Nervous system disorders Flashcards
what does cvm stand for
cervical vertebreal malformation
another name for cvm
cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy
wobbler syndrome
what are the 2 types of CVM
CVI and CSS
What does CVI stand for
Cervical vertebral instability
what does CVI affect
C3-C4 and C4-5
What type of compression is in CVI
dynamic compression
what does CSS stand for
cervical static stenosis
what does CSS affect
C5-6 and C6-7
what type of compression is CSS
static compression
what is teh consequence of CVM in young horses
symmetrical ataxia
what horses are most at risk of CVM
thoroughbreds, quarter horses
males > females
causes of CVM
genetic, environment
genetic predisposition
nutrition
rapid growth
trauma
abnormal biomechanical forces
where is there narrowing of vertebral canal in CVM
C3-C6
4 symptoms of CSS
thickening of dorsal lamina
enlargement of lig flavum
degenerative articular processes
thickened joint capsule
3 symptoms of CVI
subluxation of adjacent vertebrae
malformation of caudal vertebral physis/epiphysis
malformation or malarticulation of articular processes
clinical signs of cvm
symmetrical ataxia
weakness
pelvic limbs worse
spasticity
deficits progress then stabilise
DOD clinical signs
how are deficits of cvm emphasised
circling
head elevation
backing
maneuvering over obstacles
diagnosis of cvm
xray
normal csf
compression myelopgrpahy
what does xray of cvm show
luxation, narrowing of spinal canal and arthritic lesions
treatment of cvm
stall rest
restricted exercise and diet
nsaids
gcc
DMSO
surgery of css
subtotal dorsal laminectomy
surgery of cvi
vertebral interbody fusion
cause of head and spinal trauma
direct physical injury
cerebral/spinal chord concussion or contusion
hermorrhage, epidural/subdural hematoma
fracture or sphenoid/occipital
clinical signs or head and spinal trauma
cerebral lesions
hematoma
loss of consciousness
focal signs
epistaxis
treatment of head and spinal trauma
stall rest
sedatives and analgesia
decreased secondary oedema
artifical feeding
2 different types of heat stroke
non exertional (exposure to high environmental temp)
exertional (exercise)
what is insolation
direct effect of solar radiation on the brain
cerebral hyperaemia
clinical signs of sun and heat stroke
hyperthermia
sudden onset, dullness and weakness
neurosigns
lung oedema
neuro signs of sun and heat stroke
collapse
convulsions
coma
treatment of sun and heat stroke
cool body
IV fluids
GCC, sedatives, anticonvulsions
virus of rabies
lyssavirus
incubation of rabies
2 weeks - 6months
course of rabies
2-10days
where is replication of rabies
myocytes
pathogenesis of rabies
myocytes => peripheral nerves => spinal ganglia => CNS => brain, spinal chord, symp trunk, glial cells => organs
clinical signs of rabies
colic signs
ataxia
anorexia
repeated urination and defecation
hyperaesthesia
+/- hypersexuality
what are the 3 forms of neuro signs of rabies
cerebral/ furious form
brain stem/dumb form
spinal/paralytic
clinical signs of cerebral/furious form of rabies
aggression
photophobia
hydrophobia
convulsions
hyperaesthesia
straining
muscular tremor
clinical signs of brain stem/ dumb form of rabies
depression
anorexia
head tilt
circling
incontinence
ataxia
dementia
salivation
blindness
flaccid tail and anus
facial and pharyngeal paralysis
self mutiliation
clinical signs of spinal/paralytic form of rabies
progressing ascending limb paralysis
ataxia/shifting lameness
hyperaesthesia
self mutilation
recumbency, convulsions
differential of rabies
hepatoencephalopathy
leucoencephalopathy
cauda equine neuritis
trauma
togaviral encephalitis
botulism
menigitis
mass
west nile virus
lead poison
EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
eq protozoal myeloencphalitis
EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy cause
eq herpes virus 1
what does EHV-1 also cause
vasculitis
diffuse multifocal myeloencephalopathy
where does EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy replicate
nasopharyngeal ep
how is EHV protected
it is IC
predilection site of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
CNS vascular epithelium
clinical signs of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
toe dragging, knuckling, stumbling
decreased tail and anal tone/sensitivity
cranial nerve deficits
distended bladder
colic
penile flaccidity
incontinence
difficulty defacating
what type of horse has a better prognosis in EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
standing
onset of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
acute onset of ataxia and paresis
clinical signs stabilise in 2 days
diagnosis of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
- CSF increased protein and xanthochromia
- increased blood antibodies
- PCR
treatment of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
quarantine
GCC
AB
vits - B, C ,E
acyclovir
treat pressure sores
sternal recumbency
laxative and urinary catheter
virus of west nile
flavivirus
vector of west nile
mosquitoes
bacterial meningitis , encephalitis is a consequence of
strangles
sinusitis
periositis
neonatal septicaemia
clinical signs of bacterial meningitis , encephalitis
pyrexia
depression
hypereasthesia
tremors
blindness
cranial nerve deficits
head pressing
stupor
ataxia
paresis
convulsions
recumbency
coma
diagnosis of bacterial meningitis , encephalitis
increased protein and bacteria in CSF
culture and sensitivitiy
treatment of bacterial meningitis , encephalitis
Gr +ve - penicillin, ampicillin, ceftiofur
Gr -ve - TMP sulfonamide, gentamycin, amikacin
parasitic encephalitis/ myelitis causing worms
strongulus vulgaris
angiostrongylus cantonensis
parasitic encephalitis/ myelitis other
hypoderma bovis
habronema
setria
halicephalobus deletrix
causes of tetanus
clostridium tetani
exotoxins
motor neurons in ventral horn
inhibition of glycine & gaba release
increased musclular irratibility
spasm in skeletal muscle
incubation of tetanus
21days
clinical signs of tetanus
spasm of skeletal muscles
trismus
risus sardonicus
3rd eyelid prolapse
wide nostril
salivation, abnormal prehension, mastication
dysphagia
stiff head/neck/gait
tachypnoea, dyspnoea
sweating, dehydration
rigid
saw horse posture
elevated tail
treatment of tetanus
quiet, dark box
sedation
myorelaxation (diazepam)
wound managment
fluids
AB
antitoxin
semi liquid feed
detomidine, xylazine, ACP
vaccination for tetanus of foal of non vaccinated mare
dose 1 = 3-4mon
dose 2 = 4-5mon
dose 3 = 6-8mon
vaccination for tetanus of foal of vaccinated mare
dose 1 = 6mon
dose 2 = 7mon
dose 3 = 9-10mon
cause of botulism
clostridium botulinum
clinical signs of botulism
normal sensorium
chewing - swallowing disorder
salivation, tongue paralysis
weakness or skeletal muscle
trembling
recumbency
cause of equine leukoencephalomalacia
fumonisin B1 toxin
Fusarium monilforma
signs of equine leukoencephalomalacia
anorexia
depression/ excitation
chewing/swallowing disorders
muscular weakness, sweating
stiff gait, recumbency
diagnosis of equine leukoencephalomalacia
feed analysis
necroscopy of brain and liver
localisation of facial paralysis
central, peripheral in relation to petrous bone
cause of facial paralysis
cerebral abscess
otitis media
guttural pouch inflammation (mycosis)
trauma
clinical signs of facial paralysis
central
symmetrical paralysis of ears and face
clinical signs of facial paralysis
peripheral
unilateral paresis/paralysis of nostril and lip
consequence of facial paralysis
impaired eating/drinking and breathing
treatment of facial paralysis
eliminate cause
vit b1
gcc
another name of polyneuritis equi
cauda equinaa syndrome
cause of polyneuritis equi
unknown
clinical signs of polyneuritis equi
acute
hyperaesthesia of perineal and head area
clinical signs of polyneuritis equi
chronic
paralysis of tail, anus, rectum, bladder
tail - gait deficit, posterior paraplegia
rectum - retention
bladder - cystitis, incontinence
treatment of polyneuritis equi
urinary catheter
manual fecal removal
treat cystitis with AB
GCC
vit b1
