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MSK > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

Which muscles are striated?

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

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3
Q

What kind of nerve control is the skeletal muscle under?

A

Somatic nervous system therefore it is voluntary

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4
Q

Which is thin - actin or myosin?

A

Actin

Appears lighter.

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5
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Single motor neurone and all the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

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6
Q

True or False

The number of muscle fibres per motor neurone rise as the muscle performs finer movements.

A

False.

Fine movements require fewer fibres per motor unit.

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7
Q

Describe the levels of organisation in a skeletal muscle.

A

Muscle –>
Muscle fibre –>
myofibril –>
Sarcomere –> actin and myosin

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8
Q

True or False.

There are gap junctions in skeletal muscle.

A

False.

There are NO gap junctions.

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9
Q

Where does the Ca++ ions for contraction come from in skeletal muscle?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Released when the AP reaches the T tubules

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10
Q

Which muscle has intercalated discs?

A

cardiac muscle

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11
Q

What is excitation contraction coupling?

A

When the action potential causes the muscles to contract.

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12
Q

What attaches a skeletal muscle to bone?

A

Tendons

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13
Q

What lies between 2 Z lines?

A

Sarcomere

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14
Q

What are the 4 zones of the sarcomere?

A

A band
H zone
M line
I band

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15
Q

What is in the A band?

A

A for all.

Actin and myosin.

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16
Q

What is in the H band?

A

This is within the A band.

There are no actin filaments here - only myosin

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17
Q

What is the M line?

A

Vertical line within the H zone of the A band

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18
Q

What is an I band?

A

Beside the A band.

No myosin, only actin.

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19
Q

How is muscle tension produced?

A

Actin filaments sliding over myosin filaments

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20
Q

What is ATP required for?

A

Contraction and relaxation.

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21
Q

What is Ca++ needed for?

A

Ca++ binds to troponin which causes the troponin to move to uncover the binding sites on actin.

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22
Q

How is the muscle relaxed?

A

ATP is needed to remove the Ca++ from troponin to close the cross bridge.

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23
Q

What factors affect the tension of a contracting muscle?

A

Frequency of stimulation
Length of muscle fibre
Thickness of muscle fibre

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24
Q

What is tentanus?

A

A maximal strained contraction after the muscle does not have time to relax

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25
Q

What might happen if a second AP is introduced after the refractory period?

A

A second twitch will be summated

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26
Q

Why can cardiac muscle not be tetanised?

A

Cardiac muscle has a long refractory period

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27
Q

What is the optimal length of a muscle?

A

The resting length of a skeletal muscle

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28
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

Used for moving objects and general body movements

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29
Q

What affect does isotonic contraction have on muscle length?

A

Muscle length changes

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30
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

Used for supporting objects in fixed positions and maintaining posture

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31
Q

What affect does isometric contraction have on muscle length?

A

Muscle length stays the same

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32
Q

How is muscle tension transmitted to bone?

A

By elastic components i.e. tendons and connective tissue

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33
Q

True or False.

A stronger muscle will have more muscle fibres

A

True.

To obtain more precise movements there are less fibres

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34
Q

What is the velocity of muscle shortening?

A

How fast the muscle can revert back to its original length

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35
Q

What makes the velocity of shortening zero?

A

If the load is maximum i.e. carrying something heavy.

Muscle cannot shorten if it is being used.

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36
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A reflex is a stereotyped response to a specific stimulus

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37
Q

What is a stretch reflex?

A

Serves as a negative feedback that resists passive change in muscle length to maintain optimal resting length

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38
Q

When is the stretch reflex used?

A

To maintain posture.

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39
Q

What is the sensory receptor involved in the stretch reflex?

A

The muscle spindle.

It is activated by muscle stretch

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40
Q

How does the stretch reflex work?

A

Stretching the muscle spindle increases firing in the afferent neurons.
These synapse in the spinal cord with the alpha motor neurones that innervate the stretched muscle.

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41
Q

Which peripheral nerve is affected by the knee jerk reflex?

A

Femoral nerve of L3, L4

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42
Q

Which peripheral nerve is affected by the ankle nerve reflex?

A

Tibial nerve of S1, S2

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43
Q

What is a muscle spindle?

A

Sensory receptor for stretch reflex

44
Q

What is an intrafusal fibre?

A

A muscle spindle

45
Q

What are annulospiral fibres?

A

The sensory nerve endings on muscle spindles

46
Q

What are the motor nerves which supply the muscle spindles calledd?

A

Gamma motor neurones

47
Q

True or False

Each motor unit contains one type of muscle fibre

A

True.

48
Q

What are the metabolic pathways which supply the muscle fibre with ATP?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

Glycolysis (anaerobic)

49
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibres?

A 
Type I (slow oxidative)
Type IIa (fast oxidative)
Type IIb (fast glycolytic)
50
Q

When are type I muscles used?

A

Prolonged, low work aerobic activities. Walking

51
Q

When are type IIa muscles used?

A

Both aerobic and anaerobic e.g. jogging

52
Q

When are type IIb muscles used?

A

Anerobic metabolism.

Jumping, sprinting.

53
Q

What are the 3 types of joint?

A

Synovial
Fibrous
Cartilaginous

54
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

A

Bones of the skull

55
Q

What are some examples of a cartilaginous joint?

A

Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphsis
Costochondral joints

56
Q

What is the other name for a synovial joint?

A

Diathrosis

57
Q

What is the other name for a cartilaginous joint?

A

Amphiarthrosis

58
Q

What is the other name for a fibrous joint?

A

Synarthrosis

59
Q

What produces synovial fluid?

A

Fibroblasts

60
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the bone covered with?

A

Hyaline cartilage

61
Q

What is a compound synovial joint?

A

More than one pair of articular surfaces involved

62
Q

What is synovium?

A

Provides joint lubrication.

Formed from hyaluronic acid.

63
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

Supplies the chrondrocytes with oxygen and nutrients

Lubrication and facilitates joint movements.

64
Q

True or False

The synovial present at birth is present to death

A

False.

Constantly being replenished by the synovial membrane

65
Q

What colour is normal synovial fluid?

A

Colourless and clear

66
Q

When could synovial fluid be red?

A

Trauma (if you’ve done the tap badly)

Haemorrhagic arthritis

67
Q

When would the WBC count in synovial fluid rise?

A

Inflammatory and septic arthritis.

68
Q

What are the 3 layers of articular cartilage?

A

Superficial
Middle
Deep

69
Q

What type of collagen is hyaline cartilage majoritively made of?

A

Type II

70
Q

What is the majority of hyaline cartilage made of?

A

Water.

Water content decreases with age

71
Q

What role does proteoglycan play in cartilage?

A

10% of weight.
Most found in the middle and deep zone.
Responsible for the compressive properties with load bearing

72
Q

Which cells synthesise the cartilage ECM?

A

Chondrocytes

73
Q

Where do chondrocytes get their nutrients from since the cartilage is avascular?

A

Synovial fluid.

74
Q

What catabolic (breaking down) factors can affect cartilage matrix turnover?

A

TNF alpha
IL1
These inhibit proteoglycan synthesis

75
Q

What anabolic (building up) factors can affect cartilage matrix turnover?

A

tumour growth factor beta (TGF beta)

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)

76
Q

What are common markers to check cartilage degradation?

A

Synovial keratin sulphate

Synovial Type II collagen

77
Q

What is a nociceptor?

A

Peripheral primary sensory afferent neurones which are activated by intense stimuli.

78
Q

What provides joint lubrication?

A

Synovium which comes from hyaluronic acid.

79
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

A

A disaccharide polymer

80
Q

Why does synovial fluid have a high viscosity?

A

Mucin of hyaluronic acid

81
Q

True or False

There are many cells present in synovial fluid

A

False.
There are few cells.
These would be monocytes.

82
Q

True or False

Joint movement increases viscosity.

A

False.

Joint movement DECREASES viscosity

83
Q

When could the synovial fluid appear opaque?

A

In sepsis

84
Q

What factors would cause the turnover of cartilage to decrease?

A

Proteolytic enzymes such as collagenase

85
Q

What crystals cause gout?

A

Uric acid

86
Q

What crystals cause pseudogout?

A

Calcium pyrophosphate

87
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Peripheral primary sensor neurones which are activated by intense stimuli

88
Q

What kind of stimuli affect nociceptors?

A

Extremes of temperature
Intense mechanical force
Chemical irritants
Of high threshold

89
Q

True or False.

Nociceptive pain is adaptive and initiates a withdrawal reflex

A

True.

It needs an immediate response.

90
Q

What is allodynia?

A

Innocuous stimuli causes pain.

Such as an unexpected touch

91
Q

What is pain hypersensitivity?

A

Heightened sense of pain

92
Q

In what circumstances is inflammatory pain brought into play?

A

the healing of a damaged body part since it discourages physical contact and movement

93
Q

What can be used to alleviate inflammatory pain?

A

NSAIDs

94
Q

What is pathological pain?

A

Maladaptive i.e. always painful

95
Q

What are the two types of pathological pain?

A

neurological and dysfunctional

96
Q

Describe neurological pain

A

Pain which results from a previous injury and is due to peripheral nerve damage

97
Q

Describe dysfunctional pain

A

Positive pain symptoms but seemingly no cause.

98
Q

What are the two types of nociceptor?

A

Adelta fibres

C fibres

99
Q

Describe A delta nociceptors

A

Myelinated thermal/mechanical receptors.

Fast acting.

100
Q

What kind of pain is describe that is elicited by A delta fibres?

A

Stabbing

Well localised

101
Q

Describe C fibres

A

Unmyelinated which respond later to all stimuli.

102
Q

What kind of pain is transmitted by C fibres?

A

Throbbing, aching, burning.

103
Q

What does substance P do?

A

Vasodilation

Extravasation of plasma proteins e.g. histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandin

104
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter between the primary afferent and second order neurone?

A

Glutamate

105
Q

Where are the primary afferent cell bodies located?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

106
Q

Where do the axons terminate?

A

The dorsal horn of the spinal cord in laminae of Rexed

MSK (30 decks)

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