3

Question 1

Sivapithecus, Discovery and Classification, Who discovered broken teeth and jaw parts in the Shiwalik hills of India, naming them Ramapithecus?

Answer 1

“Lewis found broken teeth and jaw parts in the Shiwalik hills of India

Question 2

Sivapithecus, Discovery and Classification, What did Lewis later suggest about Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus?

Answer 2

“They are the same genus

Question 3

Sivapithecus, Fossil Age and Distribution, When do fossils of Sivapithecus date back to?

Answer 3

“14-12 million years ago”

Question 4

Sivapithecus, Fossil Age and Distribution, Where were fossils of Sivapithecus found?

Answer 4

“Shiwalik Hills (India)

Question 5

Sivapithecus, Physical Features, What similarities does Sivapithecus share with Proconsul and Dryopithecus?

Answer 5

“Arboreal with vertically clinging feet. Arboreal lifestyle reflected in hand anatomy suggesting suspensory behavior.”

Question 6

Sivapithecus, Physical Features, What is unique about the dental and cranial morphology of Sivapithecus?

Answer 6

(i) Molars were relatively large with low cusps and thick enamel.
(ii) The incisors and canines are vertically implanted than in modern apes.
Gii) They had thick enamelled teeth- Adapted to hard and tough food items as a result the
relative width of the jaw between the canines is less than modern apes resulting in
more V-shaped dental arcade.
(iv) First lower premolar is quite variable in size and shape.
(v) Diet- fruit eater
(vi) Face: shorter than earlier apes

Question 7

Sivapithecus, Physical Features, How does Sivapithecus differ from orangutans in facial anatomy?

Answer 7

“Shorter face

Question 8

Sivapithecus, Phylogenetic Status, What is the proposed phylogenetic status of Sivapithecus?

Answer 8

“Probable ancestor to the orangutan.”

Question 9

Sivapithecus, Phylogenetic Status, What theory suggests parallel evolution with African hominids for Sivapithecus?

Answer 9

“Parallel Evolution Theory”

Question 10

Sivapithecus, Phylogenetic Status, Why did Sivapithecus disappear by the end of Miocene?

Answer 10

“Possibly due to changing climate leading to the replacement of evergreen forests by wooded grasslands.”

Question 11

Narmada Man, Discovery and Characteristics, Who discovered the broken skull with the upper jaw in the middle of Narmada valley?

Answer 11

“Dr. Arun Sonakia”

Question 12

Narmada Man, Discovery and Characteristics, Where was Narmada man discovered, and when?

Answer 12

Broken skull specimen with upper jaw of Homo erectus discovered by
Dr.Arun Sonakia in the middle of Narmada valley in Hathnora, Madhya Pradesh in 1982.

Question 13

Narmada Man, Physical Features, What are the physical features of Narmada man’s cranium?

Answer 13

“Cranium ascribed to a 30-year-old female with a jaw skeleton of 7.9x13.4 cm and cranial capacity of 1200 cc. Exhibits cultural features similar to Homo erectus.”

Question 14

Narmada Man, Phylogenetic Status and Controversy, How was Narmada man initially classified, and what was the controversy?

Answer 14

In 1987, Sankhyan discovered a collar bone from same.site and in 1991 Sankhyan, Kennedy
et al gave the hypothesis that Narmada man represented the earliest Homo sapiens.
® They also proposed that Narmada man was different from extinct African Homo erectus
and European Neanderthal and Western Archaic Homo sapiens.
The Unique Academy
Chinese erectus into Indian Territory.
This opened up new possibilities for human evolution giving credence to theory of
parallel evolution.
Sankhyan proposed that modern man originated and migrated from Narmada valley and
disputed earlier belief that Neanderthal man was origin of Narmada man saying that
Narmada hominid characterises archaic, robust and stocky hominid in sharp contrast to tall
and well built African or western Homo sapiens.
Later disputing separate evolutional claims of Chinese scholars, Sankhyan put forward two
evolutions- one in Africa and another in Asia (Narmada valley).
But claims of Sankhyan, Kennedy et al as Narmada man to be archaic Homo sapience was
rejected in 2004 at a seminar in Delhi. It was concluded that Narmada man was an erectus
with cranial capacity 1200 cc and age 0.7 Mya.
According to some scientists, this line (Narmada man) indicates incursion of African

Question 15

Narmada Man, Phylogenetic Status and Controversy, Why were claims of Narmada man as an archaic Homo sapiens rejected?

Answer 15

“Rejected in 2004. Conclusion: Narmada man was Homo erectus with cranial capacity 1200 cc and age of 0.7 million years.”

Question 16

Narmada Man, Contribution to Human Evolution Theory, How did the controversy around Narmada man contribute to human evolution theory?

Answer 16

“Opened possibilities for discussions on parallel evolution theories. Speculations on incursion of Chinese erectus into Indian territory

Question 17

Ethno-Archaeology, Definition and Purpose, What is the definition of Ethno-Archaeology?

Answer 17

Ethnoarcheology is ethnographic study of people for archeological reasons,usually
focussing on material remains of society rather than culture.
It is a combination of archaeology and ethnography. .
It is also defined as the study of contemporary ‘cultures and behaviour and practices of
living people with a view in understanding the behavioural relationships and practices
which underlie the production of material culture in past.

Question 18

Ethno-Archaeology, Study of Contemporary Cultures, What does Ethno-Archaeology focus on in the study of present-day cultures?

Answer 18

]It is also defined as the study of contemporary ‘cultures and behaviour and practices of
living people with a view in understanding the behavioural relationships and practices
which underlie the production of material culture in past.

Question 19

Ethno-Archaeology, Methods and Components, What methods are used in Ethno-Archaeology?

Answer 19

(1) Logical positivism : It is an idea that all aspects of culture are accessible through the
material records.
(2) Use of quantitative data.
(3) Hypothetico- deductive model
(4) Interpretative analysis.

Question 20

Ethno-Archaeology, Methods and Components, What are the components of Ethno-Archaeology?

Answer 20

(1) Study of present day use and significance of artefacts, buildings and structures within
_ the living societies in question.
(2) Study of the way the material things become incorporated into the archeological
record.

Question 21

Ethno-Archaeology, Significance and Caution, Why is Ethno-Archaeology significant?

Answer 21

(A) It sheds light on 2 questions regarding the use of technology
(1) At general level : Abundance of a type of tool in archeological records is not a
guide to its importance in the culture. The tool frequently used may have been
quickly made and discarded immediately after the use, while the rare implements
were kept and reused several times before eventually being thrown away.
(2) At specific level : It helps in identifying the specific use of a particular artifact.
(B) It can provide insight to archeologists into how people in the past may have lived,
especially with regard to their social structure, religious beliefs etc.
(C) Itcan contribute towards filling gaps in history. For example it has helped archeologists
make inferences about women’s role in subsistence and craft related activities in early
times.

Question 22

Ethno-Archaeology, Significance and Caution, What caution should be exercised in Ethno-Archaeology?

Answer 22

Identification of tool forms through ethnographic analogy should be limited to cases where
there is demonstrable continuity between archeological cultures with modern society.
Thus in the form of ethnoarcheology, old archaeology which was purely descriptive in
nature gave way to emergence of new archaeology by incorporating three perspectives
called general systems approach, interpretative analysis and logico-deductive reasoning
into its theory and practice.

Question 23

Conclusion, Summary of Contributions, What valuable insights do Sivapithecus, Narmada Man, and Ethno-Archaeology contribute?

Answer 23

“To the understanding of human evolution

Question 24

Who discovered broken teeth and jaw parts in the Shiwalik hills of India, naming them Ramapithecus?

Answer 24

Lewis

Question 25

What did Lewis later suggest about Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus?

Answer 25

They are the same genus, Sivapithecus.

Question 26

When do fossils of Sivapithecus date back to?

Answer 26

14-12 million years ago

Question 27

Where were fossils of Sivapithecus found?

Answer 27

Shiwalik Hills (India), Potwar Hills (Pakistan), Nepal, Turkey, Hungary

Question 28

What similarities does Sivapithecus share with Proconsul and Dryopithecus?

Answer 28

Arboreal with vertically clinging feet

Question 29

What is unique about the dental and cranial morphology of Sivapithecus?

Answer 29

Molars are relatively large, with low cusps, thick enamel adapted to hard and tough food. Incisors and canines are vertically implanted compared to modern apes. Thick enamel leads to a V-shaped dental arcade.

Question 30

How does Sivapithecus differ from orangutans in facial anatomy?

Answer 30

Shorter face, absence of bony sinus in brow area, vertically elongated orbits, concave profile, projecting incisors. Post-cranial anatomy differs, exhibiting ape-like quadrupedalism and suspensory abilities.

Question 31

What is the proposed phylogenetic status of Sivapithecus?

Answer 31

Probable ancestor to the orangutan.

Question 32

What theory suggests parallel evolution with African hominids for Sivapithecus?

Answer 32

Parallel Evolution Theory

Question 33

Why did Sivapithecus disappear by the end of Miocene?

Answer 33

Possibly due to changing climate leading to the replacement of evergreen forests by wooded grasslands.

Question 34

Who discovered the broken skull with the upper jaw in the middle of Narmada valley?

Answer 34

Dr. Arun Sonakia

Question 35

Where was Narmada man discovered, and when?

Answer 35

Narmada valley in Hathnora, Madhya Pradesh, in 1982. Around 0.7 million years old.

Question 36

What are the physical features of Narmada man’s cranium?

Answer 36

Cranium ascribed to a 30-year-old female with a jaw skeleton of 7.9x13.4 cm and cranial capacity of 1200 cc. Exhibits cultural features similar to Homo erectus.

Question 37

How was Narmada man initially classified, and what was the controversy?

Answer 37

Initially classified as Homo erectus with cranial capacity 1200 cc and age of 0.7 million years. Controversy arose with claims of Narmada man being the earliest Homo sapiens, suggesting a separate evolution in India.

Question 38

Why were claims of Narmada man as an archaic Homo sapiens rejected?

Answer 38

Rejected in 2004. Conclusion: Narmada man was Homo erectus with cranial capacity 1200 cc and age of 0.7 million years.

Question 39

How did the controversy around Narmada man contribute to human evolution theory?

Answer 39

Opened possibilities for discussions on parallel evolution theories. Speculations on incursion of Chinese erectus into Indian territory, contributing to the understanding of human migration and evolution.

Question 40

What is the definition of Ethno-Archaeology?

Answer 40

The ethnographic study of people for archaeological reasons, focusing on material remains rather than culture. A combination of archaeology and ethnography.

Question 41

What does Ethno-Archaeology focus on in the study of present-day cultures?

Answer 41

Behaviors, and practices to understand the behavioral relationships underlying the production of material culture in the past.

Question 42

What methods are used in Ethno-Archaeology?

Answer 42

Logical positivism, quantitative data analysis, hypothetico-deductive model, interpretative analysis.

Question 43

What are the components of Ethno-Archaeology?

Answer 43

Study of present-day use and significance of artifacts, buildings, and structures. Investigation of how material things become part of the archaeological record.

Question 44

Why is Ethno-Archaeology significant?

Answer 44

Sheds light on the use of technology, helping identify specific artifact uses and filling gaps in history. Provides insight into social structures, religious beliefs, and daily life practices of ancient societies.

Question 45

What caution should be exercised in Ethno-Archaeology?

Answer 45

Identification of tool forms through ethnographic analogy should be limited to cases with demonstrable continuity between archaeological cultures and modern societies.

Question 46

What valuable insights do Sivapithecus, Narmada Man, and Ethno-Archaeology contribute?

Answer 46

To the understanding of human evolution, migration, and archaeological interpretation. These topics bridge the gap between ancient and contemporary human practices, enriching our knowledge of cultural and biological evolution.

Question 47

Importance of Shiwaliks in Indian Prehistory - Significance of Shiwaliks

Answer 47

Shiwaliks, bordering the Himalayas, played a crucial role in the evolution of various ape species. Fossils found in Shiwaliks provide insights into the biological history of primates.

Question 48

Importance of Shiwaliks in Indian Prehistory - Hominid Fossils

Answer 48

Two significant hominid fossils found in Shiwalik hills.

Question 49

Importance of Shiwaliks in Indian Prehistory - Ramapithecus Discovery (1934)

Answer 49

Discovered by Edward Lewis near River Tinau, Nepal. Initially considered the earliest Miocene hominid (12-15 million years ago). Recent opinions treat Ramapithecus as an ape, not hominid. Fossil evidence includes teeth, jaw, and a small part of the lower face. Some argue it belongs to the Miocene radiation complex of Dryopithecus.

Question 50

Importance of Shiwaliks in Indian Prehistory - Sivapithecus Fossil Remains

Answer 50

Recovered from Shiwalik Hills in India and Pakistan. Fossils date back to 14-12 million years ago. Initially, fossils of Ramapithecus were considered the same as Sivapithecus, both grouped under Sivapithecus. Proposed as a probable ancestor to orangutans.

Question 51

Importance of Shiwaliks in Indian Prehistory - Phylogenetic Diagram

Answer 51

Illustration of the proposed phylogenetic status, suggesting relationships among various hominids and primates.

Question 52

Soan Culture - Geographical Location

Answer 52

Potwar Plateau extends from Shiwalik Hills. Soan Culture is in and around Potwar Plateau.

Question 53

Soan Culture - Characteristics

Answer 53

Lower Paleolithic Culture divided into pre-Soan, early Soan, late Soan, and evolved Soan. Characterized by chopper-chopping and hand axe tools.

Question 54

Debate Related to Ramapithecus - Lewis’ Discovery (1934)

Answer 54

Lewis discovered Ramapithecus and associated traits with early humans. Supported by L. Leakey’s findings in Kenya (Kenyapithecus).

Question 55

Debate Related to Ramapithecus - Criteria for Human-Ape Differentiation

Answer 55

Debate focused on past cranial features, dentition, and cranium & facial features.

Question 56

Debate Related to Ramapithecus - Challenges to Hominid Status

Answer 56

Recent researchers highlighted non-hominid traits of Ramapithecus. Closely related to orangutan ancestor Sivapithecus. Discrepancies between expected hominid traits and Ramapithecus characteristics.

Question 57

Rejection of Hominid Status - Human-Ape Split Timing

Answer 57

Widely accepted that the human-ape split occurred about 8-6 million years ago. Ramapithecus appeared earlier (14-12 million years ago).

Question 58

Rejection of Hominid Status - Shift to Sivapithecus

Answer 58

Fossils initially in Ramapithecus moved to the genus Sivapithecus. Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus considered part of the Miocene radiation complex of Dryopithecus. Shared characteristics but Sivapithecus exhibits large canine radiation.

Question 59

Rejection of Hominid Status - Opposing Views

Answer 59

Some argue for Ramapithecus as a hominid, suggesting tool use as a reason for reduced canines. Limited evidence supporting this idea. Modern paleontologists, like David Philbeam, consider Ramapithecus part of the Miocene radiation complex of Dryopithecus. Ramapithecus lumped with Sivapithecus, suggesting it was smaller and likely female.

Question 60

Summary of Debate on Ramapithecus

Answer 60

The debate surrounding Ramapithecus highlights the challenges in classifying fossils and understanding their evolutionary significance. The shifting perspectives emphasize the dynamic nature of paleoanthropological research and the importance of ongoing discoveries in shaping our understanding of human evolution.

Question 61

Sivapithecus: Discovery and Classification

Answer 61

Lewis found broken teeth and jaw parts in the Shiwalik hills of India, naming them Ramapithecus. Later, evidence suggested that Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus are the same genus, Sivapithecus.

Question 62

Sivapithecus: Fossil Age and Distribution

Answer 62

Fossils date back to 14-12 million years ago, present in Asia and Europe. Found in Shiwalik Hills (India), Potwar Hills (Pakistan), Nepal, Turkey, Hungary.

Question 63

Sivapithecus: Physical Features - Similarities with Proconsul and Dryopithecus

Answer 63

Shares similarities with Proconsul and Dryopithecus but more arboreal with vertically clinging feet. Arboreal lifestyle reflected in hand anatomy suggesting suspensory behavior.

Question 64

Sivapithecus: Physical Features - Dental and Cranial Morphology

Answer 64

Molars relatively large, low cusps, thick enamel, adapted to hard and tough food. Incisors and canines vertically implanted compared to modern apes. Thick enamel led to a V-shaped dental arcade, distinguishing it from modern apes.

Question 65

Sivapithecus: Physical Features - Facial Anatomy

Answer 65

Shorter face than earlier apes. Shares physical features with orangutan like absence of bony sinus in brow area, vertically elongated orbits, concave profile, and projecting incisors. Post-cranial anatomy differs from orangutan, exhibiting ape-like quadrupedalism and suspensory abilities.

Question 66

Sivapithecus: Phylogenetic Status

Answer 66

Proposed as a probable ancestor to the orangutan. Disappeared by the end of Miocene, possibly due to the changing climate leading to the replacement of evergreen forests by wooded grasslands.

Question 67

Sivapithecus: Parallel Evolution Theory

Answer 67

Sivapithecus suggested to have originated and evolved parallelly with African hominids. Adapted to trees, possibly descending to the ground occasionally. Contributed to the understanding of human evolution in the context of climate and habitat changes.

Question 68

Narmada Man: Discovery and Characteristics

Answer 68

Broken skull with the upper jaw discovered in the middle of Narmada valley in Hathnora, Madhya Pradesh, in 1982. Most ancient human remnant in the Indian subcontinent, around 0.7 million years old.

Question 69

Narmada Man: Physical Features

Answer 69

Cranium ascribed to a 30-year-old female with a jaw skeleton of 7.9x13.4 cm and cranial capacity of 1200 cc. Exhibits cultural features similar to Homo erectus.

Question 70

Narmada Man: Phylogenetic Status and Controversy

Answer 70

Initially classified as Homo erectus with cranial capacity 1200 cc and age of 0.7 million years. Sankhyan, Kennedy, and others proposed Narmada man as the earliest Homo sapiens, suggesting a separate evolution in India. Differentiated it from African Homo erectus, European Neanderthal, and Western Archaic Homo sapiens. Claims of Narmada man as an archaic Homo sapiens were rejected in 2004. Conclusion: Narmada man was Homo erectus with cranial capacity 1200 cc and age of 0.7 million years.

Question 71

Narmada Man: Contribution to Human Evolution Theory

Answer 71

The controversy opened possibilities for discussions on parallel evolution theories. Speculations on incursion of Chinese erectus into Indian territory, contributing to the understanding of human migration and evolution.

Question 72

Ethno-Archaeology: Definition and Purpose

Answer 72

Ethno-Archaeology is the ethnographic study of people for archaeological reasons, focusing on material remains rather than culture. A combination of archaeology and ethnography. Focuses on the study of present-day cultures, behaviors, and practices to understand the behavioral relationships underlying the production of material culture in the past.

Question 73

Ethno-Archaeology: Methods and Components

Answer 73

Methods Used: Logical positivism, quantitative data analysis, hypothetico-deductive model, interpretative analysis. Components: Study of present-day use and significance of artifacts, buildings, and structures. Investigation of how material things become part of the archaeological record.

Question 74

Ethno-Archaeology: Significance and Caution

Answer 74

Significance of Ethno-Archaeology: Sheds light on the use of technology, helping identify specific artifact uses and filling gaps in history. Provides insight into social structures, religious beliefs, and daily life practices of ancient societies. Caution in Analogy: Identification of tool forms through ethnographic analogy should be limited to cases with demonstrable continuity between archaeological cultures and modern societies.

Question 75

Introduction to Problem of Displacement and Rehabilitation of Tribals

Answer 75

In India, tribal areas, rich in mineral resources, have been historically exploited due to forest resources and political objectives. Post-independence, developmental policies, industrialization, and urbanization led to extensive displacement of tribal populations, causing social, economic, political, and cultural challenges, especially in central India.

Question 76

Causes of Displacement - Industrialization

Answer 76

Large-scale projects like Bhilai, Bokaro, and Durgapur for heavy industries.

Question 77

Causes of Displacement - Irrigation Projects

Answer 77

Examples include the Subarnarekha and Keol Karo dams.

Question 78

Causes of Displacement - Urbanization and Land Acquisition

Answer 78

Growth of urban areas leading to displacement.

Question 79

Causes of Displacement - Energy Projects

Answer 79

Hydroelectric, Nuclear, and Thermal power projects.

Question 80

Causes of Displacement - Reservations for Wildlife

Answer 80

Displacement due to forest reservations for sanctuaries and parks.

Question 81

Causes of Displacement - Mining and Quarrying

Answer 81

Projects like Vedanta and POSCO in Odisha.

Question 82

Causes of Displacement - Environmental Degradation

Answer 82

Loss of livelihood due to pollution and environmental damage.

Question 83

Causes of Displacement - Land Acquisition for Military and Infrastructure

Answer 83

Including railways and roads.

Question 84

Extent of Tribal Displacement

Answer 84

Although tribal communities make up 8.6% of the total population, over 50% of those displaced belong to tribal groups. The central Indian region is most affected, with the tribal population bearing the brunt of displacement.

Question 85

Consequences of Displacement - Negative Impact

Answer 85

Landlessness, Joblessness, Homelessness, Food Insecurity & Health Issues, Social & Cultural Disruption.

Question 86

Consequences of Displacement - Positive Impact

Answer 86

Awareness and Integration, Market Demand for Tribal Products.

Question 87

Problems of Rehabilitation - Lack of Clear Definition

Answer 87

Rehabilitation policies in some states lack a clear definition of ‘outstees,’ excluding certain affected groups.

Question 88

Problems of Rehabilitation - Non-Irrigable Land

Answer 88

Alternative land provided is often not suitable for cultivation.

Question 89

Problems of Rehabilitation - Time Frame Issues

Answer 89

Rehabilitation processes often extend over decades.

Question 90

Problems of Rehabilitation - Bureaucratic Apathy

Answer 90

Lack of government intent and pilferage exacerbate tribal agony.

Question 91

Suggestions for Improvement - Skill Development and Entrepreneurship

Answer 91

Train tribals to benefit from industries and encourage entrepreneurship.

Question 92

Suggestions for Improvement - Holistic Rehabilitation

Answer 92

Provide houses, employment, health, and education facilities, not just cash compensation.

Question 93

Suggestions for Improvement - Understanding Tribal Socio-Economic Milieu

Answer 93

Industries should appreciate and build upon tribal socio-economic structures.

Question 94

Suggestions for Improvement - Minor Irrigation Projects

Answer 94

Promote minor projects as alternatives to major ones.

Question 95

Suggestions for Improvement - Integrated Project Cost

Answer 95

Include rehabilitation costs in the project approval process.

Question 96

Suggestions for Improvement - Implementation of Land Acquisition Act 2013

Answer 96

Uphold the act’s provisions for fair compensation and rehabilitation.

Question 97

Suggestions for Improvement - Public Debate and Gram Sabha Empowerment

Answer 97

Involve the public, especially Gram Sabhas, in decision-making about land acquisition.

Question 98

Conclusion of Tribal Displacement

Answer 98

Tribal displacement is an inevitable consequence of national development, but integration of tribal and national interests is crucial. Just, humane, and voluntary processes, along with a people-centric rehabilitation approach, are necessary to mitigate the adverse impacts on tribal communities.

Question 99

Introduction to Evaluation of National Policy on Rehabilitation and Resettlement

Answer 99

Post-independence, India’s pursuit of rapid economic development necessitated large-scale industrialization, leading to significant displacement. To address the challenges faced by displaced communities, the National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy 2007 was introduced.

Question 100

Key Features of the Policy - Involuntary Displacement Coverage

Answer 100

The policy covers all cases of involuntary displacement.

Question 101

Key Features of the Policy - Social Impact Assessment (SIA)

Answer 101

Introduced for displacement of 400/200 or more families in plain/tribal, hilly, and Scheduled Areas.

Question 102

Key Features of the Policy - Tribal Development Plan

Answer 102

Applied in case of displacement of 200+ ST families.

Question 103

Key Features of the Policy - Consultation Processes

Answer 103

Compulsory consultations with Gram Sabha or public hearings.

Question 104

Key Features of the Policy - Rehabilitation Before Displacement

Answer 104

Emphasizes rehabilitation before displacement.

Question 105

Key Features of the Policy - Land for Land Compensation

Answer 105

If possible, compensation provided in the form of land.

Question 106

Key Features of the Policy - Skill Development and Job Preferences

Answer 106

Skill development support and job preferences for affected families.

Question 107

Key Features of the Policy - Rehabilitation Grant

Answer 107

Grants provided in lieu of land or jobs.

Question 108

Key Features of the Policy - Option for Shares

Answer 108

Option for shares in companies implementing projects for affected families.

Question 109

Critical Appraisal - Positives

Answer 109

Gram Sabha Consultation, Social Impact Assessment, NHRC Intervention.

Question 110

Critical Appraisal - Shortcomings

Answer 110

One Law, One Purpose, Exclusion of Vulnerable Groups, Limited Benefits for Small Intensity Displacement, No Right to Reject Projects, Inadequate Safeguards, Faulty Redressal Mechanism.

Question 111

Conclusion of Evaluation of National Policy

Answer 111

While the National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy 2007 has positive aspects, such as Gram Sabha consultations and Social Impact Assessment, there are significant shortcomings. These include the exclusion of vulnerable groups, limited benefits for small displacement, and inadequate safeguards for displaced persons. Addressing these issues is crucial to ensuring fair and just rehabilitation and resettlement practices.

Question 112

Introduction to Health and Nutrition Among Indian Tribes

Answer 112

The health and nutrition status of Indian tribes is intricately connected with their socio-economic and cultural contexts. Despite governmental efforts, various challenges persist, impacting the overall well-being of tribal populations.

Question 113

Health Challenges - Geographical Isolation

Answer 113

Many tribes live in remote and geographically isolated areas, limiting their access to healthcare facilities.

Question 114

Health Challenges - Endogamy and Inbreeding

Answer 114

Tribal communities often practice endogamy, leading to a higher prevalence of genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia.

Question 115

Health Challenges - Primitive Economy

Answer 115

Lack of surplus and traditional economies contribute to nutritional challenges and poverty.

Question 116

Health Challenges - Belief in Supernatural Practices

Answer 116

Dependence on traditional healers, sorcerers, and witchcraft sometimes hinders the adoption of modern healthcare practices.

Question 117

Nutritional Challenges - Nutritional Anaemia

Answer 117

Common, particularly among tribal women, contributing to maternal and infant mortality.

Question 118

Nutritional Challenges - Maternal Malnutrition

Answer 118

Prevalent among tribal women, affecting the health of both mothers and infants.

Question 119

Nutritional Challenges - Dietary Deficiencies

Answer 119

Tribal diets lack essential nutrients such as calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C, Riboflavin, and animal proteins.

Question 120

Nutritional Challenges - Taboos on Certain Foods

Answer 120

Taboos related to the milking of cows contribute to limited consumption of milk and milk products, impacting nutrition.

Question 121

Examples of Health Issues - Genetic Disorders

Answer 121

Sickle cell anemia is widespread among tribes in malaria-prone zones. Irula, Gond, and other tribes experience various genetic disorders.

Question 122

Examples of Health Issues - Modern Diseases

Answer 122

HIV/AIDS spreading among tribes in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh due to poverty and involvement in high-risk activities.

Question 123

Examples of Health Issues - Maternal Malnutrition

Answer 123

High incidence among tribal women affecting maternal and child health.

Question 124

Examples of Health Issues - Nutritional Anemia

Answer 124

Prevalent, especially among women, impacting overall health.

Question 125

Governmental Efforts - Health Infrastructure Improvement

Answer 125

Strengthening health facilities in tribal areas, addressing infrastructural gaps.

Question 126

Governmental Efforts - Involvement of Traditional Healers

Answer 126

Collaborating with traditional healers for better integration of tribal healthcare.

Question 127

Governmental Efforts - Preventive Measures

Answer 127

Emphasizing preventive approaches, including immunization and anti-infection measures.

Question 128

Governmental Efforts - Community Involvement

Answer 128

Involving local tribal communities in health programs, considering socio-cultural nuances.

Question 129

Suggestions for Improvement - Cultural Sensitivity

Answer 129

Training health workers in tribal cultures to enhance understanding and treatment efficacy.

Question 130

Suggestions for Improvement - Traditional Medicine Codification

Answer 130

Documenting and codifying traditional medical practices for better integration with modern healthcare.

Question 131

Suggestions for Improvement - Mobile Clinics

Answer 131

Establishing mobile clinics to reach remote tribal areas.

Question 132

Suggestions for Improvement - NGO Involvement

Answer 132

Collaborating with NGOs for targeted health interventions in tribal regions.

Question 133

Conclusion HEALTH OF TRIBES

Answer 133

Addressing the health and nutritional challenges among Indian tribes requires a multi-faceted approach, considering cultural sensitivities, traditional practices, and the socio-economic context. Engaging local communities, improving healthcare infrastructure, and integrating traditional healing methods can contribute to enhancing the health and well-being of tribal populations.

Question 134

Introduction to Literacy & Education Among Indian Tribes

Answer 134

Education is considered a powerful tool for tribal development, but low literacy rates persist due to internal and external factors.

Question 135

Tribal Situation in India - Preliterate Tradition

Answer 135

Traditionally, tribes have been preliterate with subsistence economies, and many live below the poverty line. Community-oriented values, belief in spirits, and magico-religious practices shape their worldview.

Question 136

Tribal Situation in India - Importance of Education

Answer 136

Education is crucial for tribal empowerment, providing knowledge that can lead to economic opportunities and freedom from exploitation.

Question 137

Magnitude of Literacy Among Tribals - 2011 Census Statistics

Answer 137

The literacy rate among Scheduled Tribes (ST) in 2011 was 59%, compared to the general literacy rate of 73%.

Question 138

Magnitude of Literacy Among Tribals - Gender Disparities

Answer 138

Tribal girls face a grimmer scenario, with a literacy rate of only 50% according to the 2011 census.

Question 139

Problems in Tribal Education - Poverty

Answer 139

For poverty-ridden parents, education is often a luxury they can’t afford, as children contribute to family livelihood. Absence of childcare facilities in remote areas adds to the challenge.

Question 140

Problems in Tribal Education - Feeling of Alienation

Answer 140

Some educated tribal youth, after gaining education and employment, feel alienated from their families, creating a sense of insecurity among parents.

Question 141

Problems in Tribal Education - Belief Patterns

Answer 141

Some tribal groups oppose education due to superstitions, believing it goes against their traditional practices.

Question 142

Problems in Tribal Education - Content of Education

Answer 142

The content of education, often not adapted to local contexts, may not be relevant, especially at the primary stage.

Question 143

Problems in Tribal Education - Infrastructure and Services

Answer 143

Dilapidated school buildings, inadequate facilities, and lack of supporting services hinder educational progress.

Question 144

Problems in Tribal Education - Medium of Instruction

Answer 144

Lack of education in the mother tongue discourages tribal attendance in schools.

Question 145

Problems in Tribal Education - Teacher Absenteeism

Answer 145

Teacher absenteeism in tribal areas affects the consistency and quality of education.

Question 146

Governmental Strategies - Constitutional Provisions ST EDUCATION

Answer 146

Articles 15(4) and 46 empower the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes, including STs. Education is a fundamental right under Article 21A.

Question 147

Governmental Strategies - Special Initiatives

Answer 147

Post-matric scholarships, hostels, free coaching, and reservations in educational institutions are some initiatives. Special Integrated Tribal Development Projects aim to uplift education in tribal regions.

Question 148

Suggestions for Improvement - Localized Curriculum

Answer 148

Introduce a supplementary curriculum adapted to local conditions, emphasizing vocational education aligned with tribal values.

Question 149

Suggestions for Improvement - Cultural Integration

Answer 149

Include tribal activities like agriculture, dancing, and archery in the curriculum to maintain cultural continuity.

Question 150

Suggestions for Improvement - Job-Oriented Education

Answer 150

Prioritize job-oriented and vocational education.

Question 151

Suggestions for Improvement - Teacher Selection

Answer 151

Select teachers with knowledge of tribal life and culture, preferably from tribal communities.

Question 152

Suggestions for Improvement - Infrastructure Development

Answer 152

Establish educational institutions in tribal areas, addressing the shortage of teachers and facilities.

Question 153

Suggestions for Improvement - Community Involvement HEALTH

Answer 153

Encourage community involvement in education and establish childcare centers to create awareness of health and nutrition.

Question 154

Suggestions for Improvement - Post-Training Support

Answer 154

Implement post-training care as part of the teacher training program.

Question 155

Conclusion EDUCATION

Answer 155

Challenges persist in tribal education despite commendable government efforts; a more localized, culturally sensitive approach is needed for true upliftment.

Question 156

Category

Answer 156

Details

Question 157

Introduction VILLAGE STUDIES

Answer 157

The significance of village studies in India is rooted in the country’s socio-economic fabric, where despite industrialization, a large majority of the population lives in villages and remains dependent on agriculture. This paper will discuss the various aspects that highlight the importance of studying Indian villages.

Question 158

Village Studies - Demographic Significance

Answer 158

• Over 72% of the Indian population resides in villages, emphasizing their demographic importance. - Half of India’s working population is directly employed in agricultural activities.

Question 159

Village Studies - Agricultural Dependency

Answer 159

NAME?

Question 160

Village Studies - Cultural and Ideological Importance

Answer 160

• The Indian village holds ideological significance, being considered a signifier of authentic native life, often referred to as ‘Real India.’ - Andre Beteille emphasizes that villages reflect the basic values of Indian civilization through their design.

Question 161

Village Studies - Historical Perspective

Answer 161

• Charles Metcalfe conceptualized Indian village communities as ‘little republics,’ indicating their historical autonomy and self-sufficiency. - Villages have been the basic units of Indian civilization for centuries.

Question 162

Village Studies - Post-Independence Era

Answer 162

• Even after independence, villages continued to be treated as the basic unit of society. - Village studies in the field of social anthropology gained prominence in the 1950s-60s, focusing on in-depth fieldwork in single villages.

Question 163

Village Studies - Global Relevance

Answer 163

NAME?

Question 164

Village Studies - Political Agenda

Answer 164

NAME?

Question 165

Village Studies - Development Studies

Answer 165

• Village studies contribute to the understanding of prevailing agrarian structures, relationships, and the concept of peasantry. - Scholars like Robert Redfield referred to Indian villages as ‘little republics.’

Question 166

Village Studies - Cultural Foundation

Answer 166

NAME?

Question 167

Village Studies - Anthropological Approach

Answer 167

NAME?

Question 168

Village Studies - Close Proximity and Longevity

Answer 168

• Villages are close to people’s lives, livelihoods, cultures, and serve as a focal point of reference for prestige and identity. - Villages have survived wars, empires, famines, floods, making them essential for study (Das Gupta 1978).

Question 169

Village Studies - Conclusion

Answer 169

In conclusion, the significance of village studies in India is multifaceted, encompassing demographic, cultural, historical, political, and developmental dimensions. The changing dynamics of Indian villages warrant continued scholarly attention to understand their evolving role in the socio-economic landscape.

Question 170

Category

Answer 170

Details

Question 171

Background nk bose

Answer 171

N. K. Bose, born in Calcutta, made significant contributions to the field of anthropology. His academic journey includes a geology degree and a master’s in anthropology. Bose worked as a research fellow at Calcutta University, visited Western universities, served as the Director of the Anthropological Survey of India, and advised the Government of India on tribal affairs.

Question 172

Influences and Approaches nk bose

Answer 172

1. Influenced by Boas’ historical particularism, Bose adopted an approach emphasizing the unique historical development of each culture. 2. Fascinated by Kroeber and Wissler’s trait distribution, Bose applied a diffusionist approach to study the spring festival culture complex and elements of temple architecture. 3. Bose explored Freud’s ideas, particularly on how individuals behave under cultural stress. 4. Independently adopting a functional approach, Bose defined the nature of culture as an adaptive device organized around the soul of culture. 5. Bose was greatly influenced by Gandhism, reflecting in his anthropological perspectives.

Question 173

Contributions bose

Answer 173

1. Rejecting myths, Bose focused on economic and cultural security as the root of the persistence of the caste system. Emphasized a change-oriented study of the caste system, highlighting the shift from non-competitive traditional systems to competitive ones. 2. Conducted research on the Juang tribe of Odisha. Highlighted the absorption of tribal economies into the Hindu caste system and identified the roots of tribal separatist movements. 3. Lectured on the structure of Hindu society, emphasizing unity in diversity. Examined the fate of the Varna-Jati system at different historical phases. 4. Addressed the unequal economic, social, and political status contributing to sub-nationalist movements. Advocated against a communal basis for categorizing backwardness, suggesting power dispersal irrespective of caste and communities. 5. Pioneered field research in paleolithic archaeology in Mayurbhanj.

Question 174

Summary nk bose

Answer 174

N. K. Bose’s contributions spanned the study of the caste system, tribal dynamics, the structure of Indian civilization, and the impact of modernization on national integration. His multidimensional approach drew from historical particularism, diffusionism, Freudian ideas, and functionalism, reflecting a comprehensive understanding of anthropological perspectives.

Question 175

Key Issues

Answer 175

Details

Question 176

Economic Changes and Legal Frameworks

Answer 176

Over the past two decades, economic policy changes significantly impacted tribal communities. Enactment of laws like the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, and the Forest Rights Act, 2006, recognizes tribal autonomy and rights.

Question 177

Challenges in Law Implementation

Answer 177

Despite legal frameworks, the implementation is reluctant and lacks necessary mechanisms. Weaknesses include inadequate support for Gram Sabhas and Forest Rights Committees (FRCs) and inefficient state-level monitoring committees.

Question 178

PESA (Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas) Internalization

Answer 178

Administrative practices have not internalized the import of PESA. Bureaucracies, including Forest Departments, deny tribal access to their rights, necessitating changes in administrative and control practices.

Question 179

Bureaucratic Shift in Roles

Answer 179

Government officials, tasked with preventing tribal land loss, are increasingly negotiating for project authorities, raising concerns.

Question 180

Fraudulent Gram Sabha Consent

Answer 180

Cases of fraudulent Gram Sabha consent are reported, emphasizing the need for penalties to prevent such actions.

Question 181

Constitutional Provisions and Urban Development

Answer 181

Creation or extension of urban bodies in Fifth Schedule areas must follow a law made by Parliament, aligning with constitutional provisions (Article 243-ZC).

Question 182

Review of MoUs and Institutional Neutrality

Answer 182

MoUs between states and companies, making states parties to agreements, compromise state neutrality. The review of such MoUs is suggested to maintain state neutrality.

Question 183

Issues Concerning De-notified Tribes

Answer 183

Demand for repealing the Habitual Offenders Act to remove criminal stigma from de-notified tribes. Calls to repeal anti-beggary laws that criminalize talents, disproportionately affecting women.

Question 184

Andaman Trunk Road and Protection of Jarawas

Answer 184

Despite Supreme Court directions, the Andaman Trunk Road remains open, impacting the protection of Jarawa tribes. Instances of exploitation of Jarawas as tourist attractions and reported sexual exploitation highlight the need for road closure.

Question 185

DNA Testing and Informed Consent

Answer 185

DNA testing on Jarawas raises concerns about informed consent, particularly relevant in the context of proposed DNA databases.

Question 186

Conclusion tribal issues

Answer 186

Understanding the legal and constitutional issues surrounding tribal communities is essential for anthropologists to comprehend the challenges, changes, and protection needed for these indigenous groups. This aligns with the broader anthropological goal of studying societies in their legal and historical contexts.

Question 187

Background of N. K. Bose’s Academic Journey

Answer 187

Calcutta, geology degree, master’s in anthropology, research fellow at Calcutta University, Director of the Anthropological Survey of India, advisory role for tribal affairs.

Question 188

Influences on N. K. Bose’s Approach

Answer 188

Franz Boas (historical particularism), Diffusionism (Kroeber and Wissler), Freudian ideas, Functionalism (Malinowski), Gandhism.

Question 189

N. K. Bose’s Contributions to the Study of Caste System

Answer 189

Economic and cultural security as the root of caste system persistence, Change-oriented study emphasizing a shift from non-competitive to competitive systems.

Question 190

N. K. Bose’s Tribal Studies

Answer 190

Research on the Juang tribe of Odisha, Highlighted absorption of tribal economies into the Hindu caste system, Identified roots of tribal separatist movements.

Question 191

Structure of Indian Civilization by N. K. Bose

Answer 191

Lectured on the structure of Hindu society, Emphasized unity in diversity, Examined the fate of the Varna-Jati system at different historical phases.

Question 192

N. K. Bose’s Contributions to National Integration and Modernization

Answer 192

Addressed unequal economic, social, and political status contributing to sub-nationalist movements, Advocated against communal categorization of backwardness, Suggested power dispersal irrespective of caste and communities.

Question 193

N. K. Bose’s Pioneering Work in Prehistoric Archaeology

Answer 193

Pioneered field research in paleolithic archaeology in Mayurbhanj.

Question 194

Summary of N. K. Bose’s Contributions

Answer 194

Study of caste system, Tribal dynamics research, Structure of Indian civilization, Impact of modernization on national integration, Pioneering work in prehistoric archaeology.

Question 195

Legal and Constitutional Issues Impacting Tribal Communities

Answer 195

1. Economic policy changes impacting tribes 2. Laws like PESA and Forest Rights Act recognizing tribal rights 3. Implementation challenges and lack of mechanisms 4. Weaknesses in support for Gram Sabhas and Forest Rights Committees 5. Bureaucratic shift in roles, officials negotiating for project authorities 6. Cases of fraudulent Gram Sabha consent 7. Constitutional provisions and urban development in Fifth Schedule areas 8. Review of MoUs for institutional neutrality 9. Issues concerning de-notified tribes and demand for repealing Habitual Offenders Act 10. Andaman Trunk Road impact on Jarawas, exploitation concerns, and DNA testing with informed consent

Question 196

Village Studies in India

Answer 196

1. Industrialization 2. Gramavashi Bharathi 3. Agricultural dependency 4. Basic unit of Indian civilization 5. Ideological category 6. Social anthropology 7. Peasant economy 8. Little republics

Question 197

Contributions of Anthropologists village studies

Answer 197

1. Robert Redfield 2. McKim Marriot 3. M. N. Sriniwas 4. D. N. Majumdar 5. S. C. Dube

Question 198

Indian Village as Social System

Answer 198

1. Agrarian society 2. Caste system 3. Jajmani system 4. Joint family 5. Power structure 6. Gender differences 7. Changes in village system 8. Modernization, Westernization, Urbanization, Globalization

Question 199

N. K. Bose’s Contribution

Answer 199

1. Historical particularism 2. Diffusionism 3. Freudian influence 4. Functionalism (Malinowski) 5. Influence of Gandhism 6. Caste system studies 7. Tribal studies 8. Structure of Indian civilization 9. National integration and modernization 10. Prehistoric archaeology

Question 200

L. P. Vidyarthi’s Contribution

Answer 200

1. Sacred Complex 2. Nature man spirit complex 3. Tribal studies 4. History of Indian anthropology 5. Urban and industrial anthropology 6. Political anthropology 7. Psychological anthropology 8. Folklore study 9. Scheduled caste study 10. Physical anthropology contributions

Question 201

M. N. Sriniwas’s Contribution

Answer 201

1. Village study 2. Sanskritization 3. Westernization and modernization 4. Dominant caste 5. Secularization 6. Social change studies

Question 202

D. N. Majumdar’s Contribution

Answer 202

1. Holistic functional approach 2. Lucknow School of Anthropology 3. Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society 4. Village and city studies 5. Physical anthropology 6. Race definition

Question 203

Legal and Constitutional Issues Impacting Tribal Communities

Answer 203

1. Economic policy changes 2. PESA and FRA Acts 3. Implementation challenges 4. Bureaucratic role shift 5. Fraudulent consent 6. Constitutional provisions 7. MoUs review 8. De-notified tribes 9. Andaman Trunk Road issues 10. DNA testing and informed consent

Question 204

The Right To Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation And Resettlement Act, 2013

Answer 204

1. Rehabilitation of Project Affected Persons 2. Minimizing land acquisition 3. Displacement in Central India and Northeast

Question 205

Issues with the 2013 Act

Answer 205

1. Lack of tribal land protection 2. Wide definition of ‘public purpose’ 3. Public-Private Partnership concerns

Question 206

PESA Act and Samatha Judgment

Answer 206

1. Gram Sabha power to prevent alienation 2. Tribal exploitation of minerals 3. Adoption of Andhra Pradesh Land Transfer Regulation

Question 207

Mandatory Gram Sabha Consent

Answer 207

1. Acquisition for government use 2. Consent for natural resource exploitation

Question 208

Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R)

Answer 208

1. Inalienable resource importance 2. ‘Land for land’ provision 3. Compensatory land cultivability 4. Continuous monitoring of R&R 5. Stake in assets for affected communities

Question 209

Environmental Impact and Pollution

Answer 209

1. Responsibility of Project Authorities 2. Utilization of government schemes

Question 210

Challenges in Implementation

Answer 210

1. Resettlement and rehabilitation capacities 2. Need for professional training 3. Discontent and fact-finding committee

Question 211

Grassroots Movements

Answer 211

1. Recognition and engagement 2. Democratic grassroots movements

Question 212

Urbanization and Immigrants in Tribal Areas

Answer 212

1. Increasing urbanization 2. Protection of tribal areas 3. Enhanced tribal representation

Question 213

Forced Migration and Poverty

Answer 213

1. Census data reflection 2. Prevention of exploitation 3. Migrants Rights Legislation

Question 214

Prevention of Illegal Land Alienation

Answer 214

1. PESA implementation 2. Empowered Gram Sabhas 3. Legal aid and awareness programs

Question 215

Health Literacy - Mass educational methods

Answer 215

1. Folk and modern media 2. School curriculum 3. Local dialects and technology

Question 216

Role of Traditional Healers and Dais - Inclusion in healthcare

Answer 216

1. Protection of herbal medicines 2. Community ownership 3. Intellectual property rights

Question 217

Cultural Sensitivity in Healthcare Delivery - Overcoming cultural distance

Answer 217

Cultural sensitivity in healthcare requires ethnographic understanding, intercultural communication proficiency, patient-centered methodologies, continual cultural competence training, community collaboration, institutional policy adaptation, and iterative feedback incorporation to mitigate cultural distance.

Question 218

Accessible Healthcare - Chinese axiom: How far can a mother walk with a sick baby?

Answer 218

1. Healthcare within a walkable distance 2. Redesigning primary and secondary healthcare services

Question 219

Human Resources for Health - Deployment difficulties

Answer 219

1. Selection, training, and deployment of local candidates 2. Levels: ASHA, Anganwadi workers, ANMs, paramedic workers, doctors, and managers 3. Commitment to serve for at least ten years

Question 220

Separate Medical Colleges for Tribal Areas - Selection challenges for local candidates

Answer 220

1. Opening colleges in scheduled districts 2. Reservation of seats for committed Scheduled Tribe candidates

Question 221

Addressing Addiction Issues - Effective implementation of Excise Policy

Answer 221

1. Control of tobacco and drug consumption 2. Monitoring alcohol and tobacco use among Scheduled Tribe population

Question 222

Data for Planning and Monitoring - Scheduled Tribe-specific estimates on health indicators

Answer 222

1. Allocation of one percent of TSP for data generation 2. Construction of Tribal Development Index (TDI) and Tribal Health Index (THI) 3. Ranking districts and states based on indices

Question 223

Goals of the Tribal Health Plan - Achieving Millennium Development Goals (2015) by 2020

Answer 223

1. Equality in health, sanitation, and nutrition by 2025 2. Human resource creation by 2025 3. Institutions for participatory governance by 2016 4. Annual Tribal Health Plans and budget allocation by 2017

Question 224

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Regionalism - Holism

Answer 224

1. Cultural relativism 2. Comparative and cross-cultural studies 3. Fieldwork 4. Felt need approach

Question 225

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Regionalism - Cultural relativism

Answer 225

1. Holism 2. Comparative and cross-cultural studies 3. Fieldwork 4. Felt need approach

Question 226

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Regionalism - Comparative and cross-cultural studies

Answer 226

1. Holism 2. Cultural relativism 3. Fieldwork 4. Felt need approach

Question 227

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Regionalism - Fieldwork

Answer 227

1. Holism 2. Cultural relativism 3. Comparative and cross-cultural studies 4. Felt need approach

Question 228

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Regionalism - Felt need approach

Answer 228

1. Holism 2. Cultural relativism 3. Comparative and cross-cultural studies 4. Fieldwork

Question 229

Causes of Regionalism - Ethnic, geographical, and linguistic diversity

Answer 229

1. Unfulfilled ethnic goals 2. Imbalanced economic development 3. Neglect of local needs 4. Accommodation of some regional demands leading to new demands

Question 230

Causes of Regionalism - Unfulfilled ethnic goals

Answer 230

1. Ethnic, geographical, and linguistic diversity 2. Imbalanced economic development 3. Neglect of local needs 4. Accommodation of some regional demands leading to new demands

Question 231

Causes of Regionalism - Imbalanced economic development

Answer 231

1. Ethnic, geographical, and linguistic diversity 2. Unfulfilled ethnic goals 3. Neglect of local needs 4. Accommodation of some regional demands leading to new demands

Question 232

Causes of Regionalism - Neglect of local needs

Answer 232

1. Ethnic, geographical, and linguistic diversity 2. Unfulfilled ethnic goals 3. Imbalanced economic development 4. Accommodation of some regional demands leading to new demands

Question 233

Causes of Regionalism - Accommodation of some regional demands leading to new demands

Answer 233

According to anthropologists, regionalism is rooted in structure of society and
geography.
Bases of regionalism are ethnic, geographical and linguistic diversity.
Unfulfilled ethnic goals, imbalanced economic development.
Neglect of local needs and aspirations for longer time.
Accommodation of some regional demands by states leading to emergence of new
demands.
Identity crisis

Question 234

Negative Consequences - Identity crisis

Answer 234

1. Sense of alienation 2. Violence 3. Separatist tendencies 4. Disrupted development

Question 235

Negative Consequences - regionalism

Answer 235

Sense of alienation.
Violence
Separatist tendencies.
Disrupted development.

Question 236

Negative Consequences - Violence

Answer 236

Sense of alienation.
Violence
Separatist tendencies.
Disrupted development.

Question 237

Negative Consequences - Separatist tendencies

Answer 237

1. Identity crisis 2. Sense of alienation 3. Violence 4. Disrupted development

Question 238

Negative Consequences - Disrupted development

Answer 238

1. Identity crisis 2. Sense of alienation 3. Violence 4. Separatist tendencies

Question 239

Examples - Naga movement

Answer 239

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Naga movement
Bodo movement.
Jharkhand movement
Gorakhaland movement

Question 240

Examples - Bodo movement

Answer 240

1. Naga movement 2. Jharkhand movement 3. Gorkhaland movement

Question 241

Examples - Jharkhand movement

Answer 241

1. Naga movement 2. Bodo movement 3. Gorkhaland movement

Question 242

Examples - Gorkhaland movement

Answer 242

1. Naga movement 2. Bodo movement 3. Jharkhand movement

Question 243

Suggestions by Anthropologists (MN. Srinivas) - regionalism

Answer 243

(1)
(2)
Creation of natural regions based on scientific criteria.
Regionalism should not be seen merely as law and order problem. It’s a
multidimensional issue and should be tackled with sympathy, care and
appreciation for long suppressed aspirations.
The Unique Academy
(3) He suggested that locals should be given preference in certain categories of jobs such
as semi-skilled and unskilled jobs to fulfill local aspirations.
(4) Balanced regional growth : Thus anthropology through its all-round study of
regionalism helps state in preventing regionalist and separatist tendencies in India and
keep nation integrated.

Question 244

Suggestions by Anthropologists (MN. Srinivas) -

Answer 244

(1)
(2)
Creation of natural regions based on scientific criteria.
Regionalism should not be seen merely as law and order problem. It’s a
multidimensional issue and should be tackled with sympathy, care and
appreciation for long suppressed aspirations.
The Unique Academy
(3) He suggested that locals should be given preference in certain categories of jobs such
as semi-skilled and unskilled jobs to fulfill local aspirations.
(4) Balanced regional growth : Thus anthropology through its all-round study of
regionalism helps state in preventing regionalist and separatist tendencies in India and
keep nation integrated.

Question 245

Suggestions by Anthropologists (MN. Srinivas) - Locals given preference in certain job categories

Answer 245

1. Creation of natural regions based on scientific criteria 2. Tackling regionalism multidimensionally with sympathy 3. Balanced regional growth

Question 246

Suggestions by Anthropologists (MN. Srinivas) - Balanced regional growth

Answer 246

1. Creation of natural regions based on scientific criteria 2. Tackling regionalism multidimensionally with sympathy 3. Locals given preference in certain job categories

Question 247

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Ethnic and Political Movements - Causes of movements

Answer 247

1. Stages of movements 2. Types of movements 3. Degree and nature of movements 4. Consequences of movements 5. Remedial measures

Question 248

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Ethnic and Political Movements - Stages of movements

Answer 248

1. Causes of movements 2. Types of movements 3. Degree and nature of movements 4. Consequences of movements 5. Remedial measures

Question 249

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Ethnic and Political Movements - Types of movements

Answer 249

1. Causes of movements 2. Stages of movements 3. Degree and nature of movements 4. Consequences of movements 5. Remedial measures

Question 250

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Ethnic and Political Movements - Degree and nature of movements

Answer 250

1. Causes of movements 2. Stages of movements 3. Types of movements 4.

Question 251

Role of NGOs in Tribal Development -examples

Answer 251

Examples
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Christian missionaries
Bhill seva mandal of Thakkar Bappa
Bharatiya Adhim Jati sevak sangh
Servants of India society
Ramakrishna mission.
Nagaland Gandhi ashram.

Question 252

Role of NGOs in Tribal Development - role

Answer 252

()
(2)
(3)
(4)
They provide alternative to formal organizations
Advisory and consultative role
Complimentary to govt. action
Help in planning and implementation of govt. programs.

Question 253

Role of NGOs in Tribal Development - Bharatiya Adhim Jati Sevak Sangh

Answer 253

1. Sincerely devoted workers 2. Better rapport with rural and tribal people 3. Operational flexibility

Question 254

Role of NGOs in Tribal Development - Servants of India Society

Answer 254

1. Sincerely devoted workers 2. Better rapport with rural and tribal people 3. Operational flexibility

Question 255

Role of NGOs in Tribal Development - Ramakrishna Mission

Answer 255

1. Sincerely devoted workers 2. Better rapport with rural and tribal people 3. Operational flexibility

Question 256

Role of NGOs in Tribal Development - Nagaland Gandhi Ashram

Answer 256

1. Sincerely devoted workers 2. Better rapport with rural and tribal people 3. Operational flexibility

Question 257

Advantages of NGOs - Sincerely devoted workers

Answer 257

1. Better rapport with rural and tribal people 2. Operational flexibility

Question 258

Advantages of NGOs - Better rapport with rural and tribal people

Answer 258

1. Sincerely devoted workers 2. Operational flexibility

Question 259

Advantages of NGOs -

Answer 259

NGOs are supposed to be potentially superior to official
agencies in following aspects. .
(1)
(2)
(3)
Their workers can be more sincerely devoted to reducing the suffering of poor than
that of official personnel.
They have better rapport with the rural and tribal people.
Since they are not bound by rigid bureaucratic procedures, they can operate with more
flexibility.

Question 260

Role of NGOs - Provide alternatives to formal organizations

Answer 260

1. Advisory and consultative role 2. Complimentary to government action 3. Assist in planning and implementation of government programs

Question 261

Government Contribution to Promotion of NGOs -

Answer 261

(1)
(2)
Setting up of CAPART (Council for advancement of people’s action and rural
technology)
Financial grants to NGOs to implement govt. schemes.
Traditionally NGOs have focused in areas of health and education but recently NGOs
have diversified their field of work.
New trends need NGOs to work in the field of land issues, bonded labour
identification, drinking water problem, PVGTs, shifting cultivation, problems of tribal
women etc.

Question 262

Government Contribution to Promotion of NGOs - Financial grants to NGOs for implementing government schemes

Answer 262

(1)
(2)
Setting up of CAPART (Council for advancement of people’s action and rural
technology)
Financial grants to NGOs to implement govt. schemes.
Traditionally NGOs have focused in areas of health and education but recently NGOs
have diversified their field of work.
New trends need NGOs to work in the field of land issues, bonded labour
identification, drinking water problem, PVGTs, shifting cultivation, problems of tribal
women etc.

Question 263

Criticism of NGOs -

Answer 263

(1)
(2)
(3)
Many NGOs exist on paper only and eat up valuable tribal development fund.
Duplication of NGOs working in same areas. Many NGOs are not willing to work in
new areas.
Allegation against some NGOs for working on religious conversions which should be
avoided.

Question 264

Criticism of NGOs - Duplication of NGOs in the same areas

Answer 264

1. Existence on paper without actual impact 2. Allegations of religious conversions

Question 265

Criticism of NGOs - Allegations of religious conversions

Answer 265

1. Existence on paper without actual impact 2. Duplication of NGOs in the same areas

Question 266

Suggestions - Venture into new areas

Answer 266

1. Work on new issues 2. Scope for NGOs in tribal development is vast

Question 267

Suggestions - Work on new issues

Answer 267

1. Venture into new areas 2. Scope for NGOs in tribal development is vast

Question 268

Suggestions - Scope for NGOs in tribal development is vast

Answer 268

1. Venture into new areas 2. Work on new issues

Question 269

Use of Anthropology in Policy Making - Applied anthropology

Answer 269

1. Action anthropology 2. Fieldwork tradition 3. Cultural relativism 4. Holism

Question 270

Use of Anthropology in Policy Making - Action anthropology

Answer 270

Applications of Anthropology in Policy Formulation

1. Applied Anthropology
   
   • Definition: Anthropologists advise policymakers on policy formulation.
   • Example: Ministry of Tribal Development consults anthropologists for tribal health, education, and economic policies. The Xaxa Committee’s report on tribal affairs illustrates this approach.
2. Action Anthropology
   
   • Definition: Anthropologists actively participate in government roles to shape and implement tribal policies.
   • Examples: S. C. Roy as a Bihar legislative assembly member supported tribal causes. Verrier Elwin served as an anthropological advisor in NEFA (North-East Frontier Agency).
3. Fieldwork Tradition
   
   • Definition: Fieldwork provides firsthand data used for policy formulation.
   • Example: D. N. Majumdar’s fieldwork on the Ho tribe provided crucial insights for policy development.
4. Cultural Relativism
   
   • Definition: Understanding tribal culture in its own context to create effective policies.
   • Example: Implementing cattle slaughter bans must consider tribal reliance on cattle for food.
5. Holism
   
   • Definition: Anthropological approach is holistic, considering the overall impact of policies.
   • Example: When rehabilitating tribal communities affected by development projects, their connection to nature should be considered to ensure policy acceptance.

Question 271

Use of Anthropology in Policy Making - Fieldwork tradition

Answer 271

1. Applied anthropology 2. Action anthropology 3. Cultural relativism 4. Holism

Question 272

Use of Anthropology in Policy Making - Cultural relativism

Answer 272

1. Applied anthropology 2. Action anthropology 3. Fieldwork tradition 4. Holism

Question 273

Use of Anthropology in Policy Making - Holism

Answer 273

1. Applied anthropology 2. Action anthropology 3. Fieldwork tradition 4. Cultural relativism

Question 274

Role of Anthropology in Rural Development - Cultural factors and acceptance of developmental programs

Answer 274

1. Felt need approach 2. Applied anthropology 3. Action anthropology 4. Cultural relativism 5. Consideration of social segmentation, stratification, and leadership 6. Study of Jajmani system

Question 275

Role of Anthropology in Rural Development - Felt need approach

Answer 275

1. Cultural factors and acceptance of developmental programs 2. Applied anthropology 3. Action anthropology 4. Cultural relativism 5. Consideration of social segmentation, stratification, and leadership 6. Study of Jajmani system

Question 276

Role of Anthropology in Rural Development - Applied anthropology

Answer 276

1. Cultural factors and acceptance of developmental programs 2. Felt need approach 3. Action anthropology 4. Cultural relativism 5. Consideration of social segmentation, stratification, and leadership 6. Study of Jajmani system

Question 277

Role of Anthropology in Rural Development - Action anthropology

Answer 277

1. Cultural factors and acceptance of developmental programs 2. Felt need approach 3. Applied anthropology 4. Cultural relativism 5. Consideration of social segmentation, stratification, and leadership 6. Study of Jajmani system

Question 278

Role of Anthropology in Rural Development - Cultural relativism

Answer 278

1. Cultural factors and acceptance of developmental programs 2. Felt need approach 3. Applied anthropology 4. Action anthropology 5. Consideration of social segmentation, stratification, and leadership 6. Study of Jajmani system

Question 279

Role of Anthropology in Rural Development - Consideration of social segmentation, stratification, and leadership

Answer 279

1. Cultural factors and acceptance of developmental programs 2. Felt need approach 3. Applied anthropology 4. Action anthropology 5. Cultural relativism 6. Study of Jajmani system

Question 280

Role of Anthropology in Rural Development - Study of Jajmani system

Answer 280

1. Cultural factors and acceptance of developmental programs 2. Felt need approach 3. Applied anthropology 4. Action anthropology 5. Cultural relativism 6. Consideration of social segmentation, stratification, and leadership

Question 281

Precautions for Anthropologists in Rural Development -

Answer 281

(1) The anthropologists should not be too rigid from the angle of his discipline.
He should follow interdisciplinary approach.
(2) On the basis of micro studies, they should go for macro generalisation and not
micro generalisation.

Question 282

Precautions for Anthropologists in Rural Development -

Answer 282

(1) The anthropologists should not be too rigid from the angle of his discipline.
He should follow interdisciplinary approach.
(2) On the basis of micro studies, they should go for macro generalisation and not
micro generalisation.

Question 283

TRIFED - Objective

Answer 283

Preventing the exploitation of tribals by private traders. Offering remunerative prices for minor forest produces and surplus agricultural produces.

Question 284

TRIFED - Activities

Answer 284

Procurement of surplus agricultural produces. Generating employment opportunities for tribal. Providing marketing and financial support to state-level tribal and forest organizations. Value addition for tribal products. Export of tribal products. Transportation, storage, and exploitation of forest produce.

Question 285

TRIFED - Problems

Answer 285

Poor communication, lack of access, poor economies of scale, perishability of goods.

Question 286

TRIFED - Shortcomings

Answer 286

Operates more like a welfare organization than a marketing organization. Lack of value addition, processing, research, and development. Insufficient facilities for storage and logistics. Dysfunction or malfunctioning state federations. Few nationalized Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP). Lack of traditional organizations like Village Panchayats.

Question 287

NSTFDC - Mission

Answer 287

Economic development of Scheduled Tribes on a sustained basis.

Question 288

NSTFDC - Objectives

Answer 288

Identify economic activities important to ST for self-employment and income. Upgrade skills through self-employment, institutional and job training. Assist existing state/UT tribal finance development corporations. Monitor implementation of NSTFDC-assisted schemes.

Question 289

NSTFDC - Functions

Answer 289

Generate awareness about NSTFDC concessional schemes. Provide assistance for skill development. Offer concessional finance for income-generating schemes. Assist in market linkage of tribal produce.

Question 290

NSTFDC - Who Can Avail Assistance

Answer 290

Individuals/SHGs with annual family income double the poverty line. Cooperative societies with 80% or more members belonging to ST.

Question 291

NSTFDC - Schemes

Answer 291

Term loan scheme, Aadivasi Mahila Shashaktikaran Yojana, Microcredit Scheme, SHG Schemes, Aadivasi Shiksha Rin Yojana (Education Loan).

Question 292

Tribal Sub-plan - Introduction

Answer 292

Introduced in the 5th five-year plan. Aims to channelize adequate funds for tribal development and narrow the gap between tribal and non-tribal areas.

Question 293

Tribal Sub-plan - Division

Answer 293

Integrated Tribal Development Project Areas, MADA Pockets, Primitive Tribal Groups.

Question 294

Tribal Sub-plan - Funding

Answer 294

Through state plan outlays, sectorial outlays of central ministries, special central assistance.

Question 295

PTG - Identification

Answer 295

Based on pre-agricultural technology, low literacy, declining or stagnant population.

Question 296

PTG - Examples

Answer 296

Great Andamanese, Jarawa, Onge, Toto, Birhor, Dongaria Khond, Asur, etc.

Question 297

PTG - Problems

Answer 297

Land alienation, health issues, low literacy.

Question 298

PTG - Separate Central Assistance Scheme

Answer 298

Since 1998-99 for PTG development.

Question 299

PTG - Implementing Agencies

Answer 299

Integrated tribal development agencies (ITDA), tribal research institutes, interested NGOs.

Question 300

PTG - Challenges

Answer 300

Delay in disbursal, multiplicity of implementing agencies, lack of a special action plan for rehabilitation.

Question 301

Denotified Tribes - Introduction

Answer 301

Denotified tribes were originally labeled as criminal tribes under the British Criminal Tribes Act. This classification stigmatized these communities, associating them with criminal activities.

Question 302

Denotified Tribes - Examples

Answer 302

Bawaria, Beria, Kanjar, Biloch, Dom, Mahtam, etc.

Question 303

Denotified Tribes - Origin

Answer 303

The origin of these tribes is shrouded in mystery. Different views include descent from gypsies or tracing back to historical figures like Rana Pratap of Chittorgarh.

Question 304

Denotified Tribes - Habitat and Population

Answer 304

Concentrated in present-day Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.

Question 305

Legislative Measures Since Pre-independence - Thugi and Dacoity Department (1839)

Answer 305

To tackle crimes in North India.
Thugi and Dacoity Department (1839): Established by the British to combat organized crime and gang violence, targeting Thugs and Dacoits in India. This measure reflected colonial control over local criminal practices.

Question 306

Legislative Measures Since Pre-independence - Criminal Tribes Act (1871)

Answer 306

Required reporting before declaring a tribe criminal.

Question 307

Legislative Measures Since Pre-independence - Criminal Tribes (Amendment) Act (1897)

Answer 307

Introduced minimum penalty on second conviction.

Question 308

Legislative Measures Since Pre-independence - Criminal Tribes Act (1911)

Answer 308

Empowered local governments to declare tribes criminal.

Question 309

Legislative Measures Since Pre-independence - Criminal Tribes Act (1924)

Answer 309

Consolidation of legislation.
Criminal Tribes Act (1924): Enforced by the British to label certain communities as “criminal tribes,” subjecting them to surveillance and restrictions. This act institutionalized stigmatization and control over marginalized groups.

Question 310

Legislative Measures Since Pre-independence - Amendment Act (1947)

Answer 310

Abolished minimum punishment for second conviction.

Question 311

Legislative Measures Since Pre-independence - Criminal Tribes Act (1943, Madras)

Answer 311

Changed the name to Notified Tribes.
Criminal Tribes Act (1943, Madras): Empowered authorities to designate certain tribes as criminal, imposing restrictive controls and surveillance. It expanded the scope of criminalization to specific communities in Madras Presidency.

Question 312

Repeal of Criminal Tribes Act - After independence

Answer 312

The Criminal Tribes Act was repealed in 1952, replaced by the Habitual Offenders Act. The tribes were termed Denotified Tribes as per the Backward Classes Commission in 1953.

Question 313

Cultural Environment and Initiation into Crime - Poverty and low standard of living

Answer 313

Poverty and Low Standard of Living: Cultural environments marked by poverty and inadequate living conditions often increase susceptibility to crime, as economic hardships drive individuals towards illicit activities for survival.

Question 314

Cultural Environment and Initiation into Crime -

Answer 314

(1) Poverty, low standard of living are chief causes.
(2) Glorification and idealization of crime.

Question 315

Reform and Rehabilitation Measures -

Answer 315

» Permanent solution to their condition depends upon improvement in” their social,
economic and educational condition.
> These Denotified communities appear to possess all qualities of scheduled tribes but
they are not yet included in list of scheduled tribes.
» Backward classes commission in 1955 submitted in its report that these tribes should be
divided into ST, SC and OBC.

Question 316

Reform and Rehabilitation Measures - Denotified communities share similarities with Scheduled Tribes

Answer 316

» Permanent solution to their condition depends upon improvement in” their social,
economic and educational condition.
> These Denotified communities appear to possess all qualities of scheduled tribes but
they are not yet included in list of scheduled tribes.
» Backward classes commission in 1955 submitted in its report that these tribes should be
divided into ST, SC and OBC.

Question 317

Reform and Rehabilitation Measures - Various welfare measures were implemented before and after independence

Answer 317

Including settlement treatments, reformative schools, and economic development schemes.

Question 318

Reform and Rehabilitation Measures - Ashram schools, scholarships, and initiatives like Start-up India

Answer 318

Are introduced for education and economic development.

Question 319

Reform and Rehabilitation Measures - Special Central Assistance (SCA) and grants under Article 275(1)

Answer 319

Are provided to states for tribal development.

Question 320

Conclusion - While efforts have been made for the welfare of Denotified Tribes

Answer 320

Challenges persist, and a comprehensive approach addressing social, economic, and cultural aspects is crucial for their upliftment.

Question 321

Social Context of Language Use (10 marks)

Answer 321

“(a) Sociolinguistics: Study of effects of societal aspects on language use

Question 322

Relationship Between Language and Culture (10/15 marks)

Answer 322

“(a) Introduction: Importance of language and culture in human studies. (b) Language as Determined by Culture: Words determining thoughts

Question 323

Non-Verbal Communication (10 marks)

Answer 323

“Introduction: Importance of non-verbal communication in conveying social situations. Definition of Non-Verbal Communication: Process of communication through wordless messages

Question 324

Types of Non-Verbal Communication

Answer 324

**Types of Non-Verbal Communication:**

1. Facial Expressions: Convey emotions like happiness, sadness, anger, or surprise through facial movements.
2. Gestures: Use of hand movements, nods, or other body movements to express messages.
3. Posture: Body stance and positioning reflect confidence, openness, or defensiveness.
4. Eye Contact: Maintains engagement and can show honesty, interest, or dominance.
5. Proxemics: Use of personal space to indicate intimacy or formality.
6. Haptics: Communication through touch, such as a handshake or pat on the back.
7. Paralanguage: Vocal elements other than words, including tone, pitch, and volume.
8. Appearance: Dress and grooming affect perceptions of professionalism or status.
9. Chronemics: Use of time to convey punctuality, urgency, or respect.

Question 325

Silence as Non-Verbal Communication

Answer 325

“Reflection of companionship and unfriendliness
Anthropological Case Study: Silence in Japanese Culture

Anthropologist Takeo Doi’s work highlights how Japanese silence signifies respect and social harmony. Silence in Japan is used to convey agreement and maintain group cohesion, reflecting cultural values of restraint.”

Question 326

Universal Non-Verbal Communication

Answer 326

“Facial expressions for happiness

Question 327

Cultural Variability in Non-Verbal Communication

Answer 327

“Examples of culturally variable gestures. Potential misunderstandings due to variations”

Question 328

Kinesics

Answer 328

“Study of communication by non-verbal means”

Question 329

Conclusion

Answer 329

“Importance of non-verbal communication with wide cultural significance”

Question 330

Contribution of S.C. Roy to Anthropological Studies in India, S.C. Roy, Anthropology

Answer 330

Background and Contributions

• Birthplace: Karappa, Khulna district, Bangladesh
• Education: Honours in English
• Career: Tribal advocacy in Ranchi
• Monograph: “Munda & Their Country”

Recognitions:
- Father of Indian Ethnology
- First Indian Ethnographer and Anthropologist

Contributions:
- Established formal anthropology in India
- Founding father of Indian Anthropology
- Inspired N.K. Bose, D.N. Majumdar
- Founded “Man in India” (1921)
- Work in:
- Tribal culture
- Physical anthropology
- Prehistoric archaeology
- Caste anthropology
- Folklore
- Applied anthropology
- Tribal policy

Question 331

Life History of B.K. Royburman, B.K. Royburman, Anthropology

Answer 331

Background and Contributions

• Birthplace: Sylhet, Bangladesh (1922-2012)
• Education: Degree and PhD in Anthropology
• Positions Held:
  
  • Lecturer
  • Deputy Registrar General of Census
  • Professor at Visva Bharati

Contributions:
- Concepts of cultural and social change
- Types of growth setups in Indian tribes
- Concepts of bridge and buffer communities
- Rapid rural appraisal
- Concepts of infranationalism and proto-nationalism
- Understanding acculturation, tribal movements, and ethnic identity
- Doctoral work on Totos of Jalpaiguri
- Activism in uniting Naga and Kuki communities

Question 332

Contribution of Verrier Elwin to Indian Anthropology, Verrier Elwin, Anthropology

Answer 332

Background and Contributions

• Background:
  
  • Self-Training and Missionary Work: Self-trained anthropologist and tribal activist; Christian missionary work
  • Collaboration with Leaders: Worked with M.K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru
• Contributions:
  
  • Popularization of Anthropology: Promoted Indian anthropology philosophy
  • Monographs: Authored studies on Baiga, Maria, and Muria tribes
  • Tribal Affairs Advisory: Advisor on tribal issues in North East India
  • Isolationist Policies: Advocated for National Parks as isolationist strategy
  • Tribal Panchasheel: Formation of the Tribal Panchasheel
  • Policy Planning: Developed policies for tribal welfare
  • Protection from Missionary Influences: Safeguarded tribal communities from missionary impacts

Question 333

Phases of Growth and Development of Anthropology in India, Anthropology, Growth and Development

Answer 333

Introduction: Overview of the growth and development of anthropology in India. Phases of Development: Formulative Phase (1774-1914), Constructive Phase (1914-1950), Analytical Period (1950 onwards).

Question 334

Colonial Ethnography, Ethnography, Colonialism

Answer 334

Origins of World and Indian Anthropology

• World Anthropology:
  
  • Timeframe: Emerged in the 2nd half of the 19th century
  • Context: Part of global anthropology and influenced by British colonialism and imperialism
• British Colonial Contributions:
  
  • East India Company:
    
    • Purpose: Gained knowledge about Indian society, caste, and tribes for administrative use
  • Ethnological Work:
    
    • Description: Produced handbooks on comparative studies of castes in Assam, Cachar, and Central Provinces
  • Ethnography/Colonial Ethnography:
    
    • Description: In-depth studies of specific human groups or units through monographs
  • Examples:
    
    • The Khasi: Colonel Gurdon
    • The Nagas: Mills
    • The Chamars: Briggs

Question 335

Contribution of S.C. Dubey to the Study of Anthropology, S.C. Dubey, Anthropology

Answer 335

Background/Bibliography:

• Educational Background: Degree and doctoral dissertation in anthropology
• Notable Books:
  
  • The Kamar
  • Indian Village (Shamirpet, A.P.)
  • India’s Changing Village

Contributions:

• Tribal Study: Research on the Kamar tribe
• Village Study: Detailed study of Shamirpet village, A.P.
• Political Anthropology: Contributions to the field of political anthropology
• Family Planning: Work in family planning initiatives
• Community Development: Research on community development programs

Question 336

Impact of Islam on Indian Society, Religion, Islam

Answer 336

Essence of Islam: Recognition of One God, emphasis on social equality. Humanistic Concept: Fraternity, justice, charity, rejection of priesthood. Influence of Muslim Sufi-saints, spread of Sulh-e-kul, and Khankhahs.

Question 337

Impact of Islam, Religion, Islam

Answer 337

Social Impact:
- Attraction to Islam: Influence on deprived castes converting to Islam
- Composite Culture: Contributions to the development of a composite culture
- Influence on Hindu Ceremonies: Impact on Hindu rituals and ceremonies
- Social Habits and Purdah System: Changes in social habits and the purdah system

Impact on Religion:
- Sufi Saints: Non-ritualistic practices and monotheism
- Akbar’s Divine Faith: Integration of diverse religious elements
- Dara Shikoh’s Synthesis: Religious synthesis and interpretation

Contributions to Medicine:
- Unani Medicine: Introduction and development of the Unani system of medicine

Contributions to Music and Arts:
- Shastriya Sangeet: Influence on classical music
- Ghazal, Thumri, Qawwali: Contributions to these music genres
- Musical Instruments and Dance: Innovations and contributions

Contributions to Architecture:
- Architectural Features: Introduction of domes, turrets, and minarets

Question 338

Contributions to Indian Constitution, Law, Islam

Answer 338

Legal Reforms: Equality before law, abolition of untouchability, Hindu Marriage Act, and Hindu Succession Act.

Question 339

Impact on Dress Patterns, Jewelry, and Language, Culture, Islam

Answer 339

Dress Patterns and Jewelry: Symbolism of Hindu culture. Language: Development of Urdu as a composite language, shared heritage of India, Urdu words integrated into Hindi.

Question 340

Buddhism and Indian Society, History, Impact

Answer 340

Impact of Various Religions on Indian Society

• Dominant Religion: Hinduism
  
  • Dysfunctional Elements: Casteism, untouchability
  • Effect: Acted as push factors
• Other Religions:
  
  • Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Jainism
    
    • Principles: Offered more inclusive and egalitarian principles
    • Effect: Acted as pull factors
• Consequences:
  
  • Impact: Indian society has been influenced by these religions, addressing some of the dysfunctions of Hinduism and incorporating diverse religious values

Question 341

Socio-Economic Conditions of Post-Vedic Indian Society, History, Impact

Answer 341

Four Varnas with defined functions. Discrimination against Shudras and untouchables. Social tensions arising from Varna divisions.

Question 342

Principles of Buddhism, Religion, Buddhism

Answer 342

Main principles: Non-coveting, non-intoxication, non-violence, truthfulness. Ethical code: Charity, purity, self-sacrifice, truthfulness, individuality. Emphasis on an individual’s responsibility for their destiny.

Question 343

Appeal of Buddhism to Common People, Religion, Buddhism

Answer 343

Revolutionary nature attacking Varna system. Liberal and democratic aspects. Simple and popular ethical code.

Question 344

Impact of Buddhism on Indian Society, History, Buddhism

Answer 344

Impact of Buddhism

• Religious Impact:
  
  • Ethical Rituals: Introduction of simple and ethical rituals
  • Caste System: Rejection of caste distinctions and violent rituals
  • Self-Responsibility: Encouragement of personal religious upliftment
• Social Impact:
  
  • Equality: Promotion of equality and gender equality
  • Social Justice: Advocacy for social justice and protection of life forms
  • Global Spread: Expansion of Buddhism beyond India
• Economic Impact:
  
  • Agrarian Economy: Boost to agrarian and mercantile activities
  • Prohibition: Ban on cow slaughter
• Political Impact:
  
  • Nonviolence: Promotion of nonviolence and universal peace
  • Dispute Resolution: Democratic methods for resolving disputes in Buddhist societies
• Language and Education Impact:
  
  • Vernaculars: Popularization of Indian vernacular languages
  • Education: Development of residential universities like Nalanda
  • Scholarship: Influence on scholars and intellectuals
• Art and Culture Impact:
  
  • Art: Influence on ancient Indian art forms
  • Culture Spread: Dissemination of Indian culture through Buddhist monks

Question 345

Conclusion, History, Buddhism

Answer 345

Overall, Buddhism significantly impacted Indian society in various aspects, fostering equality, peace, and cultural exchange.

Question 346

Contribution of Saraswati to the Concept of Sacred Complex in India, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

Answer 346

Explanation of Saraswati’s exploration of the concept of sacred complex in India.

Question 347

Saraswati’s View on the Concept of Sacred, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

Answer 347

Definition of sacred based on the desire to communicate with the spiritual world for Moksha. Reference to the Brahmanical concept of sacred as the foundation of these centers.

Question 348

Saraswati’s Work on Kashi, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

Answer 348

Insight into the Sacred Complex of Kashi. Emphasis on the diversity within the complex, encompassing Brahminical and non-Brahminical elements. Examples of sacred performances conducted by both the learned Karmakandi and illiterate untouchable ‘Domto’.

Question 349

Integration of Diverse Cultural Traditions, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

Answer 349

Saraswati’s observation that pilgrims from different cultural traditions converge. The role of these pilgrimage centers in integrating diverse cultural traditions into a common bond of civilization.

Question 350

Comparison with Semitic Religions, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

Answer 350

Distinction from Semitic religions like Mecca or Jerusalem in terms of full and equal interaction. Acknowledgment that Hindu pilgrimage centers do not exhibit the same level of interaction.

Question 351

Conclusion, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

Answer 351

Saraswati’s significant contribution to understanding the sacred complex in India. Emphasis on the role of pilgrimage centers in fostering a shared civilization despite diverse cultural traditions.

Question 352

Significance of the Study of Religious Centers in Understanding Indian Civilization, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

Answer 352

Definition of religious centers and the concept of sacred complex. Development of the sacred complex concept by Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi under the influence of Robert Redfield’s civilization school in anthropology.

Question 353

Historical Background: Redfield’s Hypothesis, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

Answer 353

Overview of Robert Redfield’s hypothesis stating that centers of reverence are centers of cultural diffusion. Mention of L. P. Vidyarthi’s study of the sacred complex in Gaya under the influence of this hypothesis.

Question 354

Concept of Sacred Complex, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

Answer 354

Explanation of the sacred complex as centers of civilization where pilgrims from diverse regions and cultures interact. Components of the sacred complex: sacred specialists, sacred geography, and sacred performances.