unilat can be assymptomatic
bi lat needs laser resection

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19
Q

palatoschisis

A

milk comes back through nose in new born foal
if the hard palate is involved, euthanisia

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20
Q

pharyngeal cysts location

A

subepiglottial
in pharyngeal wall
in soft palate - rare

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21
Q

removal of pharyngeal cysts

A

surgical excision
laser

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22
Q

dynamic disorders of larynx

A

recurrent laryngeal hemiplegia
axial deviation of aryepiglottic fold
proc. cornuculatus collapse
intermittent epiglottis entrapment
epiglottis retroversion

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23
Q

permanent disorders of larynx

A

epiglottis entrapment
arytenoid chondritis
subepiglottial cyst
4 BAD

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24
Q

2 processes on arytenoid cartiage

A

corniculate
muscular

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25
Q

muscles of larynx

A

m. cricopharyngeus -
m. thyreopharyngeus
m. thyeohyoideus
m. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

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26
Q

abductor of larynx

A

opens the larynx
m. cricoarytenoid dorsalis - recurrens
m. cricothyroid —n. laryngeal cranial

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27
Q

adductor of larynx

A

closes the larynx
m. ay trans
m. cricoarytenoid lat
m. ta
all n. recurrens

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28
Q

RLN
ILH

A

recurrent laryngeal neuropahty
idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia

29
Q

pathogenesis of RLN and ILH

A

progressive degeneration of dis fibres of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

30
Q

causes of RLN and ILH

A

Or due to large size of animal
genetics
strangles
GP mycosis
intoxications
tumours
EMND

31
Q

RLN and ILH
clinical signs

A

noise on inspiration
poor performance

32
Q

definition of RLN and ILH

A

paresis/paralysis of RLN leading to m. atrophy, vocal cord collapse and arytenoid cartilage collapse during inspiration

33
Q

diagnosis of RLN and ILH

A

palpation
us of larynx
endoscope
noise

34
Q

endscope of larynx
Abduction

A

Movement of the corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage away from the midline of the rima glottis

35
Q

endscope of larynx
Adduction

A

Movement of the corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage toward the midline of the rima glottis

36
Q

endscope of larynx
Full abduction

A

Most of the corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage lies horizontally (90 degree to the midline of the rima glottis)

37
Q

endscope of larynx
Asymmetry

A

A difference on position of the right and left corniculate processes relative to the midline of the rima glottis

38
Q

endscope of larynx
Asynchrony

A

Movement of the corniculate processes occurs at different times. This can include twitching, shivering and delayed or biphasic movement of one arytenoid

39
Q

grade I RLN

A

all arytenoid cartilage movemnets are syncs and symmattrical
full abduction can be achieved and maintained

40
Q

grade II RLN

A

arytenoid cartilage are async and asymmetrical
full aabduction can be acheived and maintained

41
Q

grade II RLN

A

arytenoid cartilage are async and asymmetrical
full abduction cannot be acehived and maintained
must do dynamic as well

42
Q

grade IV RLN

A

complete immobility of the arytenoid cartilage and vocal cord

43
Q

treatment of RLN

A

laryngoplasty and ventriculocord ectomy
arytenoidectomy
laryngeal pacemaker - not grade 4

44
Q

compliations of RLN surgery

A

laryngospasmus
oedema
wound infection
cough

45
Q

axial deviation of aryepiglottic fold
occurance

A
  • Just DYNAMIC disorder
  • Often bilateral, if not, than right sided
  • Race horses
46
Q

axial deviation of aryepiglottic fold
treatement surgical

A

Transendoscopic laser excision
o Cut of a triangle
o Check the wound healing after 40-60 days

47
Q

axial deviation of aryepiglottic fold
clinical signs

A
  • Poor performance
  • Worse with time
  • More frequent in older horses
  • ulceration
  • kissing lesion
48
Q

axial deviation of aryepiglottic fold
acute drugs

A

AB
throat spray
nsaids
tracheotomy

49
Q

axial deviation of aryepiglottic fold
chronic

A

partial arytenoidectomy

50
Q

epiglottic entrapment
clinical signs

A
  • Distinguish epiglottic entrapment and dorsal displacement
  • Mucous membrane under the epiglottis is covering the epiglottis ( nothing to do with the soft palate)
  • Persistant (97%), seldom dynamic
  • Thickened (97%)
  • Ulcerated (45%)
  • 31-36% together with epiglottic hypoplasia
  • Primary inspiratory noise
  • Poor performance in race horse
  • Can be just an endoscopic finding
  • Coughing after drinking water
  • Nasal discharge
51
Q

4 BAD

A

4th branichial arch defect
congenital
right side collapsed

52
Q

clincial signs of oral diseases

A
  • Inappetence
  • Painful chewing and swallowing
  • Swollen face
  • Salivation, discharge from the oral cavity
  • Halitosis
  • Weight loss
  • Quidding (dropping food)
  • Nasal discharge
  • Fistula
  • Problems with riding (bit)
  • Headshaking
  • Bruxism is usually not a sign of oral disease
53
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

54
Q

3 types of dysphagia

A

prepharyngeal - reluctance to chew
pharyngeal
postpharyngeal

55
Q

types of dysphagia based on aetiology

A

o Painful
o Muscular
o Obstructive
o Neurologic

56
Q

diagnosis of dysphagia

A

physical exam
endscope
xray
us

57
Q

management of dysphagia

A

specific treatment
feeding dry hay not recommended
slurries of pellated feeds
NG tube in severe cases
NaCl or KCl due to salivation

58
Q

congenital oesophageal diseases

A
  • Oesophageal duplication cysts
  • Persistent right aortic arch
  • Idiopathic
  • Megaoesophagus of foal
59
Q

acquired oesophageal diseases

A
  • Obstruction (most common)
  • Foreign body
  • Compression
  • Gastrooesophageal reflux disease
  • Stricture
  • Diverticula (congenital and acquired)
  • Trauma, perforation
  • Megaoesophagus
  • Granulation tissue
  • Neoplasia
60
Q

types of oesophageal obstruction

A

intraluminal
extraluminal
intramural
functional disorders

61
Q

predilaction sites of oesophageal obstruction

A
  • Cervical part
  • Thoracic inlet
  • Base of the heart
  • Gastric cardia
62
Q

clinical signs of oesophageal obstruction

A
  • Signs of dysphagia
  • Anxiousness
  • Extended neck
  • Coughing
  • Gagging
  • Bilateral, frothy nasal discharge (saliva, water, feed)
  • Salivation
  • Odynophagia (painful swallowing)
  • Distention in the jugular furrow
63
Q

complications of oesophageal obstruction

A
  • Sign of aspiration pneumonia
  • Sign of oesophageal rupture
64
Q

diagnosis of oesophageal obstruction

A
  • Endoscopy
  • Ultrasonography (cervical region, complications)
  • Radiography (plain, contrast)
65
Q

treatment of oesophageal obstruction

A

sedation
buscopan
acp
oxytocin
NG tube
lavage
flunixin

66
Q

oesophagitis

A

ulcerative
reflux

67
Q

oesophagitis
clinical signs

A

obstruction, gastric ulceration

68
Q

oesophagitis
diagnosis

A

endscope - hyperaemia, oedema, erosions, ulcers

69
Q

oesophagitis
treatment

A

Equine (25 decks)

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