Joints of Lower Limbs Flashcards
State the innervation of synovial joints
Richly Innervated
What type of joint is the hip joint
Ball and Socket Joint
Possible movements of the hip joint
Flexion/Extension
Abduction/Adduction
In/Outward Rotation
Ligaments at the Hip
Role of Iliofemoral Ligament
Prevents Hyperextension
**STRONG
Role of Pubofemoral Ligament
Prevents Excessive Abduction
Strength of Ischiofemoral Ligament
Weak
How might a posterior hip dislocation occur
Shenton’s Line and its importance
maginary curved line drawn along the inferior border of the superior pubic ramus (superior border of the obturator foramen) and along the inferomedial border of the neck of femur
This line should be continuous and smooth, if not then it can indicate pathologies - mainly a fracture
Muscles that cross the hip joint
Gluteal Muscles Hamstrings Iliopsoas Pectinues Sartorius Rectus Femoris (Not the rest of quads) Adductor/Medial Thigh Muscles
Role of Iliopsoas
Chief Flexor of hip joint
Which gluteal muscles are innervated by what
Gluteus Maximus - Inferior Gluteal Nerve
Gluteus Medius/Minimus - Superior Gluteal Nerve
What test is used to test for superior gluteal nerve damage
Trendelenburg Test
What type of joint is the knee
Hinge Synovial Joint
Main role of knee joint
Flexion & Extension
Structures that pass the knee compartment
Hamstrings
Quadriceps
What are the two collateral ligaments of the knee
What is the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
(Patella Lig Rolled Down)
Role of ACL
Limits posterior rolling of femur on tibia and hyperextension
What is the Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Role of PCL
Limits anterior rolling of femur on tibia and hyperflexion
How are the collateral ligaments of the knee during full extensions
Taut
Role of cruciate ligaments in general
Preventing too much rotation (more so medial rotation)
How to test the collateral ligaments
Take leg in hands with knee straight
Try to abduct/adduct the knee
There should be very little movement
**TCL PREVENTS ADDUCTION
How to test cruciate ligaments
**DRAWER TEST
Patient lies with knee flexed at 90 degrees
Sit on foot of leg to be tested
Pull leg forward from tibia to test ACL, push back to test PCL
There should be little movement
Menisci of the knee
C/O-Shaped pad of cartilage that acts as a shock absorber, Each knee has two
Role of the menisci
Important in shock absorption
Which meniscus is more mobile
The Lateral meniscus is more mobile than the medial
Relations of femur to tibia during knee rotation
Some medial rotation of femur on tibia
**MANY MUSCLES RELAX IN THIS POSITION
How is the knee unlocked
Popliteus contracts to laterally rotate teh femur on the tibia by about 5 degrees
What arteries supply the knee
Genicular Arteries
What type of joint is the ankle joint
Hinge type synovial joint
Is the ankle more stable during dorsiflexion or plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion, it is relatively unstable during plantarflexion
Describe the articulations at the ankle joint
Tibia/Fibula form a mortise into which the body of the talus fits
What muscles cross the ankle joint
Posterior Leg Compartment
- Triceps Surae
- Superficial (Plantaris)
- Deep group
Lateral Compartment of the Leg
Anterior Compartment of Leg
Where are ankle anastomoses derived from
Medial & Lateral Malleolar Branch
What are the three lateral ankle ligaments
What is the most common ankle injury
Inversion injury
What ankle injury is most likely to be damaged in an ankle sprain
Anterior Talofibular Ligament
**CAN BE PARTIALLY OR FULLY TORN
Pott Fracture
Forced Eversion Fracture
Anterior Tibiofibular Ligament Torn
Medial Ligament is strong so can fracture medial malleolus
Talus moves laterally so lateral malleolus or fibula may fracture
Transverse tarsal joint
Compound Joint formed of Tarsonavicular joint and Calcaneocuboid joint
Usual Site for surgical amputation of foot
Transverse Tarsal Joint
Hilton Law
Nerve supplying muscles that cross over and act on a joint, also innervate that joint
