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Equine > Nervous system disorders > Flashcards

Nervous system disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what does cvm stand for

A

cervical vertebreal malformation

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2
Q

another name for cvm

A

cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy
wobbler syndrome

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of CVM

A

CVI and CSS

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4
Q

What does CVI stand for

A

Cervical vertebral instability

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5
Q

what does CVI affect

A

C3-C4 and C4-5

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6
Q

What type of compression is in CVI

A

dynamic compression

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7
Q

what does CSS stand for

A

cervical static stenosis

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8
Q

what does CSS affect

A

C5-6 and C6-7

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9
Q

what type of compression is CSS

A

static compression

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10
Q

what is teh consequence of CVM in young horses

A

symmetrical ataxia

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11
Q

what horses are most at risk of CVM

A

thoroughbreds, quarter horses
males > females

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12
Q

causes of CVM

A

genetic, environment
genetic predisposition
nutrition
rapid growth
trauma
abnormal biomechanical forces

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13
Q

where is there narrowing of vertebral canal in CVM

A

C3-C6

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14
Q

4 symptoms of CSS

A

thickening of dorsal lamina
enlargement of lig flavum
degenerative articular processes
thickened joint capsule

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15
Q

3 symptoms of CVI

A

subluxation of adjacent vertebrae
malformation of caudal vertebral physis/epiphysis
malformation or malarticulation of articular processes

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16
Q

clinical signs of cvm

A

symmetrical ataxia
weakness
pelvic limbs worse
spasticity
deficits progress then stabilise
DOD clinical signs

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17
Q

how are deficits of cvm emphasised

A

circling
head elevation
backing
maneuvering over obstacles

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18
Q

diagnosis of cvm

A

xray
normal csf
compression myelopgrpahy

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19
Q

what does xray of cvm show

A

luxation, narrowing of spinal canal and arthritic lesions

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20
Q

treatment of cvm

A

stall rest
restricted exercise and diet
nsaids
gcc
DMSO

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21
Q

surgery of css

A

subtotal dorsal laminectomy

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22
Q

surgery of cvi

A

vertebral interbody fusion

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23
Q

cause of head and spinal trauma

A

direct physical injury
cerebral/spinal chord concussion or contusion
hermorrhage, epidural/subdural hematoma
fracture or sphenoid/occipital

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24
Q

clinical signs or head and spinal trauma

A

cerebral lesions
hematoma
loss of consciousness
focal signs
epistaxis

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25
Q

treatment of head and spinal trauma

A

stall rest
sedatives and analgesia
decreased secondary oedema
artifical feeding

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26
Q

2 different types of heat stroke

A

non exertional (exposure to high environmental temp)
exertional (exercise)

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27
Q

what is insolation

A

direct effect of solar radiation on the brain
cerebral hyperaemia

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28
Q

clinical signs of sun and heat stroke

A

hyperthermia
sudden onset, dullness and weakness
neurosigns
lung oedema

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29
Q

neuro signs of sun and heat stroke

A

collapse
convulsions
coma

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30
Q

treatment of sun and heat stroke

A

cool body
IV fluids
GCC, sedatives, anticonvulsions

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31
Q

virus of rabies

A

lyssavirus

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32
Q

incubation of rabies

A

2 weeks - 6months

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33
Q

course of rabies

A

2-10days

34
Q

where is replication of rabies

A

myocytes

35
Q

pathogenesis of rabies

A

myocytes => peripheral nerves => spinal ganglia => CNS => brain, spinal chord, symp trunk, glial cells => organs

36
Q

clinical signs of rabies

A

colic signs
ataxia
anorexia
repeated urination and defecation
hyperaesthesia
+/- hypersexuality

37
Q

what are the 3 forms of neuro signs of rabies

A

cerebral/ furious form
brain stem/dumb form
spinal/paralytic

38
Q

clinical signs of cerebral/furious form of rabies

A

aggression
photophobia
hydrophobia
convulsions
hyperaesthesia
straining
muscular tremor

39
Q

clinical signs of brain stem/ dumb form of rabies

A

depression
anorexia
head tilt
circling
incontinence
ataxia
dementia
salivation
blindness
flaccid tail and anus
facial and pharyngeal paralysis
self mutiliation

40
Q

clinical signs of spinal/paralytic form of rabies

A

progressing ascending limb paralysis
ataxia/shifting lameness
hyperaesthesia
self mutilation
recumbency, convulsions

41
Q

differential of rabies

A

hepatoencephalopathy
leucoencephalopathy
cauda equine neuritis
trauma
togaviral encephalitis
botulism
menigitis
mass
west nile virus
lead poison
EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
eq protozoal myeloencphalitis

42
Q

EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy cause

A

eq herpes virus 1

43
Q

what does EHV-1 also cause

A

vasculitis
diffuse multifocal myeloencephalopathy

44
Q

where does EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy replicate

A

nasopharyngeal ep

45
Q

how is EHV protected

A

it is IC

46
Q

predilection site of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy

A

CNS vascular epithelium

47
Q

clinical signs of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy

A

toe dragging, knuckling, stumbling
decreased tail and anal tone/sensitivity
cranial nerve deficits
distended bladder
colic
penile flaccidity
incontinence
difficulty defacating

48
Q

what type of horse has a better prognosis in EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy

A

standing

49
Q

onset of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy

A

acute onset of ataxia and paresis
clinical signs stabilise in 2 days

50
Q

diagnosis of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy

A
  • CSF increased protein and xanthochromia
  • increased blood antibodies
  • PCR
51
Q

treatment of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy

A

quarantine
GCC
AB
vits - B, C ,E
acyclovir
treat pressure sores
sternal recumbency
laxative and urinary catheter

52
Q

virus of west nile

A

flavivirus

53
Q

vector of west nile

A

mosquitoes

54
Q

bacterial meningitis , encephalitis is a consequence of

A

strangles
sinusitis
periositis
neonatal septicaemia

55
Q

clinical signs of bacterial meningitis , encephalitis

A

pyrexia
depression
hypereasthesia
tremors
blindness
cranial nerve deficits
head pressing
stupor
ataxia
paresis
convulsions
recumbency
coma

56
Q

diagnosis of bacterial meningitis , encephalitis

A

increased protein and bacteria in CSF
culture and sensitivitiy

57
Q

treatment of bacterial meningitis , encephalitis

A

Gr +ve - penicillin, ampicillin, ceftiofur
Gr -ve - TMP sulfonamide, gentamycin, amikacin

58
Q

parasitic encephalitis/ myelitis causing worms

A

strongulus vulgaris
angiostrongylus cantonensis

59
Q

parasitic encephalitis/ myelitis other

A

hypoderma bovis
habronema
setria
halicephalobus deletrix

60
Q

causes of tetanus

A

clostridium tetani
exotoxins
motor neurons in ventral horn
inhibition of glycine & gaba release
increased musclular irratibility
spasm in skeletal muscle

61
Q

incubation of tetanus

A

21days

62
Q

clinical signs of tetanus

A

spasm of skeletal muscles
trismus
risus sardonicus
3rd eyelid prolapse
wide nostril
salivation, abnormal prehension, mastication
dysphagia
stiff head/neck/gait
tachypnoea, dyspnoea
sweating, dehydration
rigid
saw horse posture
elevated tail

63
Q

treatment of tetanus

A

quiet, dark box
sedation
myorelaxation (diazepam)
wound managment
fluids
AB
antitoxin
semi liquid feed
detomidine, xylazine, ACP

64
Q

vaccination for tetanus of foal of non vaccinated mare

A

dose 1 = 3-4mon
dose 2 = 4-5mon
dose 3 = 6-8mon

65
Q

vaccination for tetanus of foal of vaccinated mare

A

dose 1 = 6mon
dose 2 = 7mon
dose 3 = 9-10mon

66
Q

cause of botulism

A

clostridium botulinum

67
Q

clinical signs of botulism

A

normal sensorium
chewing - swallowing disorder
salivation, tongue paralysis
weakness or skeletal muscle
trembling
recumbency

68
Q

cause of equine leukoencephalomalacia

A

fumonisin B1 toxin
Fusarium monilforma

69
Q

signs of equine leukoencephalomalacia

A

anorexia
depression/ excitation
chewing/swallowing disorders
muscular weakness, sweating
stiff gait, recumbency

70
Q

diagnosis of equine leukoencephalomalacia

A

feed analysis
necroscopy of brain and liver

71
Q

localisation of facial paralysis

A

central, peripheral in relation to petrous bone

72
Q

cause of facial paralysis

A

cerebral abscess
otitis media
guttural pouch inflammation (mycosis)
trauma

73
Q

clinical signs of facial paralysis
central

A

symmetrical paralysis of ears and face

74
Q

clinical signs of facial paralysis
peripheral

A

unilateral paresis/paralysis of nostril and lip

75
Q

consequence of facial paralysis

A

impaired eating/drinking and breathing

76
Q

treatment of facial paralysis

A

eliminate cause
vit b1
gcc

77
Q

another name of polyneuritis equi

A

cauda equinaa syndrome

78
Q

cause of polyneuritis equi

A

unknown

79
Q

clinical signs of polyneuritis equi
acute

A

hyperaesthesia of perineal and head area

80
Q

clinical signs of polyneuritis equi
chronic

A

paralysis of tail, anus, rectum, bladder
tail - gait deficit, posterior paraplegia
rectum - retention
bladder - cystitis, incontinence

81
Q

treatment of polyneuritis equi

A

urinary catheter
manual fecal removal
treat cystitis with AB
GCC
vit b1

Equine (25 decks)

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