anthro full Flashcards
anthro full
1
Q
DNA & Its Replication: What is DNA responsible for storing
A
,Genetic information in organisms (excluding RNA viruses).
2
Q
DNA & Its Replication: What are the components of a DNA molecule
A
,Nucleotides with a phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogen base.
3
Q
DNA & Its Replication: When does DNA replication occur in the cell cycle
A
,During the S-phase of the cell cycle.
4
Q
DNA & Its Replication: What is the nature of DNA replication
A
,Semi-conservative, with a primer required for initiation.
5
Q
DNA & Its Replication: What role do RNA primers play in replication
A
,Ensuring accurate synthesis initiation.
6
Q
DNA & Its Replication: How does elongation occur in replication
A
In both leading and lagging strands, with the leading strand synthesized continuously
7
Q
DNA & Its Replication: When does termination happen in replication
A
,When replication bubbles meet.
8
Q
DNA & Its Replication: Why is replication vital for organisms
A
,Vital for growth, reproduction, repair, and adaptation. Uncontrolled replication can lead to cancer.
9
Q
Protein Synthesis: What is protein synthesis
A
,A fundamental process where cells build specific proteins using DNA and various RNA.
10
Q
Protein Synthesis: What are the two main steps of protein synthesis
A
,Transcription and Translation.
11
Q
Protein Synthesis: Where does transcription occur
A
,In the nucleus.
12
Q
Protein Synthesis: What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis
A
,Used as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA).
13
Q
Protein Synthesis: Where does translation take place
A
,On ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
14
Q
Protein Synthesis: What does tRNA do in protein synthesis
A
,Brings amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA sequence.
15
Q
DNA & Its Replication: What does DNA store in organisms
A
,Genetic information (excluding RNA viruses).
16
Q
DNA & Its Replication: What are the components of a DNA nucleotide
A
,Phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogen base.
17
Q
DNA & Its Replication: When does DNA replication occur in the cell cycle
A
,During the S-phase of the cell cycle.
18
Q
DNA & Its Replication: What is the nature of DNA replication
A
,Semi-conservative, with a primer required for initiation.
19
Q
DNA & Its Replication: What role do RNA primers play in replication
A
,Ensuring accurate synthesis initiation.
20
Q
DNA & Its Replication: Where does elongation occur in replication
A
,In both leading and lagging strands, with the leading strand synthesized continuously.
21
Q
DNA & Its Replication: When does termination happen in replication
A
,When replication bubbles meet.
22
Q
DNA & Its Replication: Why is replication vital for organisms
A
,Vital for growth, reproduction, repair, and adaptation. Uncontrolled replication can lead to cancer.
23
Q
Protein Synthesis: What is protein synthesis
A
,A fundamental process where cells build specific proteins using DNA and various RNA.
24
Q
Protein Synthesis: What are the two main steps of protein synthesis
A
,Transcription and Translation.
25
Protein Synthesis: Where does transcription occur
,In the nucleus.
26
Protein Synthesis: What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis
,Used as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA).
27
Protein Synthesis: Where does translation take place
,On ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
28
Protein Synthesis: What does tRNA do in protein synthesis
,Brings amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA sequence.
29
Protein Synthesis: What does the sequence of amino acids form in proteins
,The primary structure of proteins.
30
Protein Synthesis: How does protein synthesis occur in ribosomes
,Simultaneously in multiple ribosomes.
31
Protein Synthesis: When is the complete protein structure formed
,When the amino acid sequence folds into a three-dimensional shape.
32
Cell: What is the definition of a cell
,Smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic, consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.
33
Cell Cycle: What is the cell cycle
,Actively dividing eukaryote cells pass through stages collectively known as the cell cycle. Stages include G1, S, G2, and M phase. Cells grow, copy chromosomes, and divide to form new cells.
34
Cell Cycle Phases: What is the G1 Phase
,Metabolic changes prepare the cell for division. The cell is committed to division at the restriction point.
35
Cell Cycle Phases: What is the S Phase
,DNA synthesis replicates genetic material. Chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids after replication.
36
Cell Cycle Phases: What is the G2 Phase
,Metabolic changes assemble cytoplasmic materials necessary for mitosis and cytokinesis.
37
Cell Cycle Phases: What is the M Phase
,Nuclear division (mitosis) followed by cell division (cytokinesis).
38
Cell Cycle Phases: What is Interphase
,Period between mitotic divisions (G1, S, and G2 phases).
39
Mitosis vs. Meiosis: What is Mitosis
,Produces genetically identical daughter cells. Chromosomes replicate and divide, ensuring each daughter cell has a full set.
40
Mitosis vs. Meiosis: What is Meiosis
,Produces haploid sex cells (sperm and egg) with half the normal number of chromosomes. Involves two successive nuclear and cellular divisions.
41
Stages of Mitosis: What happens in Prophase
,Nuclear membrane breaks down, chromosomes condense, centrosomes duplicate.
42
Stages of Mitosis: What happens in Prometaphase
,Chromosomes migrate to the metaphase plate, spindle fibers bind to kinetochores.
43
Stages of Mitosis: What happens in Metaphase
,Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate.
44
Stages of Mitosis: What happens in Anaphase
,Sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite ends.
45
Stages of Mitosis: What happens in Telophase
,Nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes uncoil, spindle fibers disappear.
46
Cytokinesis and Meiosis: What is Cytokinesis
,Final cellular division to form two new cells.
47
Cytokinesis and Meiosis: What is Meiosis I
,Reduces the cell from diploid to haploid. Involves prophase I, prometaphase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.
48
Cytokinesis and Meiosis: What is Meiosis II
,Separates each chromosome into two chromatids. Generates genetic diversity.
49
Importance of Cell Division: Why is cell division important
,Essential for the continuity of life and evolution.
Asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms.
Basis of repair and regeneration in multi-cellular organisms.
Life starts from a single cell (zygote) in multi-cellular organisms.
50
Rhodesian Man: Where were the fossils of Rhodesian Man found
,Broken Hill, Northern Rhodesia (Africa).
51
Rhodesian Man: When did Rhodesian Man live
,About 200,000 years ago.
52
Rhodesian Man: What cultural evidence is associated with Rhodesian Man
,Bone and stone implements found.
Some similarities to tools used by modern Bushmen.
Limited evidence for drawing conclusions.
53
Rhodesian Man: How is Rhodesian Man classified phylogenetically
,Considered African variety of Neanderthal.
Opinions differ on classification - Homo rhodesiensis or Cyphanthropus Rhodesiensis.
54
Comparative Account: Cro-Magnon Man: When did Cro-Magnon Man live
,Estimated age: 30,000 - 40,000 years ago.
55
Comparative Account: Cro-Magnon Man: Where was Cro-Magnon Man discovered
,France in 1868.
56
Comparative Account: Cro-Magnon Man: What tools are associated with Cro-Magnon Man
,Bow & Arrow, spears, harpoons.
57
Comparative Account: Chancelede Man: Where was Chancelede Man found
,Near Chancelede (France) in 1808.
58
Comparative Account: Grimaldi Man: Where was Grimaldi Man found
GMI
,Garimaldi Village near Mentone, Italy.
59
Asian Homo erectus: Where were fossils of Asian Homo erectus found in Southeast Asia
,Indonesia - Sangiran, Java
60
Asian Homo erectus: Where were fossils of Asian Homo erectus found in East Asia
,China - Zhoukoudian, Peking
61
Asian Homo erectus: What is the average weight of Sangiran, Java Homo erectus
,70 kg
62
Asian Homo erectus: What is the average weight of Zhoukoudian, Peking Homo erectus
,50 kg
63
Asian Homo erectus: Compare the skull sizes of Sangiran, Java, and Zhoukoudian, Peking Homo erectus
,Sangiran, Java has a smaller skull, while Zhoukoudian, Peking has a larger skull
64
Asian Homo erectus: Compare the cranial capacities of Sangiran, Java, and Zhoukoudian, Peking Homo erectus
,Sangiran, Java has an average of 800 CC, while Zhoukoudian, Peking has an average of 1075 CC
65
Asian Homo erectus: Describe the cranial bones of Sangiran, Java Homo erectus
,Not so thick & massive
66
Asian Homo erectus: Describe the cranial bones of Zhoukoudian, Peking Homo erectus
,Extremely thick & massive
67
Asian Homo erectus: Compare the prominence of cranial sutures in Sangiran, Java, and Zhoukoudian, Peking Homo erectus
,Sangiran, Java has more prominent cranial sutures, while Zhoukoudian, Peking appears to be of an early stage with less prominent sutures
68
Asian Homo erectus: Compare the foreheads of Sangiran, Java, and Zhoukoudian, Peking Homo erectus
,Both have a receding forehead, with Sangiran, Java having a more or less flat frontal region, and Zhoukoudian, Peking showing a bump-like development
69
Asian Homo erectus: Compare the supra-orbital ridges of Sangiran, Java, and Zhoukoudian, Peking Homo erectus
,Both have heavy and continuous supra-orbital ridges
70
Asian Homo erectus: Compare the occipital regions of Sangiran, Java, and Zhoukoudian, Peking Homo erectus
,Sangiran, Java has a broad & rounded occipital region, while Zhoukoudian, Peking has a more or less narrow & elongated occipital region
71
Asian Homo erectus: Compare the palates of Sangiran, Java, and Zhoukoudian, Peking Homo erectus
,Sangiran, Java has a smooth palate, while Zhoukoudian, Peking has a rough palate
72
Asian Homo erectus: Compare the lower canines of Sangiran, Java, and Zhoukoudian, Peking Homo erectus
,Sangiran, Java has smaller lower canines, while Zhoukoudian, Peking has larger lower canines
73
Asian Homo erectus: Compare the presence of a diastema in the upper dental arch in Sangiran, Java, and Zhoukoudian, Peking Homo erectus
,Sangiran, Java has a diastema in the upper dental arch, while Zhoukoudian, Peking has no material evidence of a diastema
74
Asian Homo erectus: Compare the sizes of molars & incisors in Sangiran, Java, and Zhoukoudian, Peking Homo erectus
,Sangiran, Java has larger molars & incisors, while Zhoukoudian, Peking has smaller molars & incisors
75
Asian Homo erectus: Compare the presence of Linea Aspera in Sangiran, Java, and Zhoukoudian, Peking Homo erectus
,Sangiran, Java has Linea Aspera present, while there is no material evidence of Linea Aspera in Zhoukoudian, Peking
76
Homo erectus Culture: What are some socio-cultural features of Homo erectus
,Use of fire,
tools such as chopper-chopping, hand axe, and cleavers.
Lived naked without clothing.
Lived in groups, involved cooperation, and used some form of language.
77
Homo erectus Culture: When did Homo erectus originate
,1.6 - 0.12 million years ago.
78
Homo erectus Culture: How did Homo erectus adapt to environmental challenges
,Through cultural means,
using fire and hunting big game with sophisticated tools.
Nomadic lifestyle with small populations.
Belonging to the Chellean and Acheulian traditions.
79
Homo erectus Culture: What is the significance of Homo erectus in human evolution
,First undisputed member of genus Homo,
adapting to the environment through the use of stone tools and fire,
showcasing a significant step in the development of humankind.
80
Comparison: La-Chapelle-aux-Saints vs. Mt. Carmel Neanderthals: What are the cranial characteristics of La-Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthals
l l l m p l l p f b a s l r
,Larger and broader skull.
Lower cranial capacity (1600 CC).
Lower cephalic index.
More receding forehead.
Protruding occipital region.
Large and continuous supra-orbital ridge.
Less rounded orbits.
Projecting upper jaw.
Flat cheek.
Broad and large nose
. Absent chin.
Stockier body build.
Longer and prognathous face.
Rough skull surface.
81
Comparison: La-Chapelle-aux-Saints vs. Mt. Carmel Neanderthals: What are the cranial characteristics of Mt. Carmel Neanderthals
s h h l l c m n b l w m s l
,Smaller and less broad skull.
Higher cranial capacity.
Higher cephalic index.
Less receding forehead.
Less protruding occipital region.
Continuous but tends to separate in the middle supra-orbital ridge.
More rounded orbits. Not projecting upper jaw.
Bulging cheek.
Less broad nose.
Well-developed chin.
Medium body build. Shorter face.
Less rough skull surface.
82
Comparison: La-Chapelle-aux-Saints vs. Mt. Carmel Neanderthals: What are the postcranial features of both types of Neanderthals
,Similar postcranial features including short, stout vertebral column, strong ribs indicating a large thorax, short and strong humerus with a large head, large and robust fingers, strong femur with a large head, short and stout bones indicating powerful muscular attachment, short in height, upright and erect posture.
83
Comparison: La-Chapelle-aux-Saints vs. Mt. Carmel Neanderthals: What is the main difference between classical Neanderthals and the progressive type
,The main difference lies in cranial characteristics, while postcranial features are similar.
The variations in the skull structure highlight the diversity within the Neanderthal population.
84
Australopithecus: When did Australopithecus exist
,Around 4 million years ago.
85
Australopithecus: Where did Australopithecus exist
,In the African continent.
86
Australopithecus: What is Australopithecus considered in relation to modern man
,A probable ancestor of modern man.
87
Australopithecus: What cultural feature is associated with Australopithecus
,Osteokeratodontic culture.
88
Types of Australopithecus: What is Australopithecus Africanus (Gracile) known for
so ts ma kol
,Slim and omnivorous. Fossil discoveries from Taung, Sterkfontein, Makapansgat, Aramis, Kanapoi, Olduvai Gorge, and Laetoli.
89
Types of Australopithecus: What is Australopithecus Robustus (Robust)
known for kslk
,Larger brain, bigger molars, and vegetarian. Fossils found in Kromdraai, Swartkrans, Lake Turkana, and Kobifora.
90
Types of Australopithecus: What happened to the Robust form of Australopithecus
,Became extinct. The Gracile form gave rise to modern man.
91
Distribution: Where were Gracile form fossils of Australopithecus found
sekt
,South Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania.
92
Distribution: Where were Robust form fossils of Australopithecus found
,South Africa and eastern Africa's Great Rift Valley.
93
Physical Features - Cranial Features: What is the cranial capacity of Australopithecus
,400-530 CC, larger than Miocene apes.
94
Physical Features - Cranial Features: What are some features of the forehead in Australopithecus
,Receding forehead, sagittal crest, and prominent zygomatic arch.
95
Physical Features - Cranial Features: What does the placement of foramen magnum in Australopithecus indicate
,Downward and forward placed foramen magnum, indicating an erect posture.
96
Physical Features - Brain: What does the expanded cerebral cortex in Australopithecus suggest
,Symbolic communication.
97
Physical Features - Brain: What is the significance of the increased cerebellum size in Australopithecus
,Improved movement control.
98
Physical Features - Dentition: What does the dentition suggest about the diet of Australopithecus
,Largely vegetarian diet with small incisors and canines, and large pre-molars and molars.
99
Physical Features - Dentition: What is the wear pattern on the molars of Australopithecus similar to
,Wear pattern similar to humans.
100
Physical Features - Postcranial Features: What is the probable locomotion of Australopithecus
,Probably bipedal with lumbar curve.
101
Physical Features - Postcranial Features: What are some features of the postcranial skeleton in Australopithecus
iff
,Broadened and short ilium, torsion angle in femur, and developed foot arches.
102
Cultural Status: What is the cultural status of Australopithecus
,Osteokeratodontic culture: Utilization of bones, horns, and teeth as tools.
Tools included choppers, bifaced hand axes, cleavers, and scrapers.
103
Phylogenetic Status: What does the 2-3 branch theory suggest about Australopithecus
,Divergence around 5 million years ago. A. africanus, A. anamensis, and A. robustus represent different branches.
104
Phylogenetic Status: What is the significance of Australopithecus in hominid evolution
,Provides crucial insights into the early stages of hominid evolution, marking a transitional phase from apes to modern humans.
105
Conclusion: What is the conclusion about Australopithecus
,Australopithecus, with its unique physical and cultural characteristics, provides crucial insights into the early stages of hominid evolution, marking a transitional phase from apes to modern humans.
106
Craniofacial Changes: What is the first major craniofacial change in hominid evolution
,Increase in cranial part compared to facial part.
107
Craniofacial Changes: What happens to the supraorbital ridges in hominid evolution
,Supraorbital ridges become more prominent.
108
Craniofacial Changes: How does the occipital region change in hominid evolution
,Occipital region bulges out, frontal & parietal tuberosities become well-marked.
109
Craniofacial Changes: What happens to the size of the sagittal crest in hominid evolution
,Size of the sagittal crest decreases.
110
Craniofacial Changes: How does the nuchal crest change in hominid evolution
,Size of the nuchal crest decreases.
111
Craniofacial Changes: What happens to the face in hominid evolution
,Face becomes orthognathus with a prominent chin.
112
Craniofacial Changes: How does the nasal bridge change in hominid evolution
,Nasal bridge becomes well-raised.
113
Craniofacial Changes: What happens to sutures in hominid evolution
,Sutures become highly serrated.
114
Dentition: What are the general trends in dentition during hominid evolution
,Retention of fairly simple teeth structure and reduction in the size of teeth.
115
Dentition: What is the dental formula for Prosimians (Lemurs & Lorises) during hominid evolution
,2133 = 9133 xX2 = 36.
116
Dentition: What is the dental formula for Anthropoids (Old World Monkeys) during hominid evolution
,2123 x2 = 32.
117
Dentition: What is the dental formula for Apes and Man during hominid evolution
,Affected all four types of teeth.
118
Dentition: How does the size of incisors change in hominid evolution
,Reduction in the size of incisors due to processed food.
119
Dentition: How does the size of canines change in hominid evolution
,Reduction in size of canines due to decreased antagonistic display.
120
Dentition: What happens to the number of molars in hominid evolution
,Reduction in the number of molars.
121
Dentition: How does the molar pattern change in hominid evolution
,Change from triangular to modified Y-shaped figure in Apes and Man.
122
Brain: What is the general trend in brain size during hominid evolution
,Increase in the size of the brain relative to body size.
123
Brain: How is brain evolution characterized during hominid evolution
,Characterized by a general increase in brain size.
124
Brain: Which areas of the brain are associated with vision and sense of touch during hominid evolution
,Areas associated with vision and sense of touch elaborated.
125
Brain: How does tool making affect brain development during hominid evolution
Tool making in hominid evolution enhanced brain development through complex motor skills, problem-solving, and social interactions, suggesting a co-evolutionary relationship between technology and cognitive capabilities
126
Brain: What areas of the brain are associated with hand coordination and language expansion during hominid evolution
,Cortical areas associated with hand coordination and language expansion.
127
Brain: What happens to the size of the cerebellum during hominid evolution
,Gradual increase in the size of the cerebellum associated with balance and equilibrium.
128
Evolutionary Trends: What is a continuous evolutionary trend in dentition during hominid evolution
,Reduction in dental formula.
129
Evolutionary Trends: What factors influence changes in brain size and structure during hominid evolution
,Cultural and behavioral factors.
130
Classification,What is the kingdom of Primates
,Animalia
131
Classification,Which phylum do Primates belong to
,Chordata
132
Classification,In which subphylum are Primates classified
,Vertebrata
133
Classification,What class do Primates fall under
,Mammals
134
Classification,Which subclass do Primates belong to
,Eutheria
135
Classification,What order do Primates belong to
,Primates
136
Primate Taxonomy,What infraorder includes lemurs
,Lemuriformes
137
Primate Taxonomy,Which superfamily includes lemurs
,Lemuroidea
138
Primate Taxonomy,Which subfamily includes lemurs
,Lemurinae
139
Primate Taxonomy,What infraorder includes lorises
,Lorisiformes
140
Primate Taxonomy,Which superfamily includes lorises
,Lorisoidea
141
Primate Taxonomy,Which subfamily includes lorises
,Lorisinae
142
Primate Taxonomy,What infraorder includes New World monkeys
,Platyrrhini
143
Primate Taxonomy,Which subfamily includes capuchins
,Cebinae
144
Primate Taxonomy,Which subfamily includes owl monkeys
,Aotinae
145
Primate Taxonomy,What infraorder includes Old World monkeys
,Catarrhini
146
Primate Taxonomy,Which superfamily includes Old World monkeys
,Cercopithecoidea
147
Primate Taxonomy,Which subfamily includes leaf-eating monkeys
,Colobinae
148
Primate Taxonomy,Which subfamily includes baboons and macaques
,Cercopithecinae
149
Primate Taxonomy,Which tribe includes baboons and macaques
,Papionini
150
Primate Taxonomy,Which superfamily includes hominids
,Hominoidea
151
Primate Taxonomy,Which subfamily includes lesser apes like gibbons
,Hylobatinae
152
Primate Taxonomy,Which tribe includes orangutans
,Ponginae
153
Primate Taxonomy,Which tribe includes humans
,Hominini
154
Arboreal Adaptation,What is Vertical Clinging and Leaping
,Clinging to a branch in a vertical position, leaping to another vertically.
155
Arboreal Adaptation,What adaptations support Vertical Clinging and Leaping
,Small tarsal bone, long hind limbs.
156
Arboreal Adaptation,What is Brachiation
,A form of arboreal locomotion where animals swing from branch to branch.
157
Arboreal Adaptation,What are the types of Brachiation
,Primitive Brachiation (Alternating hand use, turning 180°), True Brachiation (Flight-like movement, jumping from branch to branch).
158
Arboreal Adaptation,Which animals use Brachiation
,Lesser apes (e.g., gibbons).
159
Arboreal Adaptation,What adaptations are associated with Brachiation
,Hands and arms as main locomotory organs.
160
Arboreal Adaptation,What is Quadrupedalism
,A mode of locomotion using all four limbs.
161
Arboreal Adaptation,What are the types of Quadrupedalism in monkeys
,Arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism.
162
Arboreal Adaptation,What are the adaptations for Quadrupedalism in monkeys
,Prehensile big toe, diverging thumbs and big toes.
163
Arboreal Adaptation,What types of Quadrupedalism are found in apes
,Terrestrial quadrupedalism - Palm and fist walking (orangutan), Knuckle walking (chimpanzee, gorilla).
164
Terrestrial Adaptation,What is Bipedalism
,A mode of locomotion using two hind limbs (walking on two legs).
165
Terrestrial Adaptation,Which species exclusively exhibit Bipedalism
,Humans.
166
Terrestrial Adaptation,What is the evolutionary background of Bipedalism in humans
,Adaptation to terrestrial life during the Miocene period.
167
Terrestrial Adaptation,What modifications are associated with Bipedalism in humans
fgo et rf
,Flexible skeleton, Grasping big toe and opposable thumb, Evolution of nails, Tactile pads for friction and touch, Reduced reliance on olfactory sense, Front-facing eyes for stereoscopic vision.
168
Mosaic Evolution,What is Mosaic Evolution
,The concept that major evolutionary changes in organisms or structures do not occur all at once but rather in stages.
It refers to the process of differential evolution among the component parts of an organism or a structure.
169
Mosaic Evolution,How is mosaic evolution characterized
,By the uneven rate of evolution in different functional systems or components of an organism.
170
Mosaic Evolution,Provide an example of Mosaic Evolution in human evolution
,Early evolution of bipedalism in Australopithecus and modifications of the pelvic girdle occurred before significant changes in skull or brain size
171
Mosaic Evolution,Give an example of Mosaic Evolution in mammalian evolution
,During the Mesozoic era, mosaic evolution is observed in mammals, where different functional systems evolved at different rates
172
Mosaic Evolution,What is the importance of Mosaic Evolution
,It plays a crucial role in macroevolution, introducing stage-by-stage changes in various parts of organs or structures.
It provides a flexible framework for the growth and development of different organs in relation to other parts of an organism.
173
Unicentric vs. Multicentric,What is the debate about in Unicentric vs. Multicentric Source of Human Evolution
,Whether Homo sapiens had a single center of origin (Unicentric theory) or multiple centers of origin (Multicentric theory).
174
Unicentric vs. Multicentric,According to Darwin's "Descent of Man," what does the Unicentric Theory propose
,Homo sapiens originated in Africa and then spread to other parts of the world.
175
Unicentric vs. Multicentric,Who are some supporters of the Unicentric Theory
,Research by Kenn et al. (1987) on mitochondrial DNA and Neil and Livshitz (1989) based on the study of 148 gene markers.
176
Unicentric vs. Multicentric,What is the Multicentric Theory proposed by
Kramer (1991)
,Supports multicentric theory based on the study of a mandible discovered in Sangiran, Java.
177
Unicentric vs. Multicentric,Who are some researchers supporting the Multicentric Theory
according to Simmons and Smith (1991),They published an article in Current Anthropology in support of the multicentric theory.
178
Unicentric vs. Multicentric,What is the conclusion regarding the debate between Unicentric and Multicentric theories
,The debate is ongoing, and the conclusion remains tentative until more fossils are discovered and analyzed from various regions.
179
Cope's Rule,What is Cope's Rule
,The concept proposed by Edward Drinker Cope that suggests organisms tend to increase in size during evolution.
180
Cope's Rule,Who proposed Cope's Rule
,Edward Drinker Cope.
181
Cope's Rule,Are there exceptions to Cope's Rule
,Yes, there are exceptions. Give examples.,
Insectivorous mammals like moles, flying bats, and some carnivorous mammals show exceptions.
182
Cope's Rule,What are some reasons for the increase in size according to Cope's Rule SLFE
,Seasonal adaptation,
facilitating capturing large-sized herbivores for food in carnivores, and
increasing fecundity in egg-laying mammals.
183
Gause’s Rule,What is Gause’s Rule (Competitive Exclusion)
,Proposed by Russian biologist Gause, it states that competition may occur between populations within an ecosystem for resources such as food, space, light, or shelter.
184
Gause’s Rule,What is the explanation for Gause’s Rule
,If two species occupy the same trophic level, they are likely to compete for food and space, leading to adaptive radiation or equilibrium situations.
185
Gause’s Rule,What are some reasons for competition according to Gause’s Rule
,Trophic level competition and equilibrium situations where competitors may reach a balance.
186
Gause’s Rule,What experiments were conducted to study Gause’s Rule
,Studied in laboratory populations with Paramecium aurelia and P. caudatum, where aurelia survived while caudatum declined.
187
Parallelism and Convergence,What is Parallelism in the context of evolution
,Occurs when two evolutionary lines derive from a common ancestor and develop similarly over centuries, paralleling each other.
188
Parallelism and Convergence,What is Convergent Evolution in the context of evolution
,Occurs when two unrelated species develop similar features due to similar evolutionary pressures, resulting in similar forms in divergent evolutionary lines.
189
Parallelism and Convergence,What is the conclusion regarding Parallelism and Convergence
,They are essential factors in understanding structural resemblances during evolutionary development.
190
Adaptive Radiation,What is Adaptive Radiation in the context of evolution
,The spread of species into several distinct ecological niches, each adapted to specific conditions.
191
Adaptive Radiation,Who defined Adaptive Radiation as a
,Buettner Janusch.
rapid increase in numbers and types of evolving groups of organisms into distinct eco niches
192
Adaptive Radiation,What are examples of Adaptive Radiation
,Reptiles evolving into mammals, birds, fishes, burrowers, and arboreal species.
193
Adaptive Radiation,What are some features of Adaptive Radiation
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,Evolutionary changes, specialization, and the potential risk of over-specialization leading to extinction.
194
Natural Selection,What is natural selection or survival of the fittest
,The concept introduced by Charles Darwin involving the differential rate of reproduction based on various physiological, anatomical, or behavioral changes.
195
Natural Selection,What is the mechanism of natural selection
,Struggle for existence where individuals with variations more beneficial in the changing environment survive.
196
Natural Selection,What is one example illustrating natural selection
,Australopithecus robustus went extinct, while Australopithecus Gracile evolved into Homo sapiens.
197
Natural Selection,What are the criteria for natural selection according to Darwin
VIDOA
]+------------------------------------+
+------------------------------------+
| +-----------------+ |
| | Variation | |
| +-----------------+ |
| ↓ |
| +-----------------+ |
| | Inheritance | |
| +-----------------+ |
| ↓ |
| +-----------------+ |
| | Differential | |
| | Survival and | |
| | Reproduction | |
| +-----------------+ |
| ↓ |
| +-----------------+ |
| | Overproduction | |
| +-----------------+ |
| ↓ |
| +-----------------+ |
| | Adaptation | |
| +-----------------+ |
+------------------------------------+
| Criteria for Natural Selection|
198
Genetic Recombination,What is genetic recombination
,The rearrangement of genes through crossing over during meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms.
199
Genetic Recombination,How does genetic recombination occur
,Homologous chromosomes undergo crossover during meiosis, exchanging segments and creating recombinant chromosomes.
200
Genetic Recombination,What is the role of genetic recombination in organic evolution
| gve
,It contributes to genetic diversity, producing variability, and plays a crucial role in the evolution of species.
201
Doll’s Rule,What is Doll’s Rule
BPLYII
,Proposed by Belgian Paleontologist Louis Doll in 1893, it states that evolution is irreversible and irrevocable.
202
Doll’s Rule,Why does Doll’s Rule suggest evolution is irreversible
,Every species is a product of its environment, and replicating a similar environment is unlikely.
203
Doll’s Rule,Are there exceptions to Doll’s Rule
,While re-evolution of a similar character to an ancestral form may not occur, certain structures can evolve independently in different lineages.
204
Darwinism,What is Darwinism according to Charles Darwin
,Darwinism involves gradual changes in gene frequency, resulting in descent with modification, driven by the struggle for existence.
205
Darwinism,What factors influenced Charles Darwin in proposing Darwinism
uc we mp i e m
,Uniformitarianism by Charles Lyell, ideas of Wallace on evolutionary biology, Malthusian Essay on Population, Industrial Revolution, empirical evidences from Darwin's voyage, and morphological evidence.
206
Darwinism,What are the five postulates of Darwin's theory
osv so
,1. Overproduction,
2. Struggle for Existence,
3. Variations and Heredity,
4. Survival of the Fittest (Natural Selection),
5. Origin of Species.
207
Darwinism,What are some criticisms of Darwinism
uo aro ed
,1. Use and disuse and vestigial organs,
2. Over-specialized organs,
3. Arrival of the fittest,
4. Role of mutations,
5. Origin of variation,
6. Evolution of terrestrial animals,
7. Differentiation of somatic and germinal variations.
208
Darwinism,How does Darwinism compare with Lamarckism simi
| de gt
,Both deny the constant nature of the world, propose evolution, believe in gradual evolution, and use the theory of use and disuse to explain variation.
209
Synthetic Theory of Evolution,What is the Synthetic Theory of Evolution
,Also known as the new-Darwinism or post-Darwinism, it emerged to address the shortcomings of Darwinism.
210
Synthetic Theory of Evolution,What factors are responsible for organic evolution according to the Synthetic Theory
mg hn gv
,Mutation, genetic recombination, hybridization, natural selection, migration, genetic drift, and variation.
211
Synthetic Theory of Evolution,What are some criticisms of the Synthetic Theory of Evolution
,1. Lack of future direction,
2. Overemphasis on chromosomal changes,
3. Uncertain role of migration.
212
Synthetic Theory of Evolution,What is the conclusion regarding the Synthetic Theory of Evolution
,While considered the best, it has limitations and is not deemed ideal.
213
Biological & Cultural Factors in Human Evolution,What are some biological factors in human evolution
| eb rft eb
,1. Erect posture and bipedal locomotion,
2. Remodeling of face and teeth,
3. Expansion and development of the brain.
214
Biological & Cultural Factors in Human Evolution,What are some cultural factors in human evolution
,1. Language and speech,
2. Tool making and use.
215
Biological & Cultural Factors in Human Evolution,How do cultural knowledge and techniques interact with biological evolution
,Cultural knowledge and techniques modify biological evolution, influencing the gene pool.
Cultural evolution, such as food gathering and hunting, brings changes in the brain and its activity.
216
Biological & Cultural Factors in Human Evolution,How does biology influence cultural activity
bc dmh
pb sl
b peb t
,Biological aspects like childbirth impact cultural activities like division of labor, marriage, and household work.
Progressive changes in the brain create conditions for symbolic thought and language development.
Biological accomplishments like prehensibility, erect posture, and bipedalism enable tool-making.
217
Organic Evolution,What is the definition of organic evolution according to Darwin
,Organic evolution is "descent with modification," a gradual change in gene frequency in a population.
218
Organic Evolution,What are the premises of organic evolution
ca otc
,1. Changing environmental conditions,
2. Adaptability or adaptation,
3. Origin of new species,
4. Time-consuming process,
5. Common ancestry.
219
Organic Evolution,What are the methods of studying organic evolution
pc me tg ci
,1. Palaeontology and comparative anatomy,
2. Molecular method,
3. Embryological evidence, taxonomy, geographical distribution, cytogenetic, and immunological evidence.
220
Organic Evolution,What is the mechanism of organic evolution
mi hg gnm
,It involves factors like migration, isolation, hybridization, recombination, genetic drift, natural selection, and mutation.
221
Organic Evolution,What are the theories of organic evolution
,Pre-Darwinism (Lamarckism), Darwinism, and Post-Darwinism (Neo-Darwinism or Synthetic Theory).
222
Lamarckian Theory of Evolution,Who proposed the Lamarckian theory of evolution
,It was proposed by Lamarck, emphasizing the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
223
Lamarckian Theory of Evolution,What are the Lamarckian postulates
| eig eui
,1. Elan Vital or Inner Urge (Theory of Growth),
2. Theory of Environmental Pressure,
3. Theory of Use and Disuse,
4. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics.
224
Lamarckism Analysis,What are some evidences against Lamarckism
WE
,Weismann's mutilation experiment, lack of evidence in human practices like ear piercing.
225
Lamarckism Analysis,What are some experiments in favor of Lamarckism
,White rat experiments by Power and Griffith.
226
Lamarckism Analysis,What are some recent controversies in Lamarckism
GSRDSME
,Guyer and Smith's RNA-DNA experiments, Steele's mouse experiments, epigenomic evidence.
227
Lamarckism Analysis,What is the conclusion regarding Lamarckian theory
,The Lamarckian theory, though initially criticized, has seen recent controversies and discussions with new evidence from epigenomics. The debate continues between Lamarckian and Darwinian perspectives on evolution.
228
Linguistic Anthropology,What is the scope of linguistic anthropology
rs us lm lp
,1. Relation between language and cultural behavior,
2. Study of linguistic variation,
3. Understanding thought process,
4. Sociolinguistics,
5. Languages of simple societies,
6. Metalinguistics,
7. Language and physical anthropology.
229
Linguistic Anthropology,Why is linguistic anthropology relevant
ueh
,1. Understanding continuity of culture, 2. Explaining societal structure, 3. Holistic anthropology.
230
New Physical Anthropology,What is the definition of "New Physical Anthropology" by Washburn
,Washburn termed the changing nature of physical anthropology in the 20th century as "New Physical Anthropology," later recognized as "Biological Anthropology."
231
New Physical Anthropology,What are the scopes of the "New Physical Anthropology" or "Biological Anthropology"
hm
s pp cd
,Studies human evolution and variation, mainly focusing on morphological features. Includes subfields like paleoanthropology, primatology, comparative osteology, and dermatoglyphics.
232
New Physical Anthropology,What were the changes in the nature of physical anthropology in the 20th century
gis
,1. Genetic studies dominance,
2. Interaction of heredity and environment (social biology),
3. Shift to application for mankind.
233
New Physical Anthropology,Can you provide examples of changes in the "New Physical Anthropology"
am hc psu
,1. ABO blood grouping,
2. Mendel’s laws,
3. Hardy-Weinberg principle,
4. Cytogenetics, population genetics, synthetic theory of evolution,
5. UNESCO declaration against racism.
234
Differentiate Between Applied Anthropology and Action Anthropology,What is the definition and origin of applied anthropology
,**Applied Anthropology:** Recognized since the emergence of anthropology. Involves the practical use of anthropological knowledge to solve human problems.
235
Differentiate Between Applied Anthropology and Action Anthropology,What is the definition and origin of action anthropology
,**Action Anthropology:** Coined by Sol Tax in 1951.
Involves active participation of anthropologists in implementing and planning development policies.
236
Differentiate Between Applied Anthropology and Action Anthropology,How do applied anthropology and action anthropology differ in terms of interaction
,**Applied Anthropology:** Involves organized interaction between professional anthropologists and policy-making bodies. Anthropologists serve as consultants.
237
Differentiate Between Applied Anthropology and Action Anthropology,How do applied anthropology and action anthropology differ in terms of use of anthropological knowledge
,**Applied Anthropology:** Anthropological knowledge is used by others (government, missionaries, etc.). Information aids in achieving users' goals.
238
Differentiate Between Applied Anthropology and Action Anthropology,How do applied anthropology and action anthropology differ in terms of development and community
| **Applied Anthropology:**
, Results in community development.
239
Differentiate Between Applied Anthropology and Action Anthropology,How do applied anthropology and action anthropology differ in terms of end users
| ,**Applied Anthropology:**
Anthropological knowledge used by **external entities** (politicians, missionaries, etc.).
240
Differentiate Between Applied Anthropology and Action Anthropology,How do action anthropology and applied anthropology differ in terms of interaction
## Footnote
**Action Anthropology:**
, Involves anthropologists actively participating in policy implementation. Anthropologists become agents of change.
241
Differentiate Between Applied Anthropology and Action Anthropology,How do action anthropology and applied anthropology differ in terms of use of anthropological knowledge
| ,**Action Anthropology:**
Anthropologists themselves use knowledge to promote personal agendas. Anthropologists become agents of change.
242
Differentiate Between Applied Anthropology and Action Anthropology,How do action anthropology and applied anthropology differ in terms of development and community
| ,**Action Anthropology:**
Views community development as an end in itself.
243
What is the focus of Anthropology as a scientific study
,Anthropology focuses on the scientific study of human beings in totality, emphasizing space and time, and exploring human existence and behavior in society.
244
How does Anthropology situate itself in the field of Social Sciences
| ec bl rs
bsla
h
,Anthropology situates itself in the field of Social Sciences by studying evolution, culture, behavior, language, religion, and other social aspects. It consists of subfields such as Physical/Biological, Socio-Cultural, Archeological, and Linguistic Anthropology. It is considered a unique holistic discipline different from other social sciences.
245
In what ways does Anthropology study human society comprehensively
,Anthropology studies human society comprehensively by addressing various aspects like evolution, culture, behavior, language, and religion.
It encompasses different subfields, making it a 'whole social science' in its approach.
246
What is the relationship between Sociocultural Anthropology and Sociology
similarities
,Sociocultural anthropology and sociology share an intimate relationship as both disciplines focus on the study of society.
They have similarities in concepts like social structure and conduct comparative studies on social structures.
247
How has sociology influenced anthropology
,Sociology has influenced anthropology by providing a background in sociological studies.
The concepts of social structure and other sociological perspectives have impacted the field of anthropology.
248
What are the differences between Anthropology and Sociology
,Some differences between Anthropology and Sociology include the holistic study in anthropology versus the partial study in sociology.
Anthropology includes the study of both simple and complex societies, whereas sociology often focuses on specific aspects.
Methodological differences also exist between the two disciplines.
249
What is the focus of Medical Sciences in terms of human health
,Medical science focuses on disease management and understanding human health from both biological and cultural perspectives.
250
How have anthropologists contributed to the field of Medicine historically
| hd ca gg
,Anthropologists have historically contributed to the field of Medicine through their studies in human variation, dermatography, comparative anatomy, anthropometry, gerontology, and genetic engineering.
251
How does Socio-Cultural Anthropology relate to Medical Sciences
dtp c
ept
| c
,Socio-Cultural Anthropology relates to Medical Sciences by studying the **cultural determinants of disease and wellbeing**. It explores how **diagnosis, treatment, and prevention** practices are culturally influenced. Additionally, it includes studies on **ethnobotany, primitive pharmacopeia, and traditional medicine.**
252
What are the differences between Anthropology and Medical Sciences in their approach to human health
,Differences between Anthropology and Medical Sciences include anthropology's focus on both traditional and modern medicine, its holistic study of disease patterns versus the atomistic approach in medical science, and the emphasis on scientific medicine in the field of medical science.
253
Definition of Anthropology,
scientific study of human beings in time and space in totality.
254
Scope of Anthropology,
| rfar hp aea
Encompasses all aspects related to, formed by, affected by, or resulting from humans.
Includes human beings, plant and animal life, environments, and academic disciplines.
255
Major Concerns of Anthropology,
ofd lp
* Origin and development of species.
* Formation of groups and
* development of distinctive ways of life and culture.
* Limitations and potentials inherent in humanity.
256
Biological and Sociocultural Aspects,
Anthropology emphasizes biological and sociocultural aspects of man.
257
Sub-disciplines of Anthropology,
Biological/Physical Anthropology. Sociocultural Anthropology. Archaeological Anthropology. Linguistic Anthropology.
258
Biological Anthropology,
Studies biological evolution and variation.
Includes Darwin's theory and processes like Micro-Macro Evolution.
259
Sociocultural Anthropology,
| sev nm
fmk epr
Examines sociocultural evolution and variation in non-material and material culture.
Studies family, marriage, kinship, economy, polity, and religion.
260
Archaeological Anthropology,
Studies evolution of material culture through excavation of fossils and artifacts.
261
Linguistic Anthropology,
Focuses on unwritten language of non-western people.
Tests language theories and examines evolution and variation in languages.
262
scope of anthro Conclusion,
Anthropology's scope is wide, covering biological, sociocultural, archaeological, and linguistic aspects.
Unique features like holism and cultural relativism distinguish it from other social sciences.
263
Definition of Anthropology,
Study of man in totality in terms of time and space.
Science of man and his works and behavior.
264
Etymology of Anthropology,
Derived from Greek words
265
Comprehensive Definition,anthro
Science of man in its totality in terms of space and time.
266
Holistic Study,
Anthropology encompasses both prehistoric and contemporary societies. Studies past and present, far and near aspects of human beings.
267
Clyde Kluckhohn's Perspective,
Anthropology is the science closest to the total study of man. Holistic or synthesizing discipline.
268
Other Scholarly Definitions,
| js
k
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**Jacobs and Stern**: Scientific study of physical, social, and cultural development of humans.
**Kroeber**: Science of groups of men and their behavior and production.
**Herskovits**: Measurement of human beings.
269
anthro vs social sciences Conclusion,
Anthropology is a holistic study, distinguishing it from other social sciences. Comprehensive examination of human beings.
270
Introduction,as
Anthropology's uniqueness and relevance distinguish it from other social sciences. A scientific study of human beings in totality in terms of space and time.
271
Anthropology as a Synthetic Science,
Strong links with other social sciences and biological sciences. Contribution in the human sphere is unique.
272
Major Issues Resolved by Anthropology,
UDCCSPEUCAPAAPAHPCC
Understanding Human Differences:
Debunking myths about tribals being savage.
Cultural relativism exposes cultural arrogance.
Study of human races disproves racism myths.
Physical differences result from adaptation to the environment.
Understanding Ourselves: Anthropological studies show behavior is learned, not inherited.
Cultural relativism aids in solving problems and reducing rivalry between groups.
Applied Anthropology:
Utilized in policy making and administration, considering cultural variations.
Action Anthropology: Anthropologists involved in planning and administering tribal development policies.
Unique Approaches of Anthropology: Holism, participant observation, cross-cultural studies contribute to holistic understanding.
273
Conclusion,
Anthropology's holistic nature makes its study imperative. Unique contributions in understanding human differences, applied anthropology, and action anthropology.
274
Definition of Comparative Method,
Practice of equating contemporary primitive society with the past and comparing it with industrial society. Traces origin and evolution of society.
275
Proponents of Comparative Method,
Evolutionists like E.B. Tylor and L. H. Morgan supported this method. Used to illustrate past and aid in evolutionary understanding.
276
comparative Methodology,
Involves sending questionnaires to administrators or missionaries in the studied human group's jurisdiction.
277
Uses of Comparative Method,
Studies and compares different societies to universalize analysis of evolution.
Generates scientific laws describing human behavior.
278
comaparative m Examples,
Cross-cultural survey of G.P. Murdock, later converted into Human Relations Area Files.
279
comparativemethodology Criticism,
| das
Primitive societies seen as descendants of prehistoric society.
Assumption of no change for millions of years questioned.
Terming them survival of past relics criticized as derogatory.
280
Introduction,
Anthropology is the study of human beings in totality in terms of time and space. Herskovits defines it as the science of man and his work.
281
Liberating Role of Anthropology,
| edo
cap
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Exploding Myths: Debunking myths of social and cultural superiority.
Overcoming racism by placing all mankind on the same pedestal.
Contributions to Peace and Harmony:
Attaining and maintaining peace and harmony, prerequisites for development.
Intellectual Liberation: Teaching critical thinking and providing intellectual equipment.
Forming an enlightened citizenry free from narrow and parochial feelings.
282
Conclusion,anthropology as liberating science
Anthropology liberates from fallacies, misnomers, and fosters an enlightened worldview. A key discipline in shaping critical thinkers and promoting an open-minded society.
283
Genetically Transmitted Differences,
| examples ar heh ss
causes:pim sig g
Examples: ABO Blood Group, RH Blood Group, Height, Eye Colour, Hair Colour, Skull Shape, Skin Colour.
Causes: Paternity/Parents, Mutation, Isolation, Migration, Selection, Inbreeding, Genetic Drift, Genetic Load.
284
Cultural Differences,
Differences in eating, clothing, living habits, etc., can lead to conflicts.
Anthropological principle: Cultural Relativism helps understand and tolerate cultural differences.
285
Cultural Relativism,
| a e olr e
f vnn au
Anthropological attitude: All cultural patterns are equally valid.
Objective view through each culture's problems, logic, and rationale.
Opposes ethnocentrism (belief in one's cultural superiority).
Features: Every cultural pattern is valid, neutrality, non-judgmental appreciation, understanding cultural strengths and weaknesses.
286
Conclusion,
Anthropology studies genetic and cultural differences.
Cultural relativism helps comprehend and respect diverse cultural practices.
287
Introduction,
Anthropology studies humans in totality: space, time, biology, culture, society. Research strategy includes various approaches for comprehensive understanding.
288
Fieldwork Approach,
Hallmark of anthropology.
Involves firsthand observation, recording, and documentation of biology, culture, and society.
Highlights collection of raw material for anthropology.
289
Holistic Approach,
Understands every aspect of humankind in relation to the whole and vice versa. Encompasses Biological Anthropology, Archaeological Anthropology, Sociocultural Anthropology, Linguistic Anthropology.
290
Comparative Approach,
Compares biology, culture, and society of different peoples.
Identifies common elements, explores differences, and finds causes for variations.
Aids in understanding universal, general, and particular features of humankind.
291
Emic and Etic Approach,of fieldwork
Deals with both people's view (emic) and anthropologist's view (etic). Translates people's perspective into anthropological view for comprehensive understanding.
292
Case Study Approach,fw
| i ifa ce
u
In-depth examination of an individual, family, association, community, or episode. Analyzing multiple case studies enhances understanding of anthropology.
293
Systems and Processes Approach,
Understands each aspect through major systems in biology, culture, and society. Analyzes interactions between systems for a holistic understanding.
294
Conclusion,researchstrategy
These research strategies make anthropology a holistic study of human beings. Enables a comprehensive understanding of human biology, culture, and society.
295
Introduction,
Holism focuses on total study; atomism emphasizes part study. Anthropology adopts holism, studying human beings in totality.
296
Atomism,
Reduces elements into specific parts, typical in other social sciences. Sociology studies social structure, History explores past aspects, etc.
297
Holism,
Aims to get a whole picture, applying knowledge from diverse fields to understand human beings. Anthropology includes Biological, Archaeological, Sociocultural, and Linguistic Anthropology.
298
Characteristics of Holism,
Pooling knowledge from different fields for a comprehensive understanding.
Study from various angles, e.g., positive, negative, political, economic, etc.
Embraces borrowing knowledge from other disciplines.
299
Relevance of Holism,
Provides an overall understanding of human society. Helps comprehend past, present, and future aspects of humanity.
300
Limitations/Barriers to Holistic Study,
| ei eg
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Explosion of knowledge, increased communication, expanding subject scope, growing specialization. Despite barriers, anthropologists communicate, use information for holistic understanding.
301
Conclusion,
Holism makes anthropology unique among social sciences. Offers a comprehensive understanding of human beings in their entirety.
302
Geographic Location,soan
| pp hn ss pw se gi sr
Located in the Potwar Plateau in Pakistan. The Potwar plateau is bound by the Himalaya in the north, Salt Ranges in the south, Pirpanjal in the west, and an extension of Shivalik in the east. Influenced primarily by the climate of glaciation and inter-glaciation. Sohan River flows through the plateau.
303
Age,soan
Approximately 5 lac to 1.25 lac years old. Belongs to the Lower and Middle Paleolithic age.
304
Cultural Phases,soan
| pele
p spf bp
e hpc
l cfln
e fbc
Soan Valley is divided into different cultural phases:
Pre-Sohan (Split pebbles and flakes with a small bulb of percussion),
Early Sohan (Hand axe & pebble tools, chopper chopping),
Late Sohan (Chopper chopping complex, increase in flakes, lighter and neater tools),
Evolved Sohan (Mostly flake tools, blade tools, coexistence with earlier tools).
305
Tool Technology,soan
Evolution from chopper-chopping tools to blade technology. Presence of pebble tools, hand axes, and chopper-chopping tools.
306
Coexistence of Tool Types,soan
Unique feature - Coexistence of chopper-chopping of pebbles and hand axe cleavers. Indicates the coexistence of two different human populations with different tool typology.
307
Climatic Regime,soan
Influenced by glaciation and inter-glaciation. Himalayan glacial and inter-glacial zone.
308
Distribution Through Time,
Evolution from early to late Sohan, and finally to evolved Sohan. Early and late Sohan belong to the Lower Paleolithic, while evolved Sohan belongs to the Middle Paleolithic.
309
soan Other Features,
| rcc
Regional variations in tool technology and types. Climatic influence from glaciation and inter-glaciation. Coexistence of various tool types indicative of cultural evolution.
310
Megaliths in India,Megalithic Age,
| wmi
r rlu sm fc
Worldwide feature used as memorial stones for the dead, predominantly associated with Iron Age in India.
Described by R.E.M. Wheeler as rough, large undressed stone monuments with funerary or commemorative functions.
311
Megaliths in India,Types of Megaliths,
| crnb
cs bm
mt mg
dst bc
Cairn Circle: Round stones arranged around the grave, e.g., Nayakund, Borgoan.
Cist Graves: Stones erected around the body with larger slabs on top, e.g., Banda, Mirzapur.
Menhirs: Tall memorial stones indicating grave presence, e.g., Maski, Gulbarga.
Dolmen: Stone slabs creating a table-like structure, e.g., Brahamgirin, Chingelpur.
312
Megaliths in India,Cultural Aspects,
| iov
thv
ntc
Iron implements, ornaments, and variations observed in different regions. Associated with trade and horse breeding, varying cultural expressions in different geographic regions.
Megalithic burials are not exclusive to prehistoric cultures, used by tribes in Chhotanagpur as well.
313
Town Planning in Indus Valley Civilization,Overview,
Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) developed between 2500-1800 BC during a warm and dry climatic regime. Creative genius and environmental opportunities led to advanced tool technology and town planning.
314
Town Planning in Indus Valley Civilization,Structure of Towns,
| b dw pc
d 2rk bcu
c car
Buildings categorized into dwelling units (workman quarters) and public buildings (citadel).
Dwelling units included at least two rooms, kitchen, bathroom, courtyard, and possibly an upper story.
Citadel included structures like colleges and assembly halls, occupied by the ruling class.
315
Town Planning in Indus Valley Civilization,Town Organization,
| gbh
lrs
gb plu
Grid system and block divisions for house arrangement.
Presence of lamp posts at regular intervals for street lighting. Granaries divided into blocks with platforms for loading and unloading.
316
Town Planning in Indus Valley Civilization,Notable Features,
The Great Bath for religious bathing, with hot air bath facility. Elaborate underground drainage system on a grid pattern. Use of burnt brick in walls, pavements, and bathrooms.
317
Contribution of Harappan Culture to Indian Civilization,Cults and Religious Practices,
| ps mp
s prta
Cults of Pashupati (Shiva), the mother goddess, and phallic worship originated in Harappan tradition. Sacred places, rivers, trees, and sacred animals have a continuous presence in Indian civilization.
318
Contribution of Harappan Culture to Indian Civilization,Religious Practices Continued,
| fskl v
dhwb
Evidence of fire worship and sacrifice in Kalibangan and Lothal, reflecting elements of Vedic religion. Aspects of domestic life, house plans, water supply, and bathing practices continued in subsequent periods.
319
Contribution of Harappan Culture to Indian Civilization,Economic Contributions,
| tw cs rs
pw
Traditional weight and currency system based on the ratio of sixteen. Introduction of potter's wheel technique in India.
320
Contribution of Harappan Culture to Indian Civilization,Technological Contributions,
| bb t
Bullock carts and boats used in modern India were present in Harappan cities. Many elements of Harappan civilization, including technologies, survived in subsequent historical traditions.
321
Iron Age,Definition,
Iron Age marks the development where tools and weapons primarily made of iron were used.
It follows the chalcolithic/copper age, signifying the last of the metal ages.
322
Iron Age,Timeline,
| lp
e 12-10
l
Began around 1000 BC, leading to the establishment of large cities and political power. Divided into Early (1200-1000 BC) and Late (1000 BC onward) Iron Age.
323
Iron Age,Transition from Bronze to Iron,Reasons
| shmp ea ta ce
: Stronger, higher melting point, easy availability, technological advancement, cost-effectiveness.
324
Iron Age,Climatic Regime,
Originated in the post-glacial period around 1500 BC. Characterized by warm and dry climate.
325
Iron Age,Tool Technology,
| db fd
t aam
Direct Modeling Metallurgy, Blade Technology, Flake Technology, leading to the development of steel.
Tools included agricultural implements, axes for forest clearing, microlith components.
326
Iron Age,Regional Variation,
| aml meie
i newsn
Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Levant States, Mediterranean, Egypt, Indian Subcontinent, Europe.
India: North, Eastern, Western, South, North West Gandhara Sites.
327
Iron Age,Socio-Cultural Features:Economic,
| ahd tcp bt
Agriculture development, herding, domestication of animals. Flourishing trade and commerce. Pottery making (PGW), bone objects, terracotta seals.
328
Iron Age,Socio-Cultural Features:Social,
| uf cd
Urbanization, full-time religious specialists. Class-based society, diverse housing structures.
329
Iron Age,Socio-Cultural Features:Religious,
| bm sft
Burials with iron implements, megalithic cultures. Increase in size and frequency of terracotta figurines.
330
Iron Age,Socio-Cultural Features:Political,
| ski
State-type political systems, kingdoms. Increased warfare due to technological advancements.
331
Iron Age,Socio-Cultural Features:Demographic and Artistic Changes,
| i sm
Increased population. Sophisticated art, monumental buildings.
332
Front
Back
333
Contribution of Tribal Cultures to Indian Civilization - Ancient Origins
Makers of the Indus Valley Civilization.\nAryans' invasion and the resulting struggle led to a composite Indian civilization.
334
Contribution of Tribal Cultures to Indian Civilization - Ethnic Complexities
| atpa
cta
ta
Assimilation of tribal priesthood into the Aryan fold.\nConquest of tribal chiefs by Aryans.\nTribalization of Aryans.
335
Contribution of Tribal Cultures to Indian Civilization - Hinduization of Tribes
Adoption of numerous words from tribal languages into Indian languages.
336
Contribution of Tribal Cultures to Indian Civilization - Social Life
| tcm
gt
Influence of tribal kinship system in cross-cousin marriages and marriage by exchange.\nAdoption of the Gotra system from tribal cultures.
337
Contribution of Tribal Cultures to Indian Civilization - Techno-Economic Life
Inherited practices like the use of iron, rice crop cultivation, and magico-religious approaches to crop issues.\nBarter system with Tribals for various products.
338
Contribution of Tribal Cultures to Indian Civilization - Political Life
Reflection of tribal chiefdom in the modern monarchic and republican systems.\nEstablishment of sabhas and samitis, village assemblies.
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Contribution of Tribal Cultures to Indian Civilization - Religious Contributions
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Adoption of tribal deities like Shiva, Sarpa, Vriksha (Tree), and Chaitya.\nTribal influence in the creation of Aryan texts (e.g., Ramayana).\nThe origin of Indian fasting practices from Adivasi traditions.
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Contribution of Tribal Cultures to Indian Civilization - Artistic Life
Integration of tribal medicines (herbs, decoctions) into Ayurveda.\nMusical influences like the 'Veena' instrument derived from tribal instruments.
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Contribution of Tribal Cultures to Indian Civilization - Conclusion
Tribal contributions led to a complete and composite Indian civilization.
342
H. D. Sankalia - Introduction
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Indian archaeologist specializing in proto and ancient Indian history.\nInfluenced by F. J. Richards and R.E.M Wheeler.
343
H. D. Sankalia - Contributions
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Systemic surveys of monuments around Pune.\nPapers on Megaliths of Bhavsaari and the Yadava period temple of Puri.\nDiscovery of the first-ever human skeleton of the stone man during the Gujarat expedition.
344
H. D. Sankalia - Archaeological Sites
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Scientific excavation of the Mesolithic site of Langhnaj.\nPaleolithic findings in Deccan, including Nashik, Maheshwar, Nevasa, Early man in Kashmir, and Inamgaon.
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Robert Bruce Foote - Introduction
British geologist and archaeologist, 'Father of Indian Prehistory.'
346
Robert Bruce Foote - Paleolithic Discoveries
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Discovery of the first conclusive Paleolithic stone tool (hand axe) in India at Pallavaram, near Madras.\nSubsequent discoveries in Southern and Western India.
347
Robert Bruce Foote - Attirampakkam Discoveries
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Findings of stone tools like hand axes, cleavers, and flake tools.\nUtilization of tools for hunting, gathering, and exploiting resources.
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Robert Bruce Foote - Systematic Study
Classification, cataloging, and systematic description of stone tools.\nHolistic understanding of materials and technology.
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Robert Bruce Foote - Microliths Discovery
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First discovery of tiny tools called microliths in Tirunelveli.\nClassification and study of materials used.
350
Robert Bruce Foote - Contribution to Indian Prehistory
Change in the antiquity of human habitation in the Indian subcontinent.\nPlacing India on the world map of prehistory.
351
Concept of Culture - Definition of Culture
Sum total of all group habits developed by a person.\nE.B. Tylor's definition: 'complex whole of knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.'
352
Concept of Culture - Material vs. Non-material Aspects
Malinowski's division: material and non-material or shape and shapeless.\nHerskovits: Culture as the man-made part of the social environment.
353
Concept of Culture - Symbolic View of Culture
Leslie White's definition of symbolizing.\nRobert Redfield's view on conventional meaning in artifacts, social structure, and symbols.
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Concept of Culture - Functional View of Culture
Malinowski's view: Culture as the instrumentation for satisfaction of needs.\nR. Brown's perspective: Social heritage perpetuating social life.
355
Concept of Culture - Anthropological Application
BVNSLRMS
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Beals and Hoiser's suggestion on applying the term culture.
Concept of Culture - Anthropological Application
├── Beliefs
├── Values
├── Norms
├── Symbols
├── Language
├── Rituals
├── Material Culture
└── Social Institutions
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Concept of Culture - Components or Parts of Culture
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Cultural traits as the smallest unit.\nCulture complex formed by the organization of different traits.\nCulture pattern comprising multiple complexes.
357
Concept of Culture - Characteristics of Culture
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Learned, social
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Definition of Civilization,Definition,What is the definition of Civilization
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,The most advanced stage of human social development, characterized by urban development, social stratification, symbolic communication, and dominance over the natural environment.
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Various Approaches to Study Civilization,Socio-linguist’s Approach,What are the key points in the Socio-linguist’s Approach to studying Civilization
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,1. Progress associated with the term Civilization. 2. L.H. Morgan's evolutionary scheme: Savagery to Barbarism to Civilization. 3. Measurement scales: Savagery, Barbarism, Civilization.
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Various Approaches to Study Civilization,Historian’s View,What are the key points in the Historian’s View of Civilization
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,1. Civilization as an advanced culture. 2. Contrast with non-centralized tribal societies. 3. Factors leading to the emergence of Civilization.
