Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medicine 2 Week 6 - 11 > Bones 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Bones 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is cartilage and what is its function

A

Specialised connective tissue with a support function (e.g. shock absorbing or tough/flexible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of cells are in cartilage

A

Chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What makes up the matrix of cartilage (general)

A

Type II collagen
Elastin
Proteoglycans (GAGs)
Others depending on type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chondroblast

A

Immature chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vaguely describe the development of chondrocytes

A

Derived from embryonic mesenchyme (spindle) that turn into rounder clusters of chondroblasts surrounded by a layer of perichondrium (mesenchyme derived fibroblastic cells & collagen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

Cell division resulting in the growth of a tissue type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Growth by forming new layers on the surface of pre-existing layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Does cartilage grow by interstitial or appositional growth and how

A

Both

Interstitial - Limited division of chondroblasts in ECM

Appositional - New chondroblasts from perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lacuna of cartilage

A

The cavities in the matrix that chondrocytes are contained in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What percentage of cartilage ECM is water

A

70%

**DONT REMEMBER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Composition of proteoglycans

A

GAGs attached to a core protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Role of proteoglycan aggreggates

A

Providing compressive strength as a flexible cushioned surface in collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Composition of Hyaline Cartilage

non ground substance

A

Type II collagen only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Broad location of hyaline cartilage

A

Smooth glistening (glassy) articular surfaces - Articular ends of long bones, Ventral rib cartilage, tracheal rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Composition of Elastic Cartilage

non-ground substance

A

Type II Collagen + Elastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Broad location of Elastic Cartilage

non-ground substance

A

End of nose, Ears, Larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Composition of Fibrocartilage

A

Type II & Type I collagen -strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Broad location of Fibrocartilage

A

Intervertebral disks, Insertions of ligaments & tendons, Joint capsules, Sternoclavicular joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis

A

Elastic Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hyaline cartilage at joints

A

Resists compression due to elasticity & stiffness of proteoglycans

Tensile strength due to collagen & hydrogel ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe vascularity of cartilage and consequence

A

Most is avascular, limiting repair & regeneration when damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Presence of perichondrium at articular surfaces of joints and why

A

No perichondrium so no source of new chondroblasts

This would introduce friction otherwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Reversibility of cartilage atrophy

A

Reversible but time consuming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What type of tissue is bone
Specialised connective tissue
26
What ions does bone act as a reservoir for
Calcium & Phosphate
27
Composition of bone
Cell & extracellular matrix
28
Where does haematopoiesis occur
Bone marrow
29
Energy need of bone (vaguely) and why
High It is constantly adapting, remodelling and also performing roles like haematopoiesis
30
What is the inside of bone like
Spongy/Strandy
31
Osteoid
Unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of bone tissue
32
Layers of Bone
Compact Bone - Dense outer shell | Cancellous/Trabeculae Bone - Inner spongy part
33
Epiphysis
Expanded end of the long bones in animals
34
Diaphysis
Shaft or central part of a long bone
35
Periosteum
Membranous tissue that covers the surfaces of bones
36
Describe the structure of a bone
Blood vessels within the compact bone Concentric lamellae with osteocytes in lacunae connected via canaliculi all within a single trabecula
37
Role of trabecular bone
Reduces weight Provides space for marrow Struts are arranged to provide maximum stress resistance
38
Where might trabecular bone be found
Wrists Vertebrae Femoral Neck
39
Osteoporosis
Thinning of cortical/compact and trabecular bone; thinned trabeculae prone to fracture
40
Which sex is more affected by osteoporosis
Females **Due to effect of oestrogen on bone density
41
Parts of bone matrix
Organic/Osteoid - Strong | Inorganic - Hard
42
Organic bone matrix
Produced by osteoblasts Collagen I Tensile & Compressive strength
43
Role of non collagenous proteins in organic bone matrix
Mediating mineral deposition
44
Inorganic bone batrix
Calcium Phosphate Deposited in organic matrix 66% of dry weight of bone Provides hardness of bone
45
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Brittle Bone Disease Congential disease of defective collagen chain in bone causing a fragile skeleton (think of a poor organic bone matrix)
46
Development of Bone cells
Derived from mesenchymal stem cells that differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells or chondroblasts Osteoprogenitors differentiate into osteoblasts which lay down the organic bone matrix, mediates mineralisation of osteoid and becomes an osteocyte when syrrounded by mineralised bone
47
Role of osteocytes
Maintaining matrix of bone
48
What does osteoid secrete
Collagen & Matrix vesicles which contain enzymes/proteins to control Ca and PO4 availability so that mineral is precipitated
49
Immature osteoid
Woven bone with haphazard fibre arrangement that is mechanically weak (foetal development/fracture repair)
50
Mature osteoid
Lamellar bone; remodelled woven bone with regular parallel collagen - strong Adult bone Arranged as osteons aligned with direction of force
51
Arrangement of Bones and Osteocytes
Osteocytes in concentric rings surrounding a blood vessel Lamella
52
Canaliculi
Microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone that radiate from osteocytes
53
Role of osteocytes
Maintaining matrix Allowing nutrient diffusion through canaliculi Response to tiny currents generated during bone deformity
54
Osteoclasts
Cells that exist purely to destroy bone (only cell with this role in the body) Bone resorbing cell that takes up calcium when needed e.g. for heart Also for clearing bone when needed for growth or remodelling Phagocytic in nature
55
Nucleation of osteoclasts
Multinucleate mobile cell
56
Howships Lacuna
Pits left behind after work of osteoclasts
57
How do osteoclasts work
Sucking onto the bone and: Organic: They secrete proteinases that degrade the organic matrix & collagen I Inorganic: Pumping out H+ and essentially melting bone
58
How to stimulate/reduce osteoclasts activity
Stimulate: Parathyroid hormone from parathyroid gland Reduce: Calcitonin secretion from thyroid
59
Bone Remodelling
Constant Enables response
60
What direction is new trabecula made and how are osteoclasts involved
In bone remodelling, new trabeculae are made in the direction of the force that the bone endures Osteoclasts take away bone from places where there is less force in order to maintain a healthy weight **SEEN WHEN TAKING UP A NEW SPORT
61
Osteopetrosis
Marble/stone-bone Rare group of inherited conditions causing defective bone remodelling due to the inability of osteoclasts to excrete sufficient H+ Brittle and easily fractured
62
Clinical effects of osteopetrosis
Fractures, spinal nerve compression, recurrent infection due to reduced bone marrow cavity Hepatosplenomagaly due to haematopoiesis outside bone
63
Treatment of osteopetrosis
Bone marrow transplant to provide heathy osteoclast precursors
64
Relationship between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
ParaThyroid Hormone (PTH) doesn't actually directly interact with osteoclasts; instead PTH stimulates osteoblasts which have specialised receptors Osteoblasts activate a ligand on their membrane which docks onto a receptor on osteoclast membranes, allowing them to do their shit
65
Osteoprotegrin
Protein which prevents resorption by binding to the ligand on osteoblast surface which normally activates osteoclasts (RANKL)
66
What ratio determines bone resorption
RANKL:Osteoprotegrin
67
Factors affecting likelihood of contracting osteoporosis
``` Disuse/Lack of activity Genetic Factors Nutrition Hormones (e.g. menopause) Aging ```
68
What is a condition which sees higher osteoclast activity
Osteoporosis
69
Types of bone development in the embryo
Intramembranous Endochondral **BOTH INVOLVE REPLACING A CONNECTIVE TISSUE TEMPLATE
70
Intramembranous Bone Embryological Development
Sheets of mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts in centres of ossification which merge to form trabecular bone that is remodelled Remaining mesenchyme makes bone marrow and periosteum
71
Where can bone made intramembranously be found
Flat bones of skull, maxilla & mandible
72
Endochondral Bone Embryological Development
Bone is formed onto a temporary cartilage model Blood supply to shaft of bone causes osteoblast differentiation - primary centre of ossification Following this the ends of the bone also diferenitate, allowing a long bone to eventually form
73
Where can bone made endochondrally be found
Long Bones
74
Remnant left behind by endochondral ossification
Epiphyseal cartilage
75
Chondrocyte into Bone conversion in endochondral ossification
proliferating chondrocytes grow until eventually they get close enough to the centre and big enough where they die and turn into bone cells Proliferating chondrocytes eventually stop proliferating, stopping growth
76
What direction do the femur growth plates towards
Away from the knee (growth plates nearest knee are fastest growing) **From the knee I flee
77
What direction do the humerus growth plates towards
Towards the elbow (growth plate towards elbow, growth plates of proximal humerus and distal radius are fastest growing) **To the elbows I grow
78
Ossification times of carpal bones
Predictable sequence used for predicting bone age ``` Capitate & Hamate Triquetral Lunate Scaphoid & Trapezium & Trapeziod Pisiform ``` Cap hurts three lovers - Scorpios, Trainers and Trapeze performers
79
How do bones grow width-wise
Bone is laid out on the outside while it is removed on the inside e.g. on skull where space is made for the brain as it grows
80
Achondroplasia
Dwarfism Congenital bone disease causes by mutation on fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (activation mutation) This activation inhibits chondrocute proliferation, affecting growth plates Long bone growth is stunted Back has an inword curve, legs are bowed and extremities stunted (especially proximal)
81
Substances that influence bone contribution to calcium homeostasis
PTH Calcitonin Vitamin D
82
Role of PTH in Ca Homeostasis
Increases blood Ca while regulating Phosphate Releases calcium from bone by indirectly stimulating osteoclasts PTH also stimulates Vit D which enhances Ca uptake in gut Also increases Ca & PO4 reabsorption from bone (more Oc, less Ob) Conserving Ca in kidney while reducing reabsorption of PO4
83
Role of Calcitonin in Ca Homeostasis
Decreasing blood Ca - By inhibiting osteoclast activity - By reducing Ca reabsorption in kidney
84
Metabolic Bone Disease
Result from imbalance between bone formation and resorption
85
Four Main Metabolic Bone Diseases
Osteoporosis Rickets and Osteomalacia (lack of Vit D, inadequate bone mineralisation) Paget's disease (overactive osteoclasts, overactive osteoblasts respond making heavy, weak and metabolically demanding bone) Hyperparathyroidism (PTH overstimulation of osteoclasts) **DONT MEMORISE THE SPECIFICS THIS IS EXTRA INFORMATION
86
Bone Fracture Repair until hyaline cartilage
1. Periosteum is breached, haematoma and blood clot forms 2. Replaced by vascular collagenous tissue (granulation tissue) which becomes increasingly fibrous: *fibrous granulation tissue* 3. Replaced by hyaline cartilage: Firm, flexible *provisional callus*
87
Bone Fracture Repair after hyaline cartilage
4. Osteoprogenitor cells from peri & endosteum differentiate onto osteoblasts & lay down new woven bone: *Bony callus* 5. Site completely bridge by bone: *Bony Union* 6. Slowly *remodelled* to form oriented lamellar bone

Medicine 2 Week 6 - 11 (54 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions