p1 - ant theories

Question 1

p1 - ant theories

Meaning, Scope and Development of Anthropology

Answer 1

Meaning, Scope and Development of Anthropology,”Functionalism by Bronisław Malinowski in Argonauts of the Western Pacific among the Trobriand Islanders. Functionalism focuses on how cultural institutions function to meet individual and societal needs, illustrating anthropology’s holistic approach to understanding cultures.”

Question 2

p1 - ant theories

Relationships with Other Disciplines

Answer 2

Relationships with Other Disciplines,”Culture and Personality by Ruth Benedict in Patterns of Culture among the Pueblo Indians. This theory explores how cultural patterns shape individual personalities, highlighting anthropology’s interdisciplinary connections with psychology and sociology.”

Question 3

p1 - ant theories

Main Branches of Anthropology

Answer 3

Main Branches of Anthropology,”Cultural Materialism by Marvin Harris in Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches among the Hindu culture. Cultural materialism emphasizes how material conditions (e.g., economics, ecology) influence social structure and cultural practices, central to cultural anthropology.”

Question 4

p1 - ant theories

Human Evolution and Emergence of Man

Answer 4

Human Evolution and Emergence of Man,”Out of Africa Theory proposed by Christopher Stringer and Robin McKie among early Homo sapiens. This theory posits that anatomically modern humans originated in Africa and then spread throughout the world, shaping our understanding of human origins.”

Question 5

p1 - ant theories

Characteristics of Primates

Answer 5

Characteristics of Primates,”Social Structure and Behavior of Monkeys by Jane Goodall among chimpanzees. Goodall’s research on chimpanzees revealed complex social structures, tool use, and behaviors, informing comparative primatology and primate studies in anthropology.”

Question 6

p1 - ant theories

Phylogenetic Status of Hominids

Answer 6

Phylogenetic Status of Hominids,”Australopithecines and Human Ancestry by Raymond Dart among early hominids. Dart’s discovery of Australopithecus africanus in South Africa provided key evidence for human evolution, contributing to our understanding of hominid phylogeny.”

Question 7

p1 - ant theories

The Biological Basis of Life

Answer 7

The Biological Basis of Life,”Biocultural Approach by Clarence Gravlee among the Maya population. The biocultural approach integrates biological and cultural factors to study human health and disease, illustrating anthropology’s interdisciplinary engagement with biology.”

Question 8

p1 - ant theories

Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology

Answer 8

Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology,”Cultural Evolution by Lewis Henry Morgan in Ancient Society among ancient societies in North America. Morgan’s theory of cultural evolution traces societal development from savagery to civilization through technological advancements, foundational to archaeological interpretations.”

Question 9

p1 - ant theories

The Nature of Culture

Answer 9

The Nature of Culture,”Culture as Shared Symbolic Systems by Clifford Geertz among the Balinese culture. Geertz’s theory defines culture as systems of shared symbols and meanings, emphasizing interpretation and understanding within cultural anthropology.”

Question 10

p1 - ant theories

The Nature of Society

Answer 10

The Nature of Society,”Structural Functionalism by Émile Durkheim among tribal societies. Durkheim’s theory explores how social structures function to maintain stability and coherence in society, influencing anthropological perspectives on social organization and change.”

Question 11

p1 - ant theories

Marriage

Answer 11

Marriage,”Alliance Theory by Claude Lévi-Strauss among indigenous tribes in Amazonia. Alliance theory examines how marriage creates alliances between kin groups, influencing social structures and kinship systems.”

Question 12

p1 - ant theories

Family

Answer 12

Family,”Nuclear Family and Extended Family by Bronisław Malinowski among the Trobriand Islanders. Malinowski’s study highlighted the functional roles of nuclear and extended families in supporting social and economic activities within the community.”

Question 13

p1 - ant theories

Kinship

Answer 13

Kinship,”Descent and Alliance Theory by Edward Evans-Pritchard among the Nuer people of Sudan. Evans-Pritchard’s work explored how descent groups and marriage alliances shape kinship systems, illustrating the cultural variability in kinship practices.”

Question 14

p1 - ant theories

Economic Organization

Answer 14

Economic Organization,”Subsistence Strategies by Julian Steward among Native American tribes. Steward’s research emphasized how different subsistence strategies (e.g., foraging, pastoralism) influence economic organization and social structure in societies.”

Question 15

p1 - ant theories

Political Organization and Social Control

Answer 15

Political Organization and Social Control,”Political Anthropology by Max Gluckman among the Zulu people in South Africa. Gluckman’s studies examined how political systems maintain social order and resolve conflicts through rituals and judicial processes within tribal communities.”

Question 16

p1 - ant theories

Religion

Answer 16

Religion,”Theories of Religion by Émile Durkheim among Australian Aboriginal tribes. Durkheim’s theory focused on how religious rituals and beliefs reinforce social cohesion and solidarity, illustrating religion as a cultural phenomenon.”

Question 17

p1 - ant theories

Classical Evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan, and Frazer)

Answer 17

Classical Evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan, and Frazer),”Unilinear Evolution by Lewis Henry Morgan among Native American societies. Morgan’s theory proposed that societies evolve through stages of savagery, barbarism, and civilization based on technological and social advancements.”

Question 18

p1 - ant theories

Historical Particularism (Boas)

Answer 18

Historical Particularism (Boas),”Cultural Relativism by Franz Boas among Native American tribes. Boas emphasized studying cultures within their specific historical and environmental contexts, challenging ethnocentric views and promoting cultural diversity.”

Question 19

p1 - ant theories

Diffusionism (British, German, and American)

Answer 19

Diffusionism (British, German, and American),”Culture Area Theory by Alfred Kroeber among Native American cultures. Culture area theory posits that cultural traits spread through diffusion within geographic regions, influencing cultural similarities and differences.”

Question 20

p1 - ant theories

Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural-Functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown)

Answer 20

Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural-Functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown),”Functionalism by Bronisław Malinowski among the Trobriand Islanders. Malinowski focused on how cultural institutions function to meet individual and societal needs. Radcliffe-Brown extended this to structural-functionalism, emphasizing social structures’ roles in maintaining social order and stability.”

Question 21

p1 - ant theories

Structuralism (Lévi-Strauss and E. Leach)

Answer 21

Structuralism (Lévi-Strauss and E. Leach),”Structuralism by Claude Lévi-Strauss among indigenous tribes in Brazil. Lévi-Strauss examined how underlying structures of kinship and mythology shape cultural patterns, influencing anthropology’s structural approach.”

Question 22

p1 - ant theories

Culture and Personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner, and Cora-du Bois)

Answer 22

Culture and Personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner, and Cora-du Bois),”Culture and Personality by Ruth Benedict among the Pueblo Indians. This theory explores how cultural patterns shape individual personalities, highlighting anthropology’s interdisciplinary connections with psychology and sociology.”

Question 23

p1 - ant theories

Neo-evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins, and Service)

Answer 23

Neo-evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins, and Service),”Multi-linear Evolution by Julian Steward among indigenous societies in South America. Steward proposed that societies evolve along multiple paths driven by environmental factors and adaptive strategies, challenging unilinear evolutionist views.”

Question 24

p1 - ant theories

Cultural Materialism (Harris)

Answer 24

Cultural Materialism (Harris),”Cultural Materialism by Marvin Harris among Hindu cultures. Cultural materialism examines how material conditions (e.g., ecology, economy) influence social structure and cultural practices, emphasizing the role of productive forces in shaping societies.”

Question 25

p1 - ant theories

Symbolic and Interpretive Theories (Turner, Schneider, and Geertz)

Answer 25

Symbolic and Interpretive Theories (Turner, Schneider, and Geertz),”Symbolic Anthropology by Victor Turner among Ndembu communities in Zambia. Symbolic anthropology studies how symbols and rituals convey cultural meanings and social processes, highlighting interpretation and understanding within cultural anthropology.”

Question 26

p1 - ant theories

Cognitive Theories (Tyler, Conklin)

Answer 26

Cognitive Theories (Tyler, Conklin),”Cognitive Anthropology by Stephen Tyler among the Baining people in Papua New Guinea. Cognitive anthropology explores how cultural knowledge and mental processes (e.g., classification, cognition) shape cultural practices and social behavior.”

Question 27

p1 - ant theories

Post-modernism in Anthropology

Answer 27

Post-modernism in Anthropology,”Post-modernism by Clifford Geertz among contemporary societies. Post-modernism challenges universal truths and grand narratives in anthropology, emphasizing multiple perspectives, reflexivity, and cultural context in understanding societies.”

Question 28

p1 - ant theories

Nature, Origin, and Characteristics of Language

Answer 28

Nature, Origin, and Characteristics of Language,”Structural Linguistics by Ferdinand de Saussure among Indo-European languages. Structural linguistics analyzes language as a system of signs and structures, influencing anthropology’s study of language origins and development.”

Question 29

p1 - ant theories

Verbal and Non-verbal Communication

Answer 29

Verbal and Non-verbal Communication,”Communicative Competence by Dell Hymes among the Siletz tribe. This theory explores how verbal and non-verbal behaviors convey cultural meanings and social norms, crucial for understanding cross-cultural communication in anthropology.”

Question 30

p1 - ant theories

Social Context of Language

Answer 30

Social Context of Language,”Language in Social Context by Erving Goffman among urban communities. Goffman’s work examines how language use is shaped by social contexts, status, and relationships, influencing communication dynamics within societies.”

Question 31

p1 - ant theories

Fieldwork Tradition in Anthropology

Answer 31

Fieldwork Tradition in Anthropology,”Participant Observation by Bronisław Malinowski in Argonauts of the Western Pacific among the Trobriand Islanders. Malinowski pioneered participant observation, immersing himself in Trobriand society to understand their customs and social structures, establishing fieldwork as essential in anthropology.”

Question 32

p1 - ant theories

Distinction between Technique, Method, and Methodology

Answer 32

Distinction between Technique, Method, and Methodology,”Functionalism by Émile Durkheim in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life among Australian Aboriginal tribes. Durkheim’s functionalism emphasizes theoretical frameworks (methodology) guiding research methods (methods) and specific data collection techniques (techniques), clarifying their roles in anthropological study.”

Question 33

p1 - ant theories

Tools of Data Collection

Answer 33

Tools of Data Collection,”Cultural Materialism by Marvin Harris in Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches among Hindu cultures. Cultural materialism uses tools like surveys, interviews, and ethnographic records to collect data on economic and ecological factors influencing social structures, highlighting the importance of methodological tools in anthropology.”

Question 34

p1 - ant theories

Analysis, Interpretation, and Presentation of Data

Answer 34

Analysis, Interpretation, and Presentation of Data,”Symbolic Anthropology by Victor Turner in The Forest of Symbols among Ndembu communities in Zambia. Symbolic anthropology focuses on interpreting symbols and rituals to understand cultural meanings, demonstrating how data analysis and interpretation contribute to presenting cultural insights.”

Question 35

p1 - ant theories

Methods for Study of Genetic Principles in Humans

Answer 35

Methods for Study of Genetic Principles in Humans,”Population Genetics by L.L. Cavalli-Sforza in The History and Geography of Human Genes among various human populations. Population genetics employs methods to study genetic variation and inheritance patterns across human populations, integrating biological principles into anthropological research on human diversity.”

Question 36

p1 - ant theories

DNA Technology and Recombinant Technologies

Answer 36

DNA Technology and Recombinant Technologies,”Genetic Anthropology by Spencer Wells in The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey among global populations. Genetic anthropology utilizes DNA technologies like PCR and gene sequencing to trace human migrations and evolutionary history, applying advanced methods to study genetic diversity in anthropology.”

Question 37

p1 - ant theories

Mendelian Genetics in Humans

Answer 37

Mendelian Genetics in Humans,”Human Variation by A.R. Luria in Human Genetics among diverse ethnic groups. Mendelian genetics studies inheritance patterns of specific traits in human populations, providing insights into genetic diseases and population genetics, crucial for understanding human biological diversity.”

Question 38

p1 - ant theories

Concept of Genetic Polymorphism and Selection

Answer 38

Concept of Genetic Polymorphism and Selection,”Evolutionary Biology by Richard Dawkins in The Selfish Gene among global populations. Evolutionary biology explores genetic polymorphism (variation within a population) and natural selection’s role in adaptation, integrating biological concepts into anthropological studies of human evolution.”

Question 39

p1 - ant theories

Numerical and Structural Aberrations (Disorders)

Answer 39

Numerical and Structural Aberrations (Disorders),”Medical Anthropology by Arthur Kleinman in Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture among communities with genetic disorders. Medical anthropology studies numerical (e.g., Down syndrome) and structural (e.g., chromosomal deletions) aberrations, examining their cultural and social impacts on affected communities.”

Question 40

p1 - ant theories

Sex Chromosomal Aberrations

Answer 40

Sex Chromosomal Aberrations,”Biocultural Perspectives by Alan H. Goodman in Genetic Nature/Culture: Anthropology and Science Beyond the Two-Culture Divide among populations with sex chromosomal abnormalities. Biocultural perspectives integrate biological and cultural factors to study sex chromosomal aberrations (e.g., Turner syndrome), exploring their medical, social, and cultural dimensions in anthropology.”

Question 41

p1 - ant theories

Autosomal Aberrations

Answer 41

Autosomal Aberrations,”Medical Genetics by Arthur P. Mange and Patricia A. Mange in Human Chromosome Variation: Heteromorphism and Polymorphism among populations with chromosomal abnormalities. Medical genetics studies autosomal aberrations (e.g., trisomy disorders), examining their genetic and cultural implications in anthropology.”

Question 42

p1 - ant theories

Genetic Imprints in Human Disease, Genetic Screening, Genetic Counseling, Human DNA Profiling, Gene Mapping, and Genome Study

Answer 42

Genetic Imprints in Human Disease, Genetic Screening, Genetic Counseling, Human DNA Profiling, Gene Mapping, and Genome Study,”Genetic Epidemiology by Walter Bodmer in Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach among diverse human populations. Genetic epidemiology applies genetic principles to study disease patterns, genetic screening, and counseling, integrating genetics with cultural and social dimensions in anthropology.”

Question 43

p1 - ant theories

Race and Racism, Biological Basis of Morphological Variation

Answer 43

Race and Racism, Biological Basis of Morphological Variation,”Race: The Reality of Human Differences by Vincent Sarich and Frank Miele in Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A Life History Perspective examining global populations. Sarich and Miele discuss how biological variation and race concepts have shaped anthropological understanding, addressing issues of race and racism with genetic insights.”

Question 44

p1 - ant theories

Age, Sex, and Population Variation as Genetic Markers

Answer 44

Age, Sex, and Population Variation as Genetic Markers,”Population Biology by Richard Lewontin in The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change among diverse populations. Lewontin’s work explores genetic markers (e.g., blood groups) to study population variation in age and sex, illustrating biological diversity within human populations.”

Question 45

p1 - ant theories

Concepts and Methods of Ecological Anthropology

Answer 45

Concepts and Methods of Ecological Anthropology,”Ecological Anthropology by Julian Steward in Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution among Native American societies. Steward’s ecological anthropology integrates ecological principles with cultural practices, studying human-environment interactions and adaptation strategies.”

Question 46

p1 - ant theories

Epidemiological Anthropology

Answer 46

Epidemiological Anthropology,”Medical Anthropology by Margaret Lock and Nancy Scheper-Hughes in Biomedical Engineering: Bridging Medicine and Technology among global health issues. Medical anthropology applies epidemiological methods to study health and disease patterns in cultural contexts, addressing socio-cultural factors influencing health outcomes.”

Question 47

p1 - ant theories

Concept of Human Growth and Development

Answer 47

Concept of Human Growth and Development,”Biocultural Perspectives on Human Growth by Barry Bogin in Patterns of Human Growth among diverse populations. Bogin’s biocultural perspective examines how biological and cultural factors shape human growth and development, highlighting variation across populations.”

Question 48

p1 - ant theories

Relevance of Menarche, Menopause, and Other Bioevents to Fertility

Answer 48

Relevance of Menarche, Menopause, and Other Bioevents to Fertility,”Reproductive Ecology by Robert I. Page Jr. in Reproductive Ecology: Demography and Evolution of Human Birth among traditional societies. Page’s research on reproductive ecology explores biological events (e.g., menarche, menopause) and their cultural significance in fertility patterns and reproductive health.”

Question 49

p1 - ant theories

Demographic Theories

Answer 49

Demographic Theories,”Demographic Transition Theory by Frank W. Notestein in Economic Growth and Population Change among global population trends. Notestein’s theory explains shifts in birth and death rates across societies, integrating demographic processes with socio-cultural and economic factors.”

Question 50

p1 - ant theories

Biological and Socio-ecological Factors Influencing Fertility, Natality, and Mortality

Answer 50

Biological and Socio-ecological Factors Influencing Fertility, Natality, and Mortality,”Biological Anthropology by Ashley Montagu in Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race among diverse human populations. Montagu’s biological anthropology examines how biological and socio-ecological factors (e.g., nutrition, environment) influence fertility, natality (birth rates), and mortality (death rates), addressing population dynamics in anthropology.”

Question 51

p1 - ant theories

Applications of Anthropology: Anthropology of Sports

Answer 51

Anthropology of Sports,”Cultural Anthropology by Alan Klein in Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction among bodybuilders.”,”Klein’s study explores how cultural practices and identities shape sports, illustrating how anthropology analyzes sports as cultural phenomena.”

Question 52

p1 - ant theoriesApplications of Anthropology: Nutritional Anthropology

Answer 52

Nutritional Anthropology,”Ecological Anthropology by Marvin Harris in Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture among various cultures.”,”Harris’ ecological approach examines food habits, nutrition, and cultural beliefs, demonstrating how anthropology investigates dietary practices and their impacts on health.”

Question 53

p1 - ant theoriesApplications of Anthropology: Anthropology in Designing Defense and Other Equipments

Answer 53

Anthropology in Designing Defense and Other Equipments,”Anthropology of Technology by Brian Moeran in Anthropology and Technology among technology development.”,”Moeran’s anthropology of technology explores how cultural values and practices influence the design and use of defense and other equipment, integrating anthropological insights into technological development.”

Question 54

p1 - ant theories

Applications of Anthropology: Forensic Anthropology

Answer 54

Forensic Anthropology,”Forensic Anthropology by William R. Maples in Dead Men Do Tell Tales: The Strange and Fascinating Cases of a Forensic Anthropologist among forensic investigations.”,”Maples’ work in forensic anthropology applies biological and cultural anthropology principles to identify human remains and assist in criminal investigations, illustrating anthropology’s role in forensic science.”

Question 55

p1 - ant theories

Applications of Anthropology: Applied Human Genetics

Answer 55

Applied Human Genetics,”Human Genetics by Lynn B. Jorde and John C. Carey in Medical Genetics among genetic studies.”,”Jorde and Carey’s work in human genetics applies genetic principles to study disease susceptibility, population genetics, and genetic counseling, highlighting anthropology’s contributions to understanding human genetic diversity and health.”