Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet1 (2) Flashcards
Sacred Geography, Anthropology, Sacred Complex
Focus on the concept of sacred geography within the sacred complex. Reference to Vidyarthi’s analysis of Gaya as a sacred complex, divided into sacred zones, segments, clusters, and centers. Importance of sacred geography in reflecting continuity between great and little traditions.
Sacred Performances & Specialists, Anthropology, Sacred Complex
Explanation of sacred performances such as Pind-dan, Gaya-shradh, Puja, Homa, Katha, Kirtana, supervised by sacred specialists (Gayawal Brahmins). Diffusion of cultural elements between great tradition and little tradition through sacred performances.
Integration of Diverse Cultural Traditions, Anthropology, Sacred Complex
Emphasis on the role of religious centers in integrating diverse cultures into a common bond of civilization. Cultural elements from great tradition entering little tradition and vice versa through the sacred complex.
Other Studies on Sacred Complex, Anthropology, Sacred Complex
Mention of other scholars’ contributions to the study of sacred complexes, including Saraswati, Jha, and Mahapatra. Examples of studies like ‘The Holy Circuit Nimsal’ and ‘Lingraj Temple, its Structure and Change.’
Functions of Sacred Complex, Anthropology, Sacred Complex
Sacred complexes as agents of cultural diffusion and integration. Role in maintaining cultural continuity despite the absence of advanced means of communication.
Conclusion, Anthropology, Sacred Complex
Recapitulation of the significance of studying religious centers in understanding the continuity and integration of Indian civilization.
Category
Question
What is the impact of Hinduism on tribal populations in India?
Nearly 95% of tribes in India show the impact of Hinduism. British policies and communication exposed tribes to the outside world. Areas affected include Western India, Southern India, Central India, and Eastern India. The process involves peasantisation, the tribe-caste continuum, tribe castes, kshatriyization, and the role of Brahmanism. The effects are both negative and positive, leading to cultural erosion and the formation of a unique sociocultural system.
How has Buddhism influenced Indian tribes?
Buddhism has had a limited influence on Indian tribes, primarily in the North East Himalayan region like Bhutia, Lepcha, Chakmas, and Nagas. Some tribes in Arunachal Pradesh and Ladakh region have also been influenced. However, tribes maintain continuity with traditional practices, and the adoption of Buddhism does not entirely replace tribal beliefs and practices. Tribes in Arunachal Pradesh follow Mahayana or Tibetan Buddhism, while the Khamti tribe follows Hinayana Buddhism.
Discuss the impact of Christianity on tribal societies in India.
Christianity’s Impact on Indian Tribal Societies
Historical Context:
- Period: British colonial rule.
- Activities: Missionary efforts.
Affected Regions:
- North-East India
- Kerala
- Andaman & Nicobar
- Bihar
- Madhya Pradesh
- Odisha
Positive Impacts:
1. Education: Spread of formal education.
2. Healthcare: Improvement in healthcare services.
3. Marriage Practices: Promotion of monogamy.
4. Gender Roles: Positive changes in gender roles.
Negative Impacts:
1. Societal Divisions: Increased societal divisions.
2. Migration: Movement to urban centers.
3. Cultural Impact: Denigration of tribal beliefs.
4. Consumerism: Rise in consumerism.
Case Study:
- Researcher: K. N. Sahay
- Focus: Changes in self-image and identity among tribal Christian converts in Chota-Nagpur.
Explore the impact of Islam on Indian tribes.
Islam’s impact on Indian tribes remains limited, facing challenges due to its dogmatic nature and lack of patronage from Muslim rulers. Tribes affected include Siddis of Gujarat, Gujjars of North-West Himalayas, Bhils, Dhankhasi, Kotis of Rajasthan, Gaddi, and Bakriwal of Jammu and Kashmir. Islam’s influence is limited compared to Hinduism or Christianity, with tribes maintaining their traditional little traditions. Egalitarian social structure and the case of Lakshadweep are discussed.
Introduction
India is a multiethnic nation with distinct cultural identities. Ethnicity linked to the concept of the nation, with uniethnic and multiethnic distinctions.
Ethnicity & Ethnic Groups
- What is an Ethnic Group? - Common descent, socio-cultural characteristics, and physical isolation. 2. What is Ethnicity? - ‘We and they’ feeling, sharing behavioral patterns, feelings, and symbols. Bases: race, language, religion, customs, etc. Goals setting and efforts for ethnic group attainment.
Emergence of Ethnicity, Conflicts, and Secessionism
Unfulfilled goals, alienation, and exclusion from development lead to ethnic conflicts. If goals aren’t achieved, secessionism emerges. Examples: Naga rebellion, Gond uprising, Jharkhand movement, Gorkhaland movement.
Approaches to Ethnicity Development
- What is Primordialistic Approach? - Common descent as the basis. 2. What is Situationistic Approach? - Unique situation leading to common goals for ethnic groups.
Case Study
Haimendorf’s study of Nagas.
Impact
Social tension, violence, dysfunctional development, demand for a distinct homeland. Regionalism (e.g., Gorkhaland movement) and secessionism (e.g., Naga Movement). Threat to national integration.
Combating Ethnicity
- How can loyalty to the nation be fostered? - By satisfying lower-level loyalties. 2. What is crucial for combating ethnicity? - Ethnic groups’ participation in modernization and developmental processes. 3. What is essential for preventing forced imposition of outside culture? - Effective implementation of constitutional rights, respecting tribal culture. 4. What is important for minority rights? - Enforcement of laws protecting minority rights.
7.3 (1) Introduction ethnicity
India is a multiethnic nation with distinct cultural identities. Ethnicity is linked to the concept of the nation, with uniethnic and multiethnic distinctions.
7.3 (1) Ethnicity & Ethnic Groups
- What is an Ethnic Group? - Common descent, socio-cultural characteristics, and physical isolation. 2. What is Ethnicity? - ‘We and they’ feeling, sharing behavioral patterns, feelings, and symbols. Bases: race, language, religion, customs, etc. Goals setting and efforts for ethnic group attainment.
7.3 (1) Emergence of Ethnicity, Conflicts, and Secessionism
Unfulfilled goals, alienation, and exclusion from development lead to ethnic conflicts. If goals aren’t achieved, secessionism emerges. Examples: Naga rebellion, Gond uprising, Jharkhand movement, Gorkhaland movement.
7.3 (1) Approaches to Ethnicity Development
- What is Primordialistic Approach? - Common descent as the basis. 2. What is Situationistic Approach? - Unique situation leading to common goals for ethnic groups.
7.3 (1) Case Study ETHNIC GROUP
Haimendorf’s study of Nagas.
7.3 (1) Impact ETHNICITY
Social tension, violence, dysfunctional development, demand for a distinct homeland. Regionalism (e.g., Gorkhaland movement) and secessionism (e.g., Naga Movement). Threat to national integration.
7.3 (1) Combating Ethnicity
- How can loyalty to the nation be fostered? - By satisfying lower-level loyalties. 2. What is crucial for combating ethnicity? - Ethnic groups’ participation in modernization and developmental processes. 3. What is essential for preventing forced imposition of outside culture? - Effective implementation of constitutional rights, respecting tribal culture. 4. What is important for minority rights? - Enforcement of laws protecting minority rights.
7.3 (1) Conclusion
Addressing ethnic conflicts requires understanding and addressing the root causes, fostering national integration through inclusive policies, and safeguarding the rights and identities of ethnic minorities.
7.3 (2) Introduction tribal unrest
Internal and external factors contribute to tribal unrest in India, posing a threat to national integration.
7.3 (2) Factors Leading to Poverty
8.BILLPPDEEMGRD
- What are the external and internal factors leading to poverty among tribes? - Bonded labor, indebtedness, land alienation, low literacy, and poor health. Primitive agriculture, drinking, extravagance in marriages. Exploitation by moneylenders, missionaries, and government officials. Restrictive forest policies, displacement due to industrialization and urbanization.
7.3 (2) Other Causes
- What is the impact of British interference in tribal areas? - Examples: Kol mutiny, Santhal rebellion. 2. What contributes to political indifference? - The political elite’s indifference to tribal problems. 3. What is essential for tribal welfare? - Effective implementation of constitutional provisions (5th and 6th schedules). 4. What leads to resistance? - Forceful cultural imposition (e.g., Munda rebellion). 5. What is a historical example of demand for autonomy? - Demand for autonomy by tribal people (e.g., Birsa Munda movement). 6. What is a common challenge? - Lack of tribal leadership.
7.3 (2) Area-wise Causes
- What characterizes tribal unrest in the North East? - Political nature, demand for statehood or autonomy (e.g., GTA, Meghalaya, Nagaland). 2. What are the issues in Central India? - Religious and agrarian nature, against forceful conversions and exploitation of forest produce (e.g., Birsa Munda movement). 3. What is observed in South India? - Tribes too backward or few in number, but recent evidence of political mobilization in Kerala.
7.3 (2) Conclusion tribal unrest
Tribal unrest arises from a complex interplay of internal and external factors, necessitating a holistic approach to address poverty, cultural imposition, and political indifference to ensure national integration.
7.3 (3) Tribalism
Possession of a strong cultural and ethnic identity, separating one from other tribal groups. Ethnocentrism, referring to people from other tribal groups differently.
7.3 (3) Pseudo-Tribalism
False sense of tribalism. Reasons: 1. Politically motivated tribal movements. 2. Multi-tribal nature of tribal movements (e.g., Jharkhand movement). 3. Weakening of tribalism compared to the past. 4. Basis of group loyalty becoming political and economic.
7.3 (3) Benefits pseudo-tribalism
- What are the benefits of pseudo-tribalism? - Temporary suspension of differences between tribal groups. 2. What does it facilitate? - Mobilization on economic and political agendas. 3. What does it create? - A sense of solidarity among different tribal groups.
7.3 (3) Conclusion pseudo-tribalism
Pseudo-tribalism, while not rooted in a strong cultural identity, can serve as a tool for mobilization and solidarity among different tribal groups, especially in the pursuit of common economic and political agendas.
7.3 (1) Concept of Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts, and Secessionism in India (15/20 marks) - Introduction
India is a multiethnic nation with distinct cultural identities. Ethnicity is linked to the concept of the nation, with uniethnic and multiethnic distinctions.
7.3 (1) Concept of Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts, and Secessionism in India (15/20 marks) - Ethnicity & Ethnic Groups
What is the definition of an ethnic group? - Common descent, socio-cultural characteristics, and physical isolation. What is ethnicity? - It involves a ‘we and they’ feeling, sharing behavioral patterns, feelings, and symbols. What are the bases of ethnicity? - Race, language, religion, customs, etc.
7.3 (1) Concept of Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts, and Secessionism in India (15/20 marks) - Emergence of Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts, and Secessionism
What leads to the emergence of ethnic conflicts? - Unfulfilled goals, alienation, and exclusion from development. What happens if these goals aren’t achieved? - Secessionism emerges. Can you provide examples of such movements? - Naga rebellion, Gond uprising, Jharkhand movement, Gorkhaland movement.
7.3 (1) Concept of Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts, and Secessionism in India (15/20 marks) - Approaches to Ethnicity Development
What are the two approaches to ethnicity? - Primordialistic (based on common descent) and Situationistic (common goals due to unique situations).
7.3 (1) Concept of Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts, and Secessionism in India (15/20 marks) - Case Study
What is a notable case study related to ethnicity? - Haimendorf’s study of Nagas.
7.3 (1) Concept of Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts, and Secessionism in India (15/20 marks) - Impact
What is the impact of ethnicity, conflicts, and secessionism? - Social tension, violence, dysfunctional development, demand for a distinct homeland. Provide examples. - Regionalism (e.g., Gorkhaland movement) and secessionism (e.g., Naga Movement).
7.3 (1) Concept of Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts, and Secessionism in India (15/20 marks) - Combating Ethnicity
How can ethnicity be addressed? - Foster loyalty to the nation, involve ethnic groups in modernization, implement constitutional rights, prevent cultural imposition, enforce laws protecting minority rights.
7.3 (1) Concept of Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts, and Secessionism in India (15/20 marks) - Conclusion
What is the key to addressing ethnic conflicts? - Understanding and addressing root causes, fostering national integration through inclusive policies, and safeguarding the rights and identities of ethnic minorities.
7.3 (2) Causes of Tribal Unrest and Discontent in India (15 marks) - Introduction
Internal and external factors contribute to tribal unrest, posing a threat to national integration.
7.3 (2) Causes of Tribal Unrest and Discontent in India (15 marks) - Factors Leading to Poverty
8.BILLPPDEERD
What are the factors leading to poverty among tribes? - Bonded labor, indebtedness, land alienation, low literacy, poor health, primitive agriculture, drinking, extravagance in marriages, exploitation by moneylenders, restrictive forest policies, displacement from industrialization and urbanization.
7.3 (2) Causes of Tribal Unrest and Discontent in India (15 marks) - Other Causes
Provide other causes of tribal unrest. - British interference, political elite indifference, government failure in implementing constitutional provisions, forceful cultural imposition, demand for autonomy, lack of tribal leadership.
7.3 (2) Causes of Tribal Unrest and Discontent in India (15 marks) - Area-wise Causes
Causes of Tribal Issues in Different Regions
North East India:
Political Nature:
Demands for Statehood: Movements seeking greater autonomy or separate statehood.
Autonomy: Struggles for self-governance and recognition of indigenous rights.
Central India:
Religious and Agrarian Issues:
Opposition to Forceful Conversions: Resistance against religious conversions perceived as coercive.
Exploitation of Forest Produce: Conflicts over the exploitation of natural resources and traditional lands.
South India:
Socio-Economic and Political Dynamics:
Backwardness: Tribes often face socio-economic backwardness and marginalization.
Political Mobilization: Recent political movements, especially in Kerala, highlighting tribal issues and rights.
7.3 (2) Causes of Tribal Unrest and Discontent in India (15 marks) - Pseudo-Tribalism
What is pseudo-tribalism? - It’s a false sense of tribalism, often politically and economically motivated. What are the benefits? - Temporary suspension of differences between tribal groups, mobilization on economic and political agendas, creation of solidarity among different tribal groups.
7.3 (2) Causes of Tribal Unrest and Discontent in India (15 marks) - Conclusion
What is the conclusion regarding tribal unrest? - It arises from a complex interplay of internal and external factors, necessitating a holistic approach to address poverty, cultural imposition, and political indifference for national integration.
7.3 (3) Pseudo-Tribalism (10 marks) - Tribalism
What is tribalism? - Possession of a strong cultural and ethnic identity, separating one from other tribal groups. What is ethnocentrism? - Referring to people from other tribal groups differently.
7.3 (3) Pseudo-Tribalism (10 marks) - Pseudo-Tribalism
What is pseudo-tribalism? - It’s a false sense of tribalism, often politically and economically motivated. What are the reasons for pseudo-tribalism? - Politically motivated tribal movements, multi-tribal nature, weakening of tribalism compared to the past, basis of group loyalty becoming political and economic.
7.3 (3) Pseudo-Tribalism (10 marks) - Benefits
What are the benefits of pseudo-tribalism? - Temporary suspension of differences between tribal groups, mobilization on economic and political agendas, creation of a sense of solidarity among different tribal groups.
7.3 (3) Pseudo-Tribalism (10 marks) - Conclusion
What is the conclusion regarding pseudo-tribalism? - While not rooted in a strong cultural identity, it can serve as a tool for mobilization and solidarity among different tribal groups, especially in the pursuit of common economic and political agendas.
Political Safeguards - Article 243(D)
Reservation for SC in panchayat elections.
Political Safeguards - Article 330
Reserved seats for SC in Lok Sabha.
Political Safeguards - Article 332
Reserved seats for SC in state assemblies.
Political Safeguards - Article 341
Empowers the President to specify castes deemed as scheduled castes in states/union territories.
Political Safeguards - Article 335
Reservation for ST in government employment.
Protective Safeguards - Article 15
Prevention of discrimination based on caste or place of birth.
Protective Safeguards - Article 16
Equality of opportunity in employment; no discrimination based on caste.
Protective Safeguards - Article 23
Prohibits human trafficking, begar, and forced labor.
Protective Safeguards - Article 25
Freedom of religion.
Protective Safeguards - Article 29
Protection to minorities with distinct language, script, and culture.
Developmental Safeguards - Article 15(2)
Equal access to shops, public wells, etc.
Developmental Safeguards - Article 15(4)
Empowers the state to make special provisions for SC advancement.
Developmental Safeguards - Article 16(4)
Empowers the state to provide reservation for SC in employment.
Developmental Safeguards - Article 17
Abolition of untouchability.
Developmental Safeguards - Article 46
Promotion of educational and economic interests of SC.
Developmental Safeguards - Article 338
National Commission for SC.
Legislative Measures - Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955
Criminalizes practice of untouchability.
Legislative Measures - SC, ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
Defines and penalizes atrocities against SC/ST. Offenses, cognizable offenses, punishments, duty of public officials, special courts, rehabilitation. Amendments in 2015 for new offenses, sexual exploitation, and victim and witness rights.
Socio-Economic Measures - SC Development Corporation
Upliftment through employment-oriented schemes.
Socio-Economic Measures - National Scheme for Liberation and Rehabilitation of Scavengers and their Dependents (NSLRS)
Alternative employment for liberated scavengers.
Socio-Economic Measures - Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013
Prohibits manual scavenging and provides rehabilitation.
Socio-Economic Measures - Special Central Assistance to Special Component Plan for SC
Supports SC families for improved income.
Socio-Economic Measures - SC Sub Plan
Ensures targeted benefits for SC in various development sectors.
Political Safeguards - Article 330
Reserves seats for ST in Lok Sabha.
Political Safeguards - Article 332
Reserves seats for ST in state assemblies.
Political Safeguards - Article 335
Provides reservation for ST in services and posts in government employment.
Political Safeguards - Article 243(D)
Provides for reservation for ST in panchayat elections.
Political Safeguards - Article 164
Mandates a minister in charge of tribal welfare in states of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Madhya Pradesh.
Political Safeguards - Article 342
Empowers the President to specify tribes or tribal communities deemed to be scheduled tribes in a particular state or union territory.
Political Safeguards - Article 371
Contains special provisions with respect to tribal areas and hill areas of Nagaland, Assam, and Manipur.
Protective Safeguards - Article 15
Prevents discrimination on the basis of caste or place of birth.
Protective Safeguards - Article 16
Ensures equality of opportunity in employment; prohibits discrimination on the ground of caste.
Protective Safeguards - Article 23
Prohibits traffic in human beings, begar, and other forms of forced labor.
Protective Safeguards - Article 25
Ensures freedom of religion.
Protective Safeguards - Article 29
Provides protection to linguistic minorities.
Protective Safeguards - Article 19(5)
Permits the restriction of free movement within the country to protect the interests of STs.
Developmental Safeguards - Article 15(2)
Guarantees equal access to shops, public wells, etc.
Developmental Safeguards - Article 15(4)
Empowers the state to make special provisions for the advancement of ST.
Developmental Safeguards - Article 16(4)
Empowers the state to provide reservation for ST in employment and appointment to any office under the state.
Developmental Safeguards - Article 46
Provides for the promotion of educational and economic interests of ST.
Developmental Safeguards - Article 338
Establishes the National Commission for ST.
Developmental Safeguards - Article 275
Facilitates grants-in-aid to states for the promotion and welfare of STs.
Assistance for Skill Development of OBCs/DNTs/EBCs (NGO Scheme)
Aim: Improve educational and socio-economic conditions of OBCs/DNTs/EBCs, enabling them to start income-generating activities or gain employment. Eligibility: Beneficiaries with a total family income not exceeding Rs. 1.00 lakh per annum.
Pre-Matric Scholarship to OBC for studies in India
Objective: Motivate OBC children studying at the pre-matric stage. Eligibility: Income ceiling for eligibility is Rs. 2,50,000 per annum. Rates: Day Scholars (Class I to X): Rs. 100/- p.m for 10 months. Hostellers (Class III to X): Rs. 500/- p.m for 10 months. Ad-hoc grant of Rs. 500/- per student per annum.
Post-Matric Scholarship to OBC Students
Objective: Provide financial assistance to OBC students studying at post-matriculation or post-secondary stage. Eligibility: Parents/guardians’ income not exceeding Rs. 1.00 lakh per annum. Rates: Vary based on the course, ranging from Rs. 750 to Rs. 260 per month for hostellers.
National Fellowship (NF) for OBC Students
Aim: Provide financial assistance for OBC students pursuing M.Phil and Ph.D. Fellowships: 300 Junior Research Fellowships and 300 Senior Research Fellowships per year. Rates: JRF - Rs. 25,000 per month, SRF - Rs. 28,000 per month.
Construction of Hostels for OBC Boys and Girls
Objective: Provide hostel facilities to socially and educationally backward class students for secondary and higher education.
Scheme of Free Coaching for SC and OBC Students
Objective: Provide quality coaching to economically disadvantaged SCs and OBCs for competitive exams.
Education Loan Scheme of the NBCFDC
Loans for pursuing general/professional/technical courses at graduate and higher levels. Maximum loan limit: Rs. 10 lakh in India and Rs. 20 lakh abroad.