important Flashcards by Naveen Kumar

darwin books

voyage of beagle 1845
orgin of species 1859

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anthropology isthe child of darwinism

rr marret

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first academc position

edward tylor in oxford 1884

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social structure

permanent set of relationship

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primitive medicine

ackerknecht

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clements

sorcery,breach of tabooo,object intrusion,spirit intrusion,soul loss

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ethno botany and primitive pharmacopeia

kanu tribe in nilgris

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cultural ecology

julian steward

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geology

study of rocks in earth crust

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ethnology

comparative study of culture

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ethnography

detailed description of one culture

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social anthropoogy

rc brown in britain

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cultural anthropology

frans boas in america

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darwin primatology book

descents of man in 1871

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abo blood group system

landsteiner in 1900

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mendel

law of inheritance in 1901

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first mathematical explanation

hardy weinberg principle in 1908

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new physical anthropology

washburn in 1951

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unesco declarartion

ashley montague

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orgin of archeological anthropology

society of antiquities in london

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eb tylor language book

researches into early history of mankind

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term linguistic anthropology

dell hymen

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types of linguistic ant

historical strucural socio ethnosemantics,psycholinguistics

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language area

brocca,wernicke ,angular gynus

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lamark book

philosopic zoology

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lamark theory

theory on inheritance of qcquired characters

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elan vital theory of growthd development isl2

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theory of environmental pressure

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theory of use and disuse

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inheritance of acquired characteristics

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griffith experiement

inheritance of dizziness in white rat

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somatic changes leads to dna changes

guyer and smith experiment

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australian national university of cannebera

ted steele

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descent with modification

organic evolution

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faunae of galapagos islands

turtle and fnches

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5 postulates of darwin

overproduction
struggle for existence
variations and heredity
survival of fittest by natural selection
orgin of species

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compares darwinism and lamarkism

ernest mayer

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neo darwinism

george romanes in late 1800

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population dynamics

ernest mayer
julian huxley
thompson

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genetics and mutation

dobzansky
jj muller
hugo de vries
stebbing

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population genetics

hardy
weinberg
sewell right

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factors of organic evolution

mutation genetic recombination hybridization natural selection migration genetic drift variation

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extinct

austrolopithecus robustus

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into homo sapiens

austrolopithecus gracile

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genetic recombination

rearrangement of genes through crossing over in sexually reproducing organism

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dolls rule

evolution is irreversible and irrevocable

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cope rule

organisms have tendency to increase i size during evolution

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gause rule or comoetitive exclusion

competition may occur betweenpopulation within ecosystem for any available resources like food space light and shelter

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eliminated

parameciumcaudatum

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survivers

p. aurelia

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parallelism or

homology

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parallelism

two evolutionary lines derived from common ancestordevelop in same waysthrough centuries paralleling each other in adaptationwith both environment and biological condition workinfg in tandem

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convergence or

analogy

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convergent evolution

2 species are not related to common ancestor but they develop similar features due to similar evolutionary pressure

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adaptive radiation

spread of speciesby way of evolving intoprogressively distict types of organism

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mosaic evolution

process of differential evolution of component parts of an organism

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unicentric theory orfin

descents of man by darwin in 1871

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unicentric theory supporters

kenn etal in nature in 1987
neil and livshitz in 1989

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multricentric theory

paul graves
kramer
simmons and smith

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specialized features in primates only

ability to grasp objects
herbivorous nature
use of forlimbs for exploration
reduced use of smell
development of great visual activity
changes in skull and brain
reduction in number of offsprings abirth and prolonged dependency

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kingdom

animalia

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phylum

chordrata

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sub phylum

verrtebrata

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class

mammals

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class

mammals

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subclass

eutheria

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order

primates

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arboreal adaptation

vertical clinging,quadrupedalism and brachiation

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teresstrial quadrupedalism

apes

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orangutan

palm and fist walking

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knuckle walking

chimpanzee and gorilla

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adaptaion in miocene period

drought in miocene period

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paleocene primates distribution

mountain regions of north america and france in europe

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oligocene primates

parapithecus
propilithecus

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miocene pliocene primates

pliopithecus
dryopithecus

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living major primates

lemurs
loris
tarsiers
new world monkey
old world monkeys
apes
man

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new world monkey

spider monkey
tamarind
marmoset

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old world monkey

rhesus monkey langur baboon

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apes

gibbon gorilla chimpanzee orangutan

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swift swingers

gibbon

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largest and most powerful

gorilla

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arms and legs of same length

chimpanzee

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filthy cheak ,reddish brown hair

orangutan

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human cranial capacity

1450 cc

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human facial skeleton

cranialskeleton more developed than facial skeleton

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human orbit

larger and closer eyes

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human sagittal crest

not much developed

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human occipital region

bulging

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human forehead

well developed

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foremen magnum

placed anteriorly on base if skull

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human nose

prominent and elongated

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human zygomatic process

moderately developed

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human nasal bridge

well developed

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human supra orbital ridge

small

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human jaw

brain developed at the expense of jaw

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human size of h=jaw

small

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human chin

present

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human teeth

smaller

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human dental arch

parabolic

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human diastema

absent

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human mandible

slender and light

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human vertebral column curves

4 curves with 32 segments

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human lumbar curve

pronunced

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human arms

shorter than legs

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human little aspera

present

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human angel between thumb and index finger

greater

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human heel

well developed

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human big toe

non opposable

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ape crabial capacity

100-500 cc

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ape facial skeleton

apemore developed than cranial skeleton

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ape orbit

smaller and eyes are placed apart

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ape sagittal crest

very well developed

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ape occipital region

apeflat and receding

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ape forehead

poorly developed

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ape foramen magnum

placed posteriorly twards dorsal side

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ape nose

depressed and broader

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ape zygomatic process

well developed

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ape nasal bridge

faintly developeed

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ape supra orbital ridge

prominent

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ape jaw

jaw developed at the expense of brain

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ape jaw size

moderately large

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ape chin

absent

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ape teeth

larger

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ape dental arch

u shaped

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ape diastema

present

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ape mandible

large and massive

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ape vertebral column curves

curves are lacking

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ape lumbar curve

little

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ape limbs

longer than legss

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ape linea aspera

absent

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ape angel between thumb and index finger

little

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ape heel

poorly developed

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ape big toe

opposable

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humangeographical distribution

all over the world

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human no of species

one

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human sexual dimorphism

marked

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human hairs

coarse hair

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human cc

1450 cc

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human facial capacity

cranial skeleton is more developed than facial skeleton because

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human sagital crest

not much developed

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human frontal bone

well arched and have tuberocities

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human occipital region

humanbulging

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human foremen magnum

placeanteriorlyon base of skull

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ape nasal bone

depressed and broader

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human zygomatic arch

moderately developed

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humansupraorbital ridge

small

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human jaw

brain has developed at tje exposure of jaw so jaw is smaller

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human dental arch

parabolic

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human diastema

absent

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human no of curves

4 curves with 32 segments

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human lumbar curve

pronounced

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gorilla geographical distribution

gabon cameron eastern congo

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gorilla no of species

two

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gorilla sexual dimorphism

lacking

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gorilla hairs

coarse hairs

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gorilla cc

500 cc

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gorillafacial capacity

facial skeleton is mored eveloped than cranial skeleton

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gorilla sagital crest

more developed

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gorilla frontal bone

not well arched and tuberocitites are not well marked

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gorilla occipital region

flat and receding

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gorilla nasal bone

depressed and broader

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gorilla foremen magnum

placed posteriorly towards dorsal side

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gorilla zygomatic arch

well deveoped

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gorillasupraorbital ridge

prominent

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gorilla jaw

developed at the expens e of brain so jaw is larger

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gorilla dental arch

u shaped

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gorilla diastema

present

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gorilla no of curves

curves are lacking

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gorilla lumbar curve

little

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tree shrews

2133/3133 x 2=38

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lemurs and loru=ises

2133/2133 x 2=36

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tarsiers

2133/1133 x 2=34

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teeth new world monkey

2133/2133 x 2=36

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teeth old world monkey

2123/3123 x 2=32

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keith theory

forest apes and austrolopithecines in miocene period

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a. boise found in

olduvai gorge

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fossils of homo habilis

leakey in 1964

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jane godell

gombe strem national park in tanzania in 1960

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jane goodall books

in the shadow of man in 1971
the chimpanzees of gombe : patterns of behaviour in 1986

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jane goodall contribution

discovery of tool using and making chimpanzees
learning from others
omnivourous eating habits of chimpanzees
cooperation
social and family life
unique personalities
primitive language

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gracile

a.africanus

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robustus

a. robustus

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gracile from

raymond dart in 1924 in taung of south africa

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gracile later fossils

sterkfontein by robert brown in 1936
makapansgat,aramis(ethiopia)
kanapoi(kenya) by leakey in 1995
olduvai gorge and lacton(tanzania)

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ronustus from

kromdai swatkrans,lake turkana(kenya) kobifora caves in south africa
plains and valleys in eastern africa

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austrolopithecus distribution

great rift valley chad hardar middle awash lake turkana olduvai gorge latoli sterkfontein swartkrans kromdai paung

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austrolopitecus cc

400-550 cc

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austrolopithecus

receding forehead
downward and forward foramen magnum
long horizontal zygomatic
short face
large molar
longer lower jaaw

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aficanus

short slender omnivorous
a.africanus a.anamensis

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a.aethiopicus

allen walker from northern kenya

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robustus

larger brain large in size bigger molar vegetarians
paranthropus robustus

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kanapoi of kenya

a.anamensis in 1995

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aramis

a.ramidus in 1994

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europe homo erectus

heidelbergensis

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first homo erectus

sand pitat mauer,heidelberg,west germany

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java man

homo erectus javaninicus

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china man

sinanthropus pekinensis

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height java man

1.73m

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asian homo erectus

south east asia-indonesia-sangarin java
east asia-china-zhaukaudin,peking

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cranial bones java man

not so thick and massive

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skull java man

smaller

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cranial suture java man

more prominent

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weight java man

70 kg

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cc java man

500 cc

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forehead java man

receding and frontal region is more or less flat

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supra orbital ridges java man

heavy and continuous

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palate java man

smooth

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occipital region java man

broad and rounder

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lower canines java man

smaller

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diase=tema java man

occur in upper dental arch

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molar and inv=cesor java man

larger in size

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linea aspera java man

present

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height china man

1.53 m

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weight china man

50 kg

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skull china man

larger

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cc china man

1075cc

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cranial bones china man

extremely thick and massive

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cranial suture china man

less prominent

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forehead china man

receding but bump like projection

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supra orbital ridges china man

heavy and continuous

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occipital region china man

more or less narrow and elongated

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palate china man

rough

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lower canines china man

larger

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diase=tema china man

absent

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molar and incisor china man

smaller in size

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linea aspera china man

no material evidence

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homo erectus socio cultural features

use of fire
chopper,hand axe and clevers
no clothing lived naked
group ,cooperation,language formation

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neanderthal man

intermediate between homo erectus and modern man

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classical neanderthal

western europe between 1.7 lak to 35000

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progressive neanderthal

1 lak to 35000 years ago

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classical neanderthal distibution

neanderthal germany 1856
spy belgium 1886
la chapelle aux saints france in 1908
la mousteir france 1908

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cc progressive

1400 cc

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skull progressive

larger and less broad

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cephalic index progressive

higher

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forehead progressive

less receding

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occipital region progressive

less protruding

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supra orbital ridge progressive

large and there is tendency to seperate in middle

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orbits progressive

more rounded

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upper jaw progressive

not projecting

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check progressive

bulging

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nose progressive

less broad

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chin progressive

well developed

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body build progressive

medium

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face progressive

short

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skull surface progressive

less rough

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cc classical

1600 cc

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skull classical

large and broad

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cephalic index classical

lower

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forehead classical

receding

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occipital region classical

protruding

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supra orbital ridge classical

large and continuous

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orbits classical

LESS ROUNDED

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upper jaw classical

PROJECTING

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cheek classical

flat

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nose classical

broad and large

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chin classical

absent

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body build classical

sticky

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face classical

long and prognathus

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skull surface classical

rough

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middle paleolithic culture

mousterian culture characterized by flake industry

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neanderthal dissapperared around

10000 years ago

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theories of extinction of neanderthal

physical extermination
over specialization
competitive exclusion
total assimilation

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rhodesian man

between neanderthal and homo sapiens

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,rhodesian fossil

broken hills of northern rhodesia (africa)

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types of homo sapiens

cromagnon france
grimaldi italy
chancelede france

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cromagnon

10000-4000 years ago
by laret in 1868
auregnecian culture
1550-1650 cc

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chancelede

head folded on chest and knees touching jaw
aurignacian and solutrean culture
1500-1700 cc

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typical feature of eskimos

no progmatism

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grimaldi man

modern days of negroid
aurignacian culture
1265-1450

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grimaldi and cro magnon theory

smith and keith

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phases of cell division

g1 phase sphase g2 phase m phase interphase

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stages of mitosis

prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase

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nucleotide

phospate group
pentose sugar
nitrogen base

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gene

physical and fujnctional unit of heredity

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chromosomes

dna+histone+non histone+rna

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earth age

five billion years ago

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life begin

3.5 billion years ago

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geological chronology

miocene,pliocene, pleistocene holocene

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cultural chronology

paleolithic mesolithic neolithic

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law of superposition

lowest olayer in any natural process deposition is older than the ones above it

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absolute or

chronometric

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types of absolute dating method

dendrochronology or tree ringdatig
radiometric dating method
amino acid racemization
c 14

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c14 method inventors

jr arnold
wf libby

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c 14 half yaears

5568

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paleolithic rock painting in individual

carlyle chekbum ardebil mitra ghosh

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mesolithic and paleolithic art in india

adamgarh,mahadeo,bhimbetka hills

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mesolithic art su=tudied by

varma pande wakankar

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study of bhimbetka paintings

matpal in 1984

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riticism of toatl institution

susie scott

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ssusie scott

total institution dilution-new technologies

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social stratification types

caste class estate

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neolithic art sites

kapgallu piklihal tekkalkota

study of prehistoric art

bhattacharya

lower paleolithic period

2.5 lak years to 1 lakh years bc

middle paleolithic period

1 lakh to 40000 years bc

upper paleolithic

40000-12000 bc

climatic features of lower paleolithic

mindel glacial 2nd interglacial riss glacial kamsian pluvial 3rd interpluvial

tool techniques of lower paleolithic

direct percussion / stone hammer
simple controlled technique / step flaking
clactonian technique
levalloise technique
anvil on anvil technique
cylinder hammer techniquel

lp tool material

quartz

lp sites

soan valley
sabarmati valley,nagri,chittogarh.didwana in west india
nasingpur and hoshagabad in mp
singrawli basin upkubara,kamarapada in orisa
nagarjuna konda in andrapradesh
madrasian culture in south india

soan culture discovered by

de terra and patterson

soan location

potwar plateau in pakistan between river indus and jhelum

soan period

5 lak to 1.5 lac years old

mp tool technique

mousterian tool
percussion technology

mp tool mateila

flint jasper chalcedony

levellosian based industry

nevasa in maharashtra

repeatedly reworked flakes

luni

cylinder hammer tech

kurnool chitoor nalgonda ap

best and richest in mp

bhimbetka

up climate

cold climate,glaciation,interglaciation

tool tec up

blade technology

tool type

blade, burin lunate blunted back harrow head, harpoon

up regional variation

renigunda
machlatalchintamani gavi
belan valley in allahabad

renigunda

entirely based on blade technology

machlatal chintamani gavi

90% bone tools

belan valley in allahabad

venus,bagor habitation,worshipping site

up 1

demise of neanderthals andappearance of modern man homo sapiens

chaundra of soan valley

peble chopper+hand axe clevers

up europe sites

dordonge valley in france
germany
spain

tool tradition of upper paleolithic in europe

perigordian
aurignacian
gravethian
solutrean
magdalenian

perigordian

32000 bc to 28500 bc
france sw asia
mounsterian+levellosian+blade technology

early perigordian tool

curved blades

late perigordian

straight sided

aurignacian age

28500-22000bc

gravathian tradition

22,000-18000

solutrean tradition

18000-15000bc

megdalenian tradition

15000-8000 bc

mesolithic sites

thein tn
langhnaj guj
bagor raj
birbhanpur wb
bhimbedka and adamgarh in mp
sarain nagar up

langhnaj location

mehsanadistrict of gujarat along the western banks of river sabarmati

langhnaj by

kd sankalia

mesolithic climate

pleistocene epoch,temperature raised and ice melted

microliths like

lunate triangle semi triangle trapezes

mesolith tool tec

blade technology

mesolith tool material

chert agate carnelian quartz

natufian culture

mesolithic culture levant
12500 9500 bc

nc climate

terminal pleistocene-holocene beginning

nc tool technology

blade-microburin

nc tool types

lunates-trapezes-triangles-backed blades-burins-borers-scrapers-fishhook-helwan retouch-hafir point

sociocultural features of nc

subsistence-dwelling
burial
social organization

first revolution of mankind

neolithic-vg child

neolithic tool tec

pecking grinding polishing

neo t types

polished axe-adze-chisel-ringstone-saddle quern-muller

neo t mat

stone and organic

neo sites

burzaham-mehagarh-chirand-chitradurg bellary-koppal -raichur-coastal andra

neo socio cultural

agriculture domestication
surplus food available
permanent settlement
inequalities and hierarcies’
religion -political org
use of pottery

chalco transi

neolithic —metal age

chalco ind

1750 bc -1000bc

chalco world

5000-3500bc

chalco mat

stone copper

chalco tec

blade-smelting-metullergy

copper tools

axe arrowhead agriculture storage tools

tiny bone weapons

bladelets

europe chalcolith

otzal apes battle axe culture
iberian peninsula pottery

near est chalco

israel timna valley-israel negev desert
iran tehran plain

south asia chalco

pak mehrgrah-ind bhirrana

pre colombian america chalco

anden civilization-michigan-wisconsin

east asia chalcoholic

jiangzhai and hongshan cultures

chalco culture of gangetic doab

orche coloured pottery hastinapur

banas culture of rajasthan

ahar -gilgund

kayatha culture mp

malwa

maharastra and konkan chalco

jorwe culture

eastern chalcolithic culture

chirand in bihar

gangetic doab culture by

lal at hastinapur

indus valley sites

harappa mohenjodaro chanhudaro lothal kalibangan surkatoda banavala dolavira

foreign invasion theory

pegot gorden wheeler

climatic change theory

marshal ostein

tectonic theory

raikes,dales

physio chemical explosion

soviet scholar dimitryev

hydrological changes

lambrick and mishra

lambrick

eastward shift of industrialization

eastward shift of river ghagharra

vn mishra

post glaciation period

2500-1800 bc

megalith

memorial stone for dead

megalith study

rem wheeler in 1956

megalith types

cairn cist menhir dolmen

cairn sites

nayakund borgoan maharastra
chingelpur tn

cist sites

banda mirzapurup

menhir

maski gulbarga karnataka

dolmen sites

brahamgirin karnataka
chingalpur in tn

megalith iron

hand axe-sickles-tripods-spear heads-arrow heads,lamp hangers

megalith variation

vidarba-north indian

vidharba megalith

dhule amaravati

northindia meglith

allahabad jammu rajasthan mp

early iron age

1200=1000 bc

late iron age

1000 bc

iron age regional variationworld

anatolia
mesopotamia
levant states
mediterranean
egypt
indian subcontinent

rajasthan iron age

jodhpur-sardarghar

up iron age sites

kalama-hastinapur-bateswaramathura

eastern iron age

chirand bihar
mahisdal-pandu rajar dhibi wb

western iron age

south rajasthan-malwa-northern maharastra

south iron age

hallur

north west iron sites

taxila-charsada-timergarh

na node

nishada tribe

veena from

memerajan

paliolithic finding in deccan

nashik-jorwe
maheshwar-navdatoli
nevasa
early man in kashmir
inamgaon

father of indian prehistory

robert bruce foote

foote tools

hand axe clevers flake-tiruvallur district

foote microlith

first in tirunelveli

misra doyen

doyen of indian prehistoric archaeology

mishra research

prehistory protohistoryethnoarcheology

mishra pg

lucknow majumdar

mishra phd

pune sankalia

mishra books

indian prehistory
pre and proto history of berach basin,south raj
prehistoric man and his art at bhimedka,cen ind
recent advances in indo pacific preistory

culture

sum total of all group habits developed by a person

eb tylor culture

complex whole of knowledge,belief,art,morals,laws,customs andother capabilities and habits acquired byman as a member of society

herskovits culture

man made partof environment

symbolic view of culture

leslie white

civilizational view of culture

robert redfield

functional view of culture

malinowski

an introduction to anthropology

beals and hoiser

cultural traits

smallest and indivisible unit of culture

cultural complex

organization of different cultural traits

cultural pattern

organization of different cultural complex

urban trading centerr

vg childe urban revolution

approaches of civilization

socio linguistic
historian
anthropological

malinowski culture

instrument to satisfy human needs

cultural relativism criticism

elizabeth zachenter

direct contact of culture

acculturation

second hand contact

diffusion

social contract theory

hobbes locke

organic theory

plato aristotle spencer

characteristic of social group

reciprocal
unity
wefeeling
1 interest
1behaviour
norms

simmer group

monad dyad triad

monad

single person as a unit of group

sanderson group

voluntary
involuntary
delegate

ferdinand tonnies

gemeinshaft
gesellshaft

gemeinshaft

communityy

gesellshaft

association

cooleygroup

primary
secondary

monad

single person unit

primary group

small
direct
face2face

society and culture malinowski

culture >society

society and culture are two different things

radcliffe brown
evans prichard
edmond leach
british

hoebal

society people
culture act

levistrauss society

society before culture

kroeber society

society exist without culture
culute dont exist without society

society and culture are inseperable

civilizational school

ginsberg social institution

definite and sanctioned forms of relationship bew=tween socila beings

social institution organizes

customs ritualsprocedures relations

social inst ex

marriafge family educationreligion

types of social institutions that

primary
sec

total institution by

erving goffman

erving goffman books

on the characteristics of institutions
asylums:essay on social situation of mental patiients and other inmates

total ins def

residance work
like situated indivi
cutoff wider society
formal adm

ex total ins

schools orphanages bootcamp prisons religiouscult military sch training ins

social stratified society

egalitarian
rank
class

egalitarian organizations

unstratified

weber status

honour accorded group/person-community

status types

ascribed
achieved

role

behaviour pattern-distinct status

roles always

reciprocal

sum total of all roles performed by individual

role repertoire

role partners

persons enactinf same roles

malinowski and brown marriage

principle of ld=egitimacy

malinowski marriage

legal marriage
socially recognised husband
socially recognised father

first anthropological definition of marriage

6th edition of notes and queries

notes and queries

union man women
children legitimate offspring
both parents

edmund leach objection

union not marriage
plural marriage
homosexual marriage

male male marriage

chyne indians

female female marriage

nuers of africa

ghost marriage

africa

nayars of south india study

kathleen gough

kathleen gough definitelyr

elationship
women person
full birth status rights

azande of sudan

homosexual marriage

feudal china marriage

concubinage

masai tribe

compulsory trial sex

cattle marriage

bantu

exception to universsality of marrige

celibacy feminism and surrogacy

character of marriage
rmf cr as

recognition
matechoice
functional transaction
ceremonies
residency
authority in family
stability of union

hyper gamy

man high
women low

hyper gamy or

anuloma

hypogamy or

pratiloma

results of hypogamy

bride price
polyandry
bachelorhood
capture marriage

results of hypogamy taboo

dowry
polygyny
spinsterhood
femaleinfanticide

incest

sexual relationship bw close relatives

pharaoh

egyptian royal family

exception for incest aboo

hawaiian incuant
egyptian royal family

chiildhood familiarity theory

westermarch

psychoanalytic theory

sigmund freud

family disruption theory

malinowski

incest taboo theories

childhoodd familiarity
psychoanalytic theory
family disruption
family cooperation
inbreeding

kibbutz studies=d by

yanina talmon

tang yanghsi

arthur wolf

fathers who sexually harrased their daughters

hilda
seymour parker

inbreeding study on tikopia

raymond firth

mara

bareness illness death -tikopia

needham

there is no such thing as incest taboo

needham incest
hepkl

hawaiian incuan
egyptian royal family
peru
kachin tribe
myanmar lakher

family cooperation theory

eb tylor

monogamy eg

modern
complex

poly andry

tk tn

tibetian khasa toda nayar

fraterrnal polyandry

tibetian khasa of==jaunsar

economic polyandry

khasa tibet

religious polyandry

toda

political polyandry

nayar

polygyny egs

africn,santhal,nagas

exogamy eg

toda clan exogamy

endogamy eg

tribal’caste
toda moeity

preferential marriage

cross cousin p
parallel cousin
levirate sororate

prescriptive marriage

endogamy exogamy rules

raremarriage
usgcag

uncle niece
sister exchange
ghost
cattle
adoptive
group

group marriage eg

marquesans polynesia

marriage functions
bslee

bil=ological social legal emotional economic

marriage payments

bride price
dowry
suitor service
gift exchange

cattle bride

swaji sa

pig bride wealth

saine new guinea
ifangao philiphines

saine

new guinea

ifangao

philiphines

horse bride wealth

navajo somalia

blanked bw

kwakiutl red indians

acquiring mate in primitive societies
pct pse eim

probationary
capture
trial
purchase
service
exchange
elopement
intrusion
mutual consent

debate on universality of nuclear family

murdoch

murdoch study

social structure

matrifocal families

central american negros

sapir studied

israel kibbutz

composition of household

neolocal
‘patrilocal
matrilocal
ambilocal
avanculocal
amitolocal

neolocal

patrilocal

70%

matrilocal

11%

ambilocal

avunculocal

amitolocal=

fathers sister house

murdoch family essential function
ices

ins mating
chn reproduction
‘eco cop
socialization

murdoch fam min
rrpep

residence
religious
pol
enter
psychological

lewis morgan family classification
cpspm

consanguine
punaluan
syndyasmian
patriarchal
monogamian

consanguine eg

malayan system of consanguinity

punaluan family eg

turanian
ganovanian

patriarchal marriage eg

hebrew pastoral families

monogamianfamily

modern complex

ancient society

lh morgani in 1871

westermack book

history ofhuman marriage in 1922

mudoch family

residence
reproduction
cooperation

evans prichard family

natural
simple legal
complex legalma

matrifocal in

brazil guantemala carribean

desai and allien rose

reciprocal system of education and family

industrialisation study

milton singer
ms gore
nsa rao

ms gore studied

agarwal family delhi

desai studied

430 families gujarat

descent

blood birth kinship

affinity

marriage

consanguinity

blood birth kinship

affinal kins

related through marriage

consanguineal kins

blood birth relation

primary kins

parents and children

sec kins

primary kins of primary kin

terrtiary kin

primary kins of secondary kins

lineal kins

direct descendents of common ancestors

kins descendent from common ancestor but not direct line

collateral kins

blood birth and marriage

kindred

types of kinship system

broad range
narrow range

broad range kinship system

extended kin relation

narrow range kinship system

narrow kin relation

tallensi religion

clan or lineage has own religious practices

tikopia of

western pacific

tikopia case study by

raymond firth

mossi of

west aftrica

mossi case study

hammond

patrilineal societies eg

tikopia of west pacific
mossi of w.africa
most indian tribes

garo-khasi of

meghalaya

tulu speaking communities of

south lakshadweep

nayar of

kerala

ashanti of

ghana

navajo of

africa

matrilineal societies eg

garo-khasi
tulu
nayar
ashanti
navajo

types of descent

unilineal
double
ambilineal

descent means

relationship to common ancestor

rules of descent

rules connect individual
particular set indiv
presumed common ancestor

uniineal descent types

patrilineal matrilineal

unilineal-important relatives

excluded

unilineal speacial place

rites de passage
torchbearers of peace
blood feud arbitrators
absence of conflict with ego

unilineal group distingushed by

tribes
moeity
phratry
clan
lineage

classification of unilineal descent group by

evans prichard

lineage are

descents from common ancestor through links

clan also called

sib

known ancestor

extended family
lineage

unknown ancestor

clan phatry

phratry eg

crow indians-6 phratries

phratry means

two or more clans related through common ancestor

moeity means in french

halfm

moeity eg

kaska indians-

moeity pop

relatively small population around 9000

kapauka of

new guinea

trunk of

small pacific island

patrilineal org eg

kapauka of new guinea

matrilineal org eg

trunk of small pacific island

double descent or

bilineal descent

double descent is

matrilineal for some purpose and patrilineal for some purposes

yako of

west nigeria

venda of

nigeria

double descent eg

ashanti of west africa
yako of west nigeria
venda of nigeria

yako-venda ritual

matrilineal

yako-venda land cattle

patrilineal

herero material property

matrilineal

herero ritual

patrilineal

ambilineal descent rule

matri or patrilineal descent group

development of ambilineal group

depopulation due to famines

examples of kindred

iban of borneo
zulu of south afr

iban of

borneo

zulu of

south africa

lineage based societies

kurds of middle east
nuers of africa

kurds of

middle east

nuers of

africa

clan based societies

crow indians

phratry descent group

unilineal descent

phratry society

hopi
navajo
red indians
musia gonds of mp
rabhas of assam
ao nagas of nagaland
raj gonds of ap

red indians of

usa

muria gonds of

madhya pradesh

rabhas of

assam

ao nagas of

nagaland

raj gonds of

andhra pradesh

types of phratries

matriphratries
patriphatries

aztects of

mexico

phratry greek word

phrater

greek word

indian phratry communities

150

founding father of american anthropology

lh morgan

who classified kinship terminology

lh morgan

kinship terminology types morgan

ckassificatory
descriptive

lh morgan kinship criticized by

kroeber
rivers

revitalisation of kinship terminology study

radcliffe brown

lh morgan kinship terminology book

system of consanguinity and affinity of human family

system of consanguinity and affinity of human family in

1871

classificatory kinship terminology=

lineals merging with collaterral

malayan type=

lineals merging with all collateral

malayan eg

mothers mother,mother,fathers sister=mother

north american type=

lineals merge with some collateral

morth american type eg

only mother and mothers sister=mother

descriptive kinship terminology=

different kin terrms for different kins

north indian kinship terminology

papa
tao
maa

seauence of evolution of kinship terminology

1.malayan
2.north american
3.descriptive

morphological differences in language criticism

kroeber
clifford

sociological principles kinship terminology

radcliffe brown

bifurcate merging kinship terminology from

levirate-sororate

determinants of kinship terminology
gsa cbp rsd

generation
sex
affinity
collaterality
bifurcation
polarity
relative age
speakers sex
descendence

british kinship terminology

kinship algebra

radcliffe brown terminological system of

australian aborigines

r.brown case study year

1930

r.brown study became

african kinship terrminology

r.brown terminology book

african kinship system

6 kinship terminology group

eskimos
hawaiians
iroquois
omaha
crow
sudanese

eskimos kinship terrminology

extremely classificatory
all linear and laterals

hawaiian kinship terminology

simplest of all
even avoid sex differences

iroquois kinship

bifurcate mergig system

omaha kinship system

ignores generational distinction

crow kinshipterminology

matrilineal mirror image of patrilineal omeha

sudanese kinship

extremely descriptive system

filiation=

allocation of individual to descent group

tallensi of

ghana

complimentary filiation by

m.fortes

m.fortes case study on

tallensi of ghana

complimentary filiation

kinship lines withrelatives who do not belong to their own descent group

complimentary filiation eg

patrilineal socities-maternal uncel 0maternal grandparents

filiation characters

political
hierarchial

complimentary filiation characters

emotional personal

kinship behaviour=

definite-comparatively permanent behaviour patterrs
diff societal members

types of kinship behaviour

avoidance
joking relation
avanculate
couvade
amitate

avoidance eg

fin lil tobriand islanders
brother sister avoidance veddas

father in law daughter in law avoidance

tobriand islanders

brother sister avoidance in

veddas

frazer avoidance study

to prevent incest

joking relation eg

devar bhabhi
jija sali

devar bhabhi

ego and elder brothers wife

jija sali

ego and wifes younger sister

avanculate kinship behaviour

special rights obligation maternal uncle

couvade=

husband imitates thebehaviour of his wife -child birth

couvade eg

toda -south india

amitate kinship behav

ego and fathers sister

alliance

marriage kin relation

theory of alliance by

claude levi strauss

strauss alliance

result of exchange of humans among groups

forms of marrige

endo gamy
exogamy
preferrential marriage

oder rules of levi struss

incest taboo
dualism of mind\our group -their group\
concept of binary opposition

three basic principles of exchange

goods and services
ideas
men or wom

theory of exchange by

claude levi stauss

restricted exchange or

reciprocal exchange

types of exchange

restricted or reciprocal
generalised\assymetric

generalized exchange or

assymetric

types of generalised exchange

continuous
discontinuous

restricted exchange=

wife giver & receiver in same generation

restricted exchange eg

bilateral cross cousin marriage

generalized exchange types

continuous
discontinuous

concept of circulation connubium by

claude levi strauss

circulation connubium or

continuous exchange

continuous exchange=

flow of women in one direction in all generation

continuous exchange example

matrilineal cross cousin marrige in patrilineal societies

discontinuous exchange=

exchange of women next gen

discontinuous exchange eg

patrilineal cross cousin marriage in patrilineal societies

economic anthropology=

cross cultural & comparative study
economic system-various societies

economic anthropology scholar

malinowski
raymond firth
marshal shalin
karl polany
paul bohanan

impact of colonization in the african tribal economics by

dalton,bohanon

dalton bohanan studied the societies of

bushang-nandi-lela-nope

kogi indians speciality

scarcity of land but do not cultivate(ancestral spirit)

exchange=

give and take of goods and services

different types ofexchange in the primitive community

ceremonial exchange
recipocity
redistribution
barter
market

marshal sahlin reciprocity classification

generalized
balanced
negative

sahlin reciprocity classification criticized by

ingold

reciprocity principle

principle of mutuality

marshal sahlin reciprocity classification year

1972

sahlin reciprocity classification based on

emotion\kin distance
proximity

general reciprocity\

positive reciprocity

general reciprocity=

gift giving without immediate\palanned return

generalized reciprocity eg

philanthropy,sharing big game

balanced reciprocity=

obligation to return

balanced reciprocity eg
fgpmk

formal friendship
group alliance
peacekeeping
marriage transaction
kula exchange

negative reciprocity=

taking advantage of others to get something for nothing

negative reciprocity eg

cattle raid
wife raid
stealing

redistribution=

collecting goods by chief
distribution for various purposes

redistribution eg
tsrpm

tobriand islanders
new guinea sawai
mexico rio grande pueblo
india proja tribe
modern state

barter=

exchange of commodity with another commodity

types of barter

silent barter
open

silent barter=

without linguistic communication
silent bargaining

silent barter eg

srilanka sinhali veddas
siberia alaska chukches

open barter=

linguistic communication open bargaining

open barter eg

pastoral toda
medicinal kota
artisan kurumba
agri badaga

pastoralist in nilgris

toda

medicinal man in nilgris

kota

artisans in ilgris

kurumba

agriculture nilgris

badaga

market less societies =

without market place & market principle

marketless societies eg

band

market societies=

without market principle

market societies eg

tribal societies

market place+market principle eg

modern societies

market classification by

dalton-bohanon

market classification dalton-bohanon

aferican
american

dahomy market

women sellers
men buyers

market ring=

fixed interrval
fixed number of market places

market ring eg

ibo of nigeria

non economic features of market
cpj rc me

commmunication
political function
judicial function
religious function
conflict resolving mechanism
marrige partners selected
entertainment

ceremonial exchange\

ritualized gift giving

funerary gifts in

west africa

examples of ceremonial exchange
wapk

wedding exchange gift
africa funerary gifts
priest-religious functionary gifts
kula exchange

tobriand islanders of

new guinea

malinowski kula book

argounauts of west pacific