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Medicine 2 Week 6 - 11 > Upper Limb 1 > Flashcards

Upper Limb 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two ends of the clavicle referred to as

A

Sternal End and Acromial End

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2
Q

Which is more lateral, the acromion or the coracoid process

A

The acromion is more lateral and the coracoid process is more medial

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3
Q

Which is more medial, the lesser or greater tubercle of the humerus

A

The lesser tubercle is more medial

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4
Q

What is the supraspinous fossa

A

Look at superior margin of left scapula (It is the depression on the superior border of the posterior scapula)

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5
Q

What part of the humerus articulates with the scapula

A

The head of the humerus

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6
Q

Anatomical vs Surgical necks of Humerus

A

The anatomical neck is the part between the head and the tuberosities
The surgical neck is the part between the tuberosities and the shaft

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7
Q

What is the name of the space between the two tuberosities of the humerus

A

Intertubercular sulcus/bicipital groove

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8
Q

What is the suprascapular notch

A

A tiny groove between the superior border of the scapula and coracoid process

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9
Q

Subscapular Fossa

A
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10
Q

Infraspinous Fossa

A

On the posterior side of the scapula

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11
Q

Coronoid Fossa

A
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12
Q

Where is the deltoid tuberosity located

A

About halfway down the anterolateral surface of the humerus

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13
Q

Which protrudes more, the medial or lateral epicondyles?

A

Medial Epicondyle

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14
Q

What is the majority of the humerus referred to as

A

Shaft

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15
Q

Which is more medial, the trochlea or the capitulum

A

The trochlea is more medial

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16
Q

What articulates with the trochlea and what articulates with the capitulum

A

Trochlea - Ulna

Capitulum - Radius

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17
Q

What bone(s) articulates with the carpal bones

A

The Radius does articulate but the ulna does not

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18
Q

Bones at the base of the hand

A

Carpal Bones

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19
Q

What bones are directly distal to the bones at the base of the hand

A

Metacarpal bones

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20
Q

What group of bones (3) are the most distal of the hand

A

Phalanges (proximal, middle and distal)

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21
Q

What are the bones of the thumb referred to as

A

Proximal Phalanx and Distal Phalanx

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22
Q

Styloid process general meaning

A

A slender projection of bone

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23
Q

Where is the Glenoid Fossa

A

Lateral border of the scapula

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24
Q

Where is the supraglenoid tubercle located relative to the coracoid process

A

Posterior to the base

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25
Q

Where is the infraglenoid tubercle locates relative to the lateral border of the scapula

A

Inferior

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26
Q

Where do the two heads of the biceps brachii articulate

A

Short Head - Apex of Coracoid Process

Long Head - Supraglenoid Tubercle of scapula

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27
Q

Which is more medial - the long or short head of the biceps brachii

A

The short head is more medial

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28
Q

Describe the path of the musculocutaneous nerve relative to the flexor muscles

A

Superficial to the brachialis but deep to the biceps brachii

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29
Q

To which part of the upper limb does the musculocutaneous nerve provide sensory supply

A

Lateral aspect of the forearm

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30
Q

Three flexors of the arm from superficial to deep

A

Biceps Brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

(BBC)

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31
Q

What nerve provides motor innervation of the flexors of the arm

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve

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32
Q

Origin of coracobrachialis

A

Coracoid process of scapula (think of name)

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33
Q

Insertion of coracobrachialis

A

Anteromedial surface of humeral shaft

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34
Q

What is the axillary artery referred to as when it goes into the upper arm

A

Brachial Artery

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35
Q

What are the two main arteries of the forearm

A

Ulnar and Radial Arteries

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36
Q

Name the 3 heads of the triceps brachii

A

Medial Head
Lateral Head
Long Head

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37
Q

Origins of the triceps brachii heads

A

Long Head - Infraglenoid Tubercle of Scapula
Medial Head - Posterior surface of humerus (inferior to radial groove)
Lateral Head - Posterior surface of humerus (superior to radial groove)

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38
Q

Olecranon

A

Proximal Tip of Ulna

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39
Q

Insertion of triceps brachii

A

Olecranon of Ulna and Fascia of Forearm

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40
Q

Which nerve supplies the motor innervation of the triceps brachii

A

Radial Nerve

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41
Q

Teres Major

A
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42
Q

Origin of Teres Major

A

Inferior Angle of lateral border of scapula

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43
Q

Insertion point of teres major

A

Intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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44
Q

What nerve innervates the teres major and which cord does it come from

A

Lower subscapular nerve - from posterior cord of brachial plexus

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45
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A
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46
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi insert

A

Intertubercular sulcus between pec major and teres major muscles

** Lady between two majors

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47
Q

What nerve innervates the Lattisimus Dorsi and which cord does it come from

A

Thoracodorsal Nerve - from posterior cord of brachial plexus

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48
Q

Radial Groove

A

Broad shallow depression on posterior humeral shaft for the radial nerve and deep brchial artery

49
Q

Anconeus

A

Small triangular muscle of tarm located at posterior aspect of elbow

50
Q

Origin of anconeus

A

Lateral Epicondyle

51
Q

Insertion point of anconeus

A

Lateral surface of olecranon

52
Q

Insertion point of anconeus

A

Lateral surface of olecranon

53
Q

Innervation of Anconeus muscle

A

Radial Nerve

54
Q

Relation of ulnar nerve to medial epicondyle

A

Superficial (this nerve is the ‘funny bone’)

55
Q

Which flexor of the arm provides the greatest amount of flexion force

A

Brachialis

56
Q

What do the biceps and brachialis do that the coracobrachialis does not

A

The coracobrachialis will flex & adduct the arm but not the forearm, unlike the other two muscles I think

57
Q

When is the biceps more powerful

A

When the elbow approaches 90 degrees

58
Q

Boundaries of Cubital Fossa

A

Superior - Imaginary line between medial and lateral epicondyles
Medial - Pronator Teres Muscle
Lateral - Brachioradialis Muscle

59
Q

Clinical Significance of Cubital Fossa Surface Anatomy

A

Blood transfusion from median cubital vein

60
Q

Arteriovenous fistula for haemodialysis

A

Order of preference
Radial Artery - Cephalic Vein
Brachiocephalic Insertions
Brachiobasilic Insertions

61
Q

Contents of Cubital Fossa

A

Terminal part of brachial artery
Start of radial & Ulnar Arteries
Meduan & Radial Nerves - both superficial and superficial branches

62
Q

Superficial Wrist Muscles of Anterior compartment of forearm

A

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU)

Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR)

63
Q

Superficial Extrinsic Hand Muscles of Anterior compartment of forearm

A

Palmaris Longus

Flexor Digitalis Superficialis (FDS)

64
Q

Superficial Forearm Rotator Muscles of Anterior compartment of forearm

A

Only Pronator Teres

65
Q

Deep Extrinsic Hand Muscles of Anterior compartment of forearm

A

Flexor Digitalis Profundus (FDP)

Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL)

66
Q

Deep Forearm Rotator Muscles of Anterior compartment of forearm

A

Only pronator quadratus

67
Q

Elbow Joint Muscles of Lateral Compartment of Forearm

A

Brachioradialis

68
Q

Wrist Muscles of Lateral Compartment of Forearm

A

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL)

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB)

69
Q

Superficial Wrist Muscles of Dorsal Compartment of Forearm

A

Only Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU)

70
Q

Superficial Elbow Joint Muscles of Dorsal Compartment of Forearm

A

Only Anconeus

71
Q

Superficial Extrinsic Hand Muscles of Dorsal Compartment of Forearm

A

Extensor Digitorum Communis (EDC)

Extensor Digiti Minimi (EDM)

72
Q

Deep Forearm Rotator Muscles of Dorsal Compartment of Forearm

A

Only Supinator

73
Q

Deep Extrinsic Hand Muscles of Dorsal Compartment of Forearm

A

Thumb Extenders/Abductors:
Extensor Pollicis Longus (EPL)
Extensor Pollicis Brevis (EPB)
Abductor Pollicis Longus (APL)

Extensor indices proprius (EIP)

74
Q

Which muscles mostly originate from the medial and which from the lateral epicondyle

A

Lateral Epicondyle - Extensors & Supinator
Medial Epicondyle - Flexors & Pronator Teres

**THINK MEDIAL - FLEXOR (MOTHER FUCKER)

75
Q

What causes tenderness & pain at an epicondyle

A

Overuse of the specific muscle group (e.g. extensors at lateral epicondyles)

Chronically this gives epicondylitis and diseases like tennis elbow & golfers elbow

76
Q

Most Commonly Affected Flexor Muscle Attachements by Epicondylitis

A 
Pronator Teres (Humeral Head)
Flexor Carpi Radialis

**I THINK

77
Q

Most Commonly Affected Extensor Muscle Attachements by Epicondylitis

A

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

**I THINK

78
Q

Superficial Layer Flexor Muscles of the Forearm

A

Pronator Teres
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Palmaris Longus
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

79
Q

Intermediate Layer Flexor Muscles of the Forearm

A

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

80
Q

Deep Layer Flexor Muscles of the Forearm

A

Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Flexor Pollicis Longus

Pronator Quadatus

81
Q

Extensor muscles of forearm

A

Refer to other lecture

82
Q

Compartments of the forearm

A

**Volar is split into superficial and deep

83
Q

What fascia encloses the muscles of the arm

A

Circumferential Fascia

84
Q

Movements at wrist

A

Flexion
Extention
Radial/Ulnar Deviation
Pronation/Supination

85
Q

Wrist Flexors

A

Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

*ALSO DOES DEVIATION

86
Q

Wrist Extendors

A

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus & Brevis

ECU

87
Q

Muscles involved in wrist pronation/supination

A

Pronator Teres
Pronator Quadratus

Supinator
Biceps Brachii

88
Q

Describe the movement of the ulna and radius during pronation

A

The ulna is kept in place by the annular ligament which circles the radius while not touching it. This allows the radius to freely move over/around the ulna which is kept still as an axis

89
Q

3 Joints at the elbow joint complex

A

Humeroradial Joint
Proximal Radioulnar Joint
Humeroulnar Joint

90
Q

What type of joint is the humeroradial joint

A

Shadow ball & Socket aka hinge/pivot joint

91
Q

What bone anatomy is relevant at the humeroradial joint

A

Capitulum of Humerus

Radius Head

92
Q

What type of joint is the humeroulnar joint

A

Hinge Joint

93
Q

What bone anatomy is relevant at the humeroulnar joint

A

Trochlea of Humerus

Trochlear Notch of Ulna

94
Q

What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint

A

Pivot Joint

95
Q

What bone anatomy is relevant at the proximal radioulnar joint

A

Radius Head

Radial Notch of Ulna

96
Q

Which elbow joints are responsible for pro-/supination movements and which for flexion/extension movements

A
97
Q

FOOSH Injury

A

Fall on Out-Stretched Hand

Most significant cause of upper extremity injury

98
Q

3 Most Common Shoulder Problems

A

Dislocation
Rotator Cuff Injury
Frozen Shoulder

99
Q

Frozen Shoulder

A

The normally flexible elastic joint capsule becomes inflamed and eventually contracted

Severely painful & restrictive

100
Q

Which nerve is most commonly injured by shoulder dislocation

A

Axillary Nerve

think logically; proximity to axilla

101
Q

Simply describe the size relationship between the humeral head (ball) and glenoid fossa (socket) to which it articulates

A

Head 4x> Socket

**HUMERAL HEAD IS MUCH BIGGER THAN GLENOID FOSSA

102
Q

Vaguely state the stability of the elbow joint

A

It is a very stable joint

103
Q

What type of injury usually causes elbow dislocation

A

FOOSH Injuries

104
Q

What are the three main mechanisms of injury to the elbow

A 
Valgus force (movement of distal forearm/hand laterally)
Posterior Translation
Posterolateral Rotation (i have no clue)
105
Q

When are elbow joint dislocations the most common type of dislocation

A

Most common dislocation in children but it is the second most common in adults (after shoulder dislocation)

106
Q

What is the most common type of elbow dislocation

A

Posterior dislocation (Past the trochlea)

107
Q

Most common upper-extremity injury in children

A

Pulled Elbow/Radial Head Subluxation (Partial dislocation)

Typically results from a quick pull on a child’s arm when the adult lifts the child by the arm or tries to prevent a fall

108
Q

Sail Sign on X-rays

A

Joint swelling distending the capsule will lift fat pads and create sail signs

Suggests a fracture in one or more of the bones at the elbow

109
Q

Bursae

A

Closed fluid filled sacs (Like a water balloon) that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues

Located next to tendons of large joints like the elbows and shoulders

110
Q

Nerves of the upper limb

A

Brachial Plexus Terminal Branches

Dorsal Scapular
Long Thoracic

Suprascapular
Subclavius

Lateral & Medial Pectoral
Superior & Inferior subscapular
Thoracodorsal

111
Q

What muscles does the axillary nerve innervate

A

Teres Minor

Deltoid

112
Q

What muscles does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate

A

BBC (biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis)

113
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate

A

Posterior Arm
Posterior Forearm
Lateral Forearm

114
Q

What does the Median nerve innervate

A

Anterior Forearm
Thenar Muscles
Lateral 2 Lumbricals

115
Q

What does the ulnar nerve innervate

A

Hypothenar

Central Hand

116
Q

Main injury on median nerve

A

Pronator Syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

117
Q

Main injury on ulnar nerve

A

Ulnar neuropathy at elbow

Distal Ulnar neuropathy at Guyon’s canal

118
Q

Main injury on radial nerve

A

Radial Tunnel Syndrome
Wartenberg Syndrome

Humerus Fracture on Shaft

Medicine 2 Week 6 - 11 (54 decks)

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