Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSK > Upper limb disease > Flashcards

Upper limb disease Flashcards

1
Q

How is peripheral nerve compression different to cervical nerve root compression?

A

Does not cause dermatomal or myotomal changes, instead affects peripheral nerve and motor locations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What forms the carpal tunnel of the wrist?

A

The carpal bones and the flexor retinaculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?

A

The medial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Mostly idiopathic

BUT RA and conditions which cause fluid retention also cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the presenting complaint in carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Parasthesia in thumb and radial 2 1/2 fingers
worse at night
sometimes weakness of thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can be seen on examination of the hand with carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Loss of sensation or muscle wastage of thenar eminence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Tinel’s test?

A

Percussing over median nerve over the wrist and the transverse ligament, across the thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a positive Tinel’s test?

A

Pins and needles felt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Phalen’s test?

A

Hands together with dorsal surfaces touching for 30-60 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a positive Phalen’s test?

A

Tingling in thumb, middle and half of ring finger.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What non-operative methods can be used to treat carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Wrist splints at night

Steroid injection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome involve?

A

Division of the transverse carpal ligament under local anaesthetic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

Compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow behind the medial epicondyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does cubital tunnel syndrome present?

A

Parasthesia in ulnar fingers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

On examination, what is expected in carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Positive Tinel’s test

Positive Froment’s test (paper between fingers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What bones make up the elbow joint?

A

Humerus
Radius
Ulna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What muscle causes elbow extension and where does it insert?

A

Triceps muscle

Olecranon process of the ulna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What muscle causes elbow flexion and where does it insert?

A

Biceps brachii

Bicipital tuberosity of the radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which is more common in the elbow:

RA or OA?

A

RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is lateral epicondylitis also called?

A

Tennis elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is lateral epicondylitis?

A

Repetitive strain injury which results in micro-tears in the common extensor origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does lateral epicondylitis present?

A

Painful and tender lateral epicondyle and pain on resisted middle finger extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the treatment for lateral epicondylitis?

A

Rest from exacerbating activities, NSAIDs and steroid injections.
Sometimes an elbow clasp brace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is golfer’s elbow?

A

Medial epicondylitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why are steroid injections not used in golfers elbow as treatment?

A

Risk of injury to the ulnar nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When does OA occur of the elbow?

A

Most commonly after trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What surgical options are there with RA/OA of the elbow?

A

Surgical excision of the radial head

TER which restricts lifting severely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Dupuytren’s contracture?

A

Hyperplasia of palmar fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the pathology behind Duputryen’s contracture?

A 
Proliferation of myofibroblast cells
Type III (abnormal) collagen production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What fingers are most commonly affected by Duputryen’s contracture?

A

Ring and little

Half of cases are bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Who tends to get Duputryen’s contracture?

A

Men
Alcohol cirrhosis
Diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What surgical procedures are indicated for Duputryen’s contracture?

A

Fasciectomy- removal of all diseased tissue

Fasciotomy- division of cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is trigger finger?

A

Tendonitis of a flexor tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How does trigger finger present?

A

Painful, clicking sensation of the finger which does not release on extension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the treatment of trigger finger?

A

Steroid injection

36
Q

What is the pulley called in trigger finger?

A

A1 pulley.

37
Q

What are nodes at the DIPs of OA called?

A

Heberdens nodes

38
Q

What are the nodes at the PIPs of OA called?

A

Bouchard’s nodes

39
Q

What is swan necking?

A

PIP goes down

40
Q

What is Boutonniere?

A

DIP is stuck straight

41
Q

What are ganglion cysts?

A

Mucous filled cysts adjacent to a tendon or synovial joint

42
Q

What is a ganglion cyst called if found in popliteal fossa?

A

Baker’s cyst

43
Q

Where are ganglions cysts most commonly found?

A

DIP

wrist

44
Q

What do ganglions cysts look like?

A

Firm, smooth, rubbery and transilluminates

45
Q

What benign tumours can also be found on the palmar surface of the hand?

A

Giant cell tumours

46
Q

Why do giant cell tumours look brown?

A

They contain haemosiderin

47
Q

What is the humero-ulnar joint responsible for?

A

Flexion and extension

48
Q

What is the radiocapitellar joint responsible for?

A

Supination and pronation

49
Q

What muscle is Froment’s test testing?

A

Adductor pollicis

50
Q

True or False.

Pain and swelling at the sternoclavicular joint is more common that at the acromioclavicular joint

A

False.

Acromioclavicular joint disease is more common

51
Q

Glenohumeral OA presents with what signs?

A

Crepitus

Loss of external rotation

52
Q

True or False.

Shoulder joint replacements have a better long term outcome than THR

A

False at 10 years

53
Q

What are the two joints of the elbow called?

A

Humeroulnar

Humeroradial

54
Q

What restrictions exist with elbow replacements?

A

Limited to 5kg load lifting

55
Q

What is Phalen’s test?

A

Test for carpal tunnel syndrome.
Flexion of wrist for 1 minute.
Positive test is tingling.

56
Q

What is the average speed of nerve transmission?

A

30m/s

57
Q

What is tendinopathy?

A

Disease of a tendon

58
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Tendon injuries with inflammation

59
Q

What is tendonosis?

A

Chronic tendon injury with damage to a tendon at cellular level

60
Q

What is tenosynovitis?

A

Inflammation of the tendon sheath

61
Q

What is enthesopathy?

A

Inflammation of the tendon origin or the insertion into bone

62
Q

Where does de Quervain’s tenosynovitis affect?

A

Extensor pollicis brevis
abductor poliicis longus
at thenar aspect

63
Q

Embryologically, where do tendons originate?

A

Lateral plate of the mesoderm

64
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Joins muscle to bone

65
Q

In which conditions are steroid injections indicated?

A

Rotator cuff

Tennis elbow

66
Q

When are splints indicated?

A

Achilles tendonitis

67
Q

What are the clinical findings of a rotator cuff pathology?

A

Achy pain with shoulder tenderness
Difficulty sleeping on affected side or reaching overhead
Painful arc 60-120

68
Q

How is a rotator cuff injury treated?

A

Conservative management with arthroscopic suturing as a last resort

69
Q

Which method of imaging is gold standard for a rotator cuff injury?

A

USS

70
Q

Which part of the biceps is affected in biceps tendinopathy?

A

Long head of biceps which inserts into labrum/glenoid

71
Q

What causes biceps tendinopathy?

A

Overuse, instability, impingement or trauma

72
Q

Where does pain radiate to in biceps tendinopathy?

A

Anterior shoulder to elbow

73
Q

What is the classic sign on examination of a biceps tendon rupture?

A

Popeye sign with extensive bruising

74
Q

What is medial epicondylitis also known as?

A

Golfer’s elbow

75
Q

What makes the pain of medial epicondylitis worse?

A

Wrist flexion and pronation,

Also worse on grasping e.g. opening jars

76
Q

What is the management of medial epicondylitis?

A

Rest and modification of activities

Physio

77
Q

In what condition is Mill’s test useful?

A

Lateral epicondylitis

78
Q

What is lateral epicondylitis known as?

A

Tennis elbow

79
Q

Who is most likely to get De Quervain’s tenosynovitis?

A

Women aged 30-50

Pregnancy

80
Q

What makes up the extensor mechanism of the knee?

A

Quadriceps muscle
Quadriceps tendon
Patella
Patella tendon

81
Q

What makes extensor knee problems more likely?

A

Trauma
Steroids or abx
DM

82
Q

What can be found on examination if there is an extensor knee problem?

A

Palpable gap

No straight leg raise

83
Q

What is the treatment for extensor knee problems?

A

Surgical repair

84
Q

What can be found on examination in achilles tendon?

A

Palpable gap posteriorly
Unable to tiptoe stand
ecchymosis

85
Q

What test can be done for Achilles tendon?

A

Simmonds test.

Squeezing calf should cause plantarflexion of the ankle

86
Q

In which patients is Achilles tendon more common in?

A

RA
Steroid users
patients with existing tendonitis

87
Q

What are the two options for management of Achilles tendon?

A

Plaster

Surgical repair

MSK (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions