Anatomy Flashcards
What are the six regions of the lower limb?
Gluteal Femoral Knee Leg Ankle Foot
What are the superficial muscles in the gluteal region?
Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia latae
What roles do the superficial muscles of the gluteal region play?
Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of the thigh
What nerves are involved in the superficial gluteal muscles?
Obturator
What is Trendelenburg’s gait?
Pelvis will tilt and looks like one leg is too long.
What are the deep muscles involved in the gluteal region?
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Gemelli
Quadratus femoris
What do the deep muscles in the gluteal region do?
Lateral rotators of thigh
Hip stabiliser
What is the nerve innervation for the deep muscles of the gluteal region?
The nerves of the sacral plexus
Where do the nerves enter and exit the pelvis from?
The greater and lesser sciatic foramen
What ligaments make up the lesser sciatic foramen?
Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
Where does the sciatic nerve arise from?
L4- S3
What does the sciatic nerve supply?
Posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscles
Where does the pudendal nerve arise from?
S2-S4
What does the pudendal nerve supply?
Perineum
Where does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh arise from?
S1-S3
What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply?
Skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum
What does the sciatic nerve separate into at the distal thigh?
Tibial nerve
Common fibular
What artery is involved with the sciatic nerve?
Artery to the sciatic nerve
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
Superior- inguinal ligament Medial - lateral border of adductor longus Lateral- medial border of sartorius Floor- iliopsoas and pectinus Roof- fascia lata
What is the contents of the femoral triangle?
Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Lymphatics
What are the 3 compartments of the thigh?
Anterior
Medial
Posterior
What are the 3 compartments of the leg?
Anterior
Lateral (LEG HAS LATERAL)
Posterior
In the anterior thigh what are the muscles involved?
Flexors: Pectinus, ilipsoas, sartorius
Extensors: quadriceps femoris
What nerves are involved in the anterior thigh?
Remember psoas major is different!
All femoral nerves L2,3,4
and psoas major L1,L2,L3
What are the adductor muscles of the medial thigh?
Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus
What is the nerve supply to the medial thigh?
Remember adductor magnus is different!
Obturator nerve.
L2,3,4
Hamstring part of adductor magus is tibial nerve
What muscles are involved in the posterior thigh?
Semitendinosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris
What is the nerve supply to the posterior thigh?
The tibial division of the sciatic nerve.
L5, S1, S2
What muscles are involved in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorium longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius
What is the nerve supply to the anterior leg?
Deep fibular nerve.
L4,5
What are the muscles involved in the lateral leg?
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
What is the nerve supply to the lateral leg?
Superficial fibular nerve
L5,S1, S2
SAME AS POSTERIOR THIGH
What superficial muscles are involved in the posterior leg?
Gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
What is the nerve innervation to the posterior leg?
tibial nerve
What are the deep muscles involved in the posterior leg?
popliteus
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior
What is contained within the popliteal fossa?
Fat
Terminal small saphenous vein
Tibial and common fibular nerves
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
superolaterally- biceps femoris
superomedially- semimembranosus
inferiorly- gastrocnemius
roof- popliteal fascia
What structure does the superficial lymphatics follow?
Saphenous veins
Where do the superficial lymphatics drain to?
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes then to the external iliac nodes
What structures do the deep lymphatics follow?
The deep veins
Where do the deep lymphatics drain to?
Popliteal lymph nodes then to the deep inguinal and finally end up in the external iliac nodes (same as superficial)
What kind of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and socket
Which two structures articulate to make the hip joint?
Head of femur
Acetabulum of hip
True or False
The hip joint is a cartilaginous joint.
False.
It is a synovial joint.
What are ligaments for?
To strengthen the joint capsule
What are the ligaments involved in the hip joint?
Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
What does the deep femoral artery divide into?
The medial and lateral circumflex artery to supply the hip joint.
What kind of joint is the knee joint?
Hinge joint
What are the articulations of the knee joint?
2X femerotibial
1X femeropatellar
What is the main movement of the knee joint?
Flexion-extension
True or False.
The knee joint is a synovial joint.
True!
Not as strong as the hip joint.
What are the extracapsular knee ligaments?
Outside capsule
Patellar ligament
Lateral and medial collateral ligament
What are the intra-articular knee ligaments?
Anterior and posterior cruciate
ACL and PCL
What are menisci?
Crescent shaped and made of fibrocartilage.
Protection and shock absorption.
What menisci are present in the knee?
Medial and lateral
What is the calcaneal tendon?
The Achilles tendon
Where does the the calcaneal tendon stretch from?
The calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus to
the tendons of the gastrocneumius and soleus.
