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Anthrooology > 3 > Flashcards

3 Flashcards

1
Q

Sivapithecus, Discovery and Classification, Who discovered broken teeth and jaw parts in the Shiwalik hills of India, naming them Ramapithecus?

A

“Lewis found broken teeth and jaw parts in the Shiwalik hills of India

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2
Q

Sivapithecus, Discovery and Classification, What did Lewis later suggest about Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus?

A

“They are the same genus

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3
Q

Sivapithecus, Fossil Age and Distribution, When do fossils of Sivapithecus date back to?

A

“14-12 million years ago”

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4
Q

Sivapithecus, Fossil Age and Distribution, Where were fossils of Sivapithecus found?

A

“Shiwalik Hills (India)

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5
Q

Sivapithecus, Physical Features, What similarities does Sivapithecus share with Proconsul and Dryopithecus?

A

“Arboreal with vertically clinging feet. Arboreal lifestyle reflected in hand anatomy suggesting suspensory behavior.”

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6
Q

Sivapithecus, Physical Features, What is unique about the dental and cranial morphology of Sivapithecus?

A

(i) Molars were relatively large with low cusps and thick enamel.
(ii) The incisors and canines are vertically implanted than in modern apes.
Gii) They had thick enamelled teeth- Adapted to hard and tough food items as a result the
relative width of the jaw between the canines is less than modern apes resulting in
more V-shaped dental arcade.
(iv) First lower premolar is quite variable in size and shape.
(v) Diet- fruit eater
(vi) Face: shorter than earlier apes

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7
Q

Sivapithecus, Physical Features, How does Sivapithecus differ from orangutans in facial anatomy?

A

“Shorter face

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8
Q

Sivapithecus, Phylogenetic Status, What is the proposed phylogenetic status of Sivapithecus?

A

“Probable ancestor to the orangutan.”

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9
Q

Sivapithecus, Phylogenetic Status, What theory suggests parallel evolution with African hominids for Sivapithecus?

A

“Parallel Evolution Theory”

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10
Q

Sivapithecus, Phylogenetic Status, Why did Sivapithecus disappear by the end of Miocene?

A

“Possibly due to changing climate leading to the replacement of evergreen forests by wooded grasslands.”

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11
Q

Narmada Man, Discovery and Characteristics, Who discovered the broken skull with the upper jaw in the middle of Narmada valley?

A

“Dr. Arun Sonakia”

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12
Q

Narmada Man, Discovery and Characteristics, Where was Narmada man discovered, and when?

A

Broken skull specimen with upper jaw of Homo erectus discovered by
Dr.Arun Sonakia in the middle of Narmada valley in Hathnora, Madhya Pradesh in 1982.

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13
Q

Narmada Man, Physical Features, What are the physical features of Narmada man’s cranium?

A

“Cranium ascribed to a 30-year-old female with a jaw skeleton of 7.9x13.4 cm and cranial capacity of 1200 cc. Exhibits cultural features similar to Homo erectus.”

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14
Q

Narmada Man, Phylogenetic Status and Controversy, How was Narmada man initially classified, and what was the controversy?

A

In 1987, Sankhyan discovered a collar bone from same.site and in 1991 Sankhyan, Kennedy
et al gave the hypothesis that Narmada man represented the earliest Homo sapiens.
® They also proposed that Narmada man was different from extinct African Homo erectus
and European Neanderthal and Western Archaic Homo sapiens.
The Unique Academy
Chinese erectus into Indian Territory.
This opened up new possibilities for human evolution giving credence to theory of
parallel evolution.
Sankhyan proposed that modern man originated and migrated from Narmada valley and
disputed earlier belief that Neanderthal man was origin of Narmada man saying that
Narmada hominid characterises archaic, robust and stocky hominid in sharp contrast to tall
and well built African or western Homo sapiens.
Later disputing separate evolutional claims of Chinese scholars, Sankhyan put forward two
evolutions- one in Africa and another in Asia (Narmada valley).
But claims of Sankhyan, Kennedy et al as Narmada man to be archaic Homo sapience was
rejected in 2004 at a seminar in Delhi. It was concluded that Narmada man was an erectus
with cranial capacity 1200 cc and age 0.7 Mya.
According to some scientists, this line (Narmada man) indicates incursion of African

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15
Q

Narmada Man, Phylogenetic Status and Controversy, Why were claims of Narmada man as an archaic Homo sapiens rejected?

A

“Rejected in 2004. Conclusion: Narmada man was Homo erectus with cranial capacity 1200 cc and age of 0.7 million years.”

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16
Q

Narmada Man, Contribution to Human Evolution Theory, How did the controversy around Narmada man contribute to human evolution theory?

A

“Opened possibilities for discussions on parallel evolution theories. Speculations on incursion of Chinese erectus into Indian territory

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17
Q

Ethno-Archaeology, Definition and Purpose, What is the definition of Ethno-Archaeology?

A

Ethnoarcheology is ethnographic study of people for archeological reasons,usually
focussing on material remains of society rather than culture.
It is a combination of archaeology and ethnography. .
It is also defined as the study of contemporary ‘cultures and behaviour and practices of
living people with a view in understanding the behavioural relationships and practices
which underlie the production of material culture in past.

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18
Q

Ethno-Archaeology, Study of Contemporary Cultures, What does Ethno-Archaeology focus on in the study of present-day cultures?

A

]It is also defined as the study of contemporary ‘cultures and behaviour and practices of
living people with a view in understanding the behavioural relationships and practices
which underlie the production of material culture in past.

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19
Q

Ethno-Archaeology, Methods and Components, What methods are used in Ethno-Archaeology?

A

(1) Logical positivism : It is an idea that all aspects of culture are accessible through the
material records.
(2) Use of quantitative data.
(3) Hypothetico- deductive model
(4) Interpretative analysis.

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20
Q

Ethno-Archaeology, Methods and Components, What are the components of Ethno-Archaeology?

A

(1) Study of present day use and significance of artefacts, buildings and structures within
_ the living societies in question.
(2) Study of the way the material things become incorporated into the archeological
record.

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21
Q

Ethno-Archaeology, Significance and Caution, Why is Ethno-Archaeology significant?

A

(A) It sheds light on 2 questions regarding the use of technology
(1) At general level : Abundance of a type of tool in archeological records is not a
guide to its importance in the culture. The tool frequently used may have been
quickly made and discarded immediately after the use, while the rare implements
were kept and reused several times before eventually being thrown away.
(2) At specific level : It helps in identifying the specific use of a particular artifact.
(B) It can provide insight to archeologists into how people in the past may have lived,
especially with regard to their social structure, religious beliefs etc.
(C) Itcan contribute towards filling gaps in history. For example it has helped archeologists
make inferences about women’s role in subsistence and craft related activities in early
times.

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22
Q

Ethno-Archaeology, Significance and Caution, What caution should be exercised in Ethno-Archaeology?

A

Identification of tool forms through ethnographic analogy should be limited to cases where
there is demonstrable continuity between archeological cultures with modern society.
Thus in the form of ethnoarcheology, old archaeology which was purely descriptive in
nature gave way to emergence of new archaeology by incorporating three perspectives
called general systems approach, interpretative analysis and logico-deductive reasoning
into its theory and practice.

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23
Q

Conclusion, Summary of Contributions, What valuable insights do Sivapithecus, Narmada Man, and Ethno-Archaeology contribute?

A

“To the understanding of human evolution

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24
Q

Who discovered broken teeth and jaw parts in the Shiwalik hills of India, naming them Ramapithecus?

A

Lewis

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25
Q

What did Lewis later suggest about Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus?

A

They are the same genus, Sivapithecus.

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26
Q

When do fossils of Sivapithecus date back to?

A

14-12 million years ago

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27
Q

Where were fossils of Sivapithecus found?

A

Shiwalik Hills (India), Potwar Hills (Pakistan), Nepal, Turkey, Hungary

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28
Q

What similarities does Sivapithecus share with Proconsul and Dryopithecus?

A

Arboreal with vertically clinging feet

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29
Q

What is unique about the dental and cranial morphology of Sivapithecus?

A

Molars are relatively large, with low cusps, thick enamel adapted to hard and tough food. Incisors and canines are vertically implanted compared to modern apes. Thick enamel leads to a V-shaped dental arcade.

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30
Q

How does Sivapithecus differ from orangutans in facial anatomy?

A

Shorter face, absence of bony sinus in brow area, vertically elongated orbits, concave profile, projecting incisors. Post-cranial anatomy differs, exhibiting ape-like quadrupedalism and suspensory abilities.

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31
Q

What is the proposed phylogenetic status of Sivapithecus?

A

Probable ancestor to the orangutan.

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32
Q

What theory suggests parallel evolution with African hominids for Sivapithecus?

A

Parallel Evolution Theory

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33
Q

Why did Sivapithecus disappear by the end of Miocene?

A

Possibly due to changing climate leading to the replacement of evergreen forests by wooded grasslands.

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34
Q

Who discovered the broken skull with the upper jaw in the middle of Narmada valley?

A

Dr. Arun Sonakia

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35
Q

Where was Narmada man discovered, and when?

A

Narmada valley in Hathnora, Madhya Pradesh, in 1982. Around 0.7 million years old.

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36
Q

What are the physical features of Narmada man’s cranium?

A

Cranium ascribed to a 30-year-old female with a jaw skeleton of 7.9x13.4 cm and cranial capacity of 1200 cc. Exhibits cultural features similar to Homo erectus.

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37
Q

How was Narmada man initially classified, and what was the controversy?

A

Initially classified as Homo erectus with cranial capacity 1200 cc and age of 0.7 million years. Controversy arose with claims of Narmada man being the earliest Homo sapiens, suggesting a separate evolution in India.

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38
Q

Why were claims of Narmada man as an archaic Homo sapiens rejected?

A

Rejected in 2004. Conclusion: Narmada man was Homo erectus with cranial capacity 1200 cc and age of 0.7 million years.

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39
Q

How did the controversy around Narmada man contribute to human evolution theory?

A

Opened possibilities for discussions on parallel evolution theories. Speculations on incursion of Chinese erectus into Indian territory, contributing to the understanding of human migration and evolution.

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40
Q

What is the definition of Ethno-Archaeology?

A

The ethnographic study of people for archaeological reasons, focusing on material remains rather than culture. A combination of archaeology and ethnography.

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41
Q

What does Ethno-Archaeology focus on in the study of present-day cultures?

A

Behaviors, and practices to understand the behavioral relationships underlying the production of material culture in the past.

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42
Q

What methods are used in Ethno-Archaeology?

A

Logical positivism, quantitative data analysis, hypothetico-deductive model, interpretative analysis.

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43
Q

What are the components of Ethno-Archaeology?

A

Study of present-day use and significance of artifacts, buildings, and structures. Investigation of how material things become part of the archaeological record.

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44
Q

Why is Ethno-Archaeology significant?

A

Sheds light on the use of technology, helping identify specific artifact uses and filling gaps in history. Provides insight into social structures, religious beliefs, and daily life practices of ancient societies.

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45
Q

What caution should be exercised in Ethno-Archaeology?

A

Identification of tool forms through ethnographic analogy should be limited to cases with demonstrable continuity between archaeological cultures and modern societies.

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46
Q

What valuable insights do Sivapithecus, Narmada Man, and Ethno-Archaeology contribute?

A

To the understanding of human evolution, migration, and archaeological interpretation. These topics bridge the gap between ancient and contemporary human practices, enriching our knowledge of cultural and biological evolution.

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47
Q

Importance of Shiwaliks in Indian Prehistory - Significance of Shiwaliks

A

Shiwaliks, bordering the Himalayas, played a crucial role in the evolution of various ape species. Fossils found in Shiwaliks provide insights into the biological history of primates.

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48
Q

Importance of Shiwaliks in Indian Prehistory - Hominid Fossils

A

Two significant hominid fossils found in Shiwalik hills.

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49
Q

Importance of Shiwaliks in Indian Prehistory - Ramapithecus Discovery (1934)

A

Discovered by Edward Lewis near River Tinau, Nepal. Initially considered the earliest Miocene hominid (12-15 million years ago). Recent opinions treat Ramapithecus as an ape, not hominid. Fossil evidence includes teeth, jaw, and a small part of the lower face. Some argue it belongs to the Miocene radiation complex of Dryopithecus.

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50
Q

Importance of Shiwaliks in Indian Prehistory - Sivapithecus Fossil Remains

A

Recovered from Shiwalik Hills in India and Pakistan. Fossils date back to 14-12 million years ago. Initially, fossils of Ramapithecus were considered the same as Sivapithecus, both grouped under Sivapithecus. Proposed as a probable ancestor to orangutans.

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51
Q

Importance of Shiwaliks in Indian Prehistory - Phylogenetic Diagram

A

Illustration of the proposed phylogenetic status, suggesting relationships among various hominids and primates.

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52
Q

Soan Culture - Geographical Location

A

Potwar Plateau extends from Shiwalik Hills. Soan Culture is in and around Potwar Plateau.

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53
Q

Soan Culture - Characteristics

A

Lower Paleolithic Culture divided into pre-Soan, early Soan, late Soan, and evolved Soan. Characterized by chopper-chopping and hand axe tools.

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54
Q

Debate Related to Ramapithecus - Lewis’ Discovery (1934)

A

Lewis discovered Ramapithecus and associated traits with early humans. Supported by L. Leakey’s findings in Kenya (Kenyapithecus).

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55
Q

Debate Related to Ramapithecus - Criteria for Human-Ape Differentiation

A

Debate focused on past cranial features, dentition, and cranium & facial features.

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56
Q

Debate Related to Ramapithecus - Challenges to Hominid Status

A

Recent researchers highlighted non-hominid traits of Ramapithecus. Closely related to orangutan ancestor Sivapithecus. Discrepancies between expected hominid traits and Ramapithecus characteristics.

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57
Q

Rejection of Hominid Status - Human-Ape Split Timing

A

Widely accepted that the human-ape split occurred about 8-6 million years ago. Ramapithecus appeared earlier (14-12 million years ago).

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58
Q

Rejection of Hominid Status - Shift to Sivapithecus

A

Fossils initially in Ramapithecus moved to the genus Sivapithecus. Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus considered part of the Miocene radiation complex of Dryopithecus. Shared characteristics but Sivapithecus exhibits large canine radiation.

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59
Q

Rejection of Hominid Status - Opposing Views

A

Some argue for Ramapithecus as a hominid, suggesting tool use as a reason for reduced canines. Limited evidence supporting this idea. Modern paleontologists, like David Philbeam, consider Ramapithecus part of the Miocene radiation complex of Dryopithecus. Ramapithecus lumped with Sivapithecus, suggesting it was smaller and likely female.

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60
Q

Summary of Debate on Ramapithecus

A

The debate surrounding Ramapithecus highlights the challenges in classifying fossils and understanding their evolutionary significance. The shifting perspectives emphasize the dynamic nature of paleoanthropological research and the importance of ongoing discoveries in shaping our understanding of human evolution.

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61
Q

Sivapithecus: Discovery and Classification

A

Lewis found broken teeth and jaw parts in the Shiwalik hills of India, naming them Ramapithecus. Later, evidence suggested that Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus are the same genus, Sivapithecus.

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62
Q

Sivapithecus: Fossil Age and Distribution

A

Fossils date back to 14-12 million years ago, present in Asia and Europe. Found in Shiwalik Hills (India), Potwar Hills (Pakistan), Nepal, Turkey, Hungary.

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63
Q

Sivapithecus: Physical Features - Similarities with Proconsul and Dryopithecus

A

Shares similarities with Proconsul and Dryopithecus but more arboreal with vertically clinging feet. Arboreal lifestyle reflected in hand anatomy suggesting suspensory behavior.

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64
Q

Sivapithecus: Physical Features - Dental and Cranial Morphology

A

Molars relatively large, low cusps, thick enamel, adapted to hard and tough food. Incisors and canines vertically implanted compared to modern apes. Thick enamel led to a V-shaped dental arcade, distinguishing it from modern apes.

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65
Q

Sivapithecus: Physical Features - Facial Anatomy

A

Shorter face than earlier apes. Shares physical features with orangutan like absence of bony sinus in brow area, vertically elongated orbits, concave profile, and projecting incisors. Post-cranial anatomy differs from orangutan, exhibiting ape-like quadrupedalism and suspensory abilities.

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66
Q

Sivapithecus: Phylogenetic Status

A

Proposed as a probable ancestor to the orangutan. Disappeared by the end of Miocene, possibly due to the changing climate leading to the replacement of evergreen forests by wooded grasslands.

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67
Q

Sivapithecus: Parallel Evolution Theory

A

Sivapithecus suggested to have originated and evolved parallelly with African hominids. Adapted to trees, possibly descending to the ground occasionally. Contributed to the understanding of human evolution in the context of climate and habitat changes.

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68
Q

Narmada Man: Discovery and Characteristics

A

Broken skull with the upper jaw discovered in the middle of Narmada valley in Hathnora, Madhya Pradesh, in 1982. Most ancient human remnant in the Indian subcontinent, around 0.7 million years old.

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69
Q

Narmada Man: Physical Features

A

Cranium ascribed to a 30-year-old female with a jaw skeleton of 7.9x13.4 cm and cranial capacity of 1200 cc. Exhibits cultural features similar to Homo erectus.

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70
Q

Narmada Man: Phylogenetic Status and Controversy

A

Initially classified as Homo erectus with cranial capacity 1200 cc and age of 0.7 million years. Sankhyan, Kennedy, and others proposed Narmada man as the earliest Homo sapiens, suggesting a separate evolution in India. Differentiated it from African Homo erectus, European Neanderthal, and Western Archaic Homo sapiens. Claims of Narmada man as an archaic Homo sapiens were rejected in 2004. Conclusion: Narmada man was Homo erectus with cranial capacity 1200 cc and age of 0.7 million years.

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71
Q

Narmada Man: Contribution to Human Evolution Theory

A

The controversy opened possibilities for discussions on parallel evolution theories. Speculations on incursion of Chinese erectus into Indian territory, contributing to the understanding of human migration and evolution.

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72
Q

Ethno-Archaeology: Definition and Purpose

A

Ethno-Archaeology is the ethnographic study of people for archaeological reasons, focusing on material remains rather than culture. A combination of archaeology and ethnography. Focuses on the study of present-day cultures, behaviors, and practices to understand the behavioral relationships underlying the production of material culture in the past.

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73
Q

Ethno-Archaeology: Methods and Components

A

Methods Used: Logical positivism, quantitative data analysis, hypothetico-deductive model, interpretative analysis. Components: Study of present-day use and significance of artifacts, buildings, and structures. Investigation of how material things become part of the archaeological record.

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74
Q

Ethno-Archaeology: Significance and Caution

A

Significance of Ethno-Archaeology: Sheds light on the use of technology, helping identify specific artifact uses and filling gaps in history. Provides insight into social structures, religious beliefs, and daily life practices of ancient societies. Caution in Analogy: Identification of tool forms through ethnographic analogy should be limited to cases with demonstrable continuity between archaeological cultures and modern societies.

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75
Q

Introduction to Problem of Displacement and Rehabilitation of Tribals

A

In India, tribal areas, rich in mineral resources, have been historically exploited due to forest resources and political objectives. Post-independence, developmental policies, industrialization, and urbanization led to extensive displacement of tribal populations, causing social, economic, political, and cultural challenges, especially in central India.

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76
Q

Causes of Displacement - Industrialization

A

Large-scale projects like Bhilai, Bokaro, and Durgapur for heavy industries.

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77
Q

Causes of Displacement - Irrigation Projects

A

Examples include the Subarnarekha and Keol Karo dams.

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78
Q

Causes of Displacement - Urbanization and Land Acquisition

A

Growth of urban areas leading to displacement.

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79
Q

Causes of Displacement - Energy Projects

A

Hydroelectric, Nuclear, and Thermal power projects.

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80
Q

Causes of Displacement - Reservations for Wildlife

A

Displacement due to forest reservations for sanctuaries and parks.

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81
Q

Causes of Displacement - Mining and Quarrying

A

Projects like Vedanta and POSCO in Odisha.

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82
Q

Causes of Displacement - Environmental Degradation

A

Loss of livelihood due to pollution and environmental damage.

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83
Q

Causes of Displacement - Land Acquisition for Military and Infrastructure

A

Including railways and roads.

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84
Q

Extent of Tribal Displacement

A

Although tribal communities make up 8.6% of the total population, over 50% of those displaced belong to tribal groups. The central Indian region is most affected, with the tribal population bearing the brunt of displacement.

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85
Q

Consequences of Displacement - Negative Impact

A

Landlessness, Joblessness, Homelessness, Food Insecurity & Health Issues, Social & Cultural Disruption.

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86
Q

Consequences of Displacement - Positive Impact

A

Awareness and Integration, Market Demand for Tribal Products.

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87
Q

Problems of Rehabilitation - Lack of Clear Definition

A

Rehabilitation policies in some states lack a clear definition of ‘outstees,’ excluding certain affected groups.

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88
Q

Problems of Rehabilitation - Non-Irrigable Land

A

Alternative land provided is often not suitable for cultivation.

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89
Q

Problems of Rehabilitation - Time Frame Issues

A

Rehabilitation processes often extend over decades.

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90
Q

Problems of Rehabilitation - Bureaucratic Apathy

A

Lack of government intent and pilferage exacerbate tribal agony.

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91
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Skill Development and Entrepreneurship

A

Train tribals to benefit from industries and encourage entrepreneurship.

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92
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Holistic Rehabilitation

A

Provide houses, employment, health, and education facilities, not just cash compensation.

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93
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Understanding Tribal Socio-Economic Milieu

A

Industries should appreciate and build upon tribal socio-economic structures.

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94
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Minor Irrigation Projects

A

Promote minor projects as alternatives to major ones.

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95
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Integrated Project Cost

A

Include rehabilitation costs in the project approval process.

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96
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Implementation of Land Acquisition Act 2013

A

Uphold the act’s provisions for fair compensation and rehabilitation.

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97
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Public Debate and Gram Sabha Empowerment

A

Involve the public, especially Gram Sabhas, in decision-making about land acquisition.

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98
Q

Conclusion of Tribal Displacement

A

Tribal displacement is an inevitable consequence of national development, but integration of tribal and national interests is crucial. Just, humane, and voluntary processes, along with a people-centric rehabilitation approach, are necessary to mitigate the adverse impacts on tribal communities.

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99
Q

Introduction to Evaluation of National Policy on Rehabilitation and Resettlement

A

Post-independence, India’s pursuit of rapid economic development necessitated large-scale industrialization, leading to significant displacement. To address the challenges faced by displaced communities, the National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy 2007 was introduced.

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100
Q

Key Features of the Policy - Involuntary Displacement Coverage

A

The policy covers all cases of involuntary displacement.

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101
Q

Key Features of the Policy - Social Impact Assessment (SIA)

A

Introduced for displacement of 400/200 or more families in plain/tribal, hilly, and Scheduled Areas.

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102
Q

Key Features of the Policy - Tribal Development Plan

A

Applied in case of displacement of 200+ ST families.

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103
Q

Key Features of the Policy - Consultation Processes

A

Compulsory consultations with Gram Sabha or public hearings.

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104
Q

Key Features of the Policy - Rehabilitation Before Displacement

A

Emphasizes rehabilitation before displacement.

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105
Q

Key Features of the Policy - Land for Land Compensation

A

If possible, compensation provided in the form of land.

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106
Q

Key Features of the Policy - Skill Development and Job Preferences

A

Skill development support and job preferences for affected families.

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107
Q

Key Features of the Policy - Rehabilitation Grant

A

Grants provided in lieu of land or jobs.

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108
Q

Key Features of the Policy - Option for Shares

A

Option for shares in companies implementing projects for affected families.

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109
Q

Critical Appraisal - Positives

A

Gram Sabha Consultation, Social Impact Assessment, NHRC Intervention.

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110
Q

Critical Appraisal - Shortcomings

A

One Law, One Purpose, Exclusion of Vulnerable Groups, Limited Benefits for Small Intensity Displacement, No Right to Reject Projects, Inadequate Safeguards, Faulty Redressal Mechanism.

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111
Q

Conclusion of Evaluation of National Policy

A

While the National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy 2007 has positive aspects, such as Gram Sabha consultations and Social Impact Assessment, there are significant shortcomings. These include the exclusion of vulnerable groups, limited benefits for small displacement, and inadequate safeguards for displaced persons. Addressing these issues is crucial to ensuring fair and just rehabilitation and resettlement practices.

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112
Q

Introduction to Health and Nutrition Among Indian Tribes

A

The health and nutrition status of Indian tribes is intricately connected with their socio-economic and cultural contexts. Despite governmental efforts, various challenges persist, impacting the overall well-being of tribal populations.

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113
Q

Health Challenges - Geographical Isolation

A

Many tribes live in remote and geographically isolated areas, limiting their access to healthcare facilities.

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114
Q

Health Challenges - Endogamy and Inbreeding

A

Tribal communities often practice endogamy, leading to a higher prevalence of genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia.

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115
Q

Health Challenges - Primitive Economy

A

Lack of surplus and traditional economies contribute to nutritional challenges and poverty.

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116
Q

Health Challenges - Belief in Supernatural Practices

A

Dependence on traditional healers, sorcerers, and witchcraft sometimes hinders the adoption of modern healthcare practices.

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117
Q

Nutritional Challenges - Nutritional Anaemia

A

Common, particularly among tribal women, contributing to maternal and infant mortality.

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118
Q

Nutritional Challenges - Maternal Malnutrition

A

Prevalent among tribal women, affecting the health of both mothers and infants.

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119
Q

Nutritional Challenges - Dietary Deficiencies

A

Tribal diets lack essential nutrients such as calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C, Riboflavin, and animal proteins.

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120
Q

Nutritional Challenges - Taboos on Certain Foods

A

Taboos related to the milking of cows contribute to limited consumption of milk and milk products, impacting nutrition.

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121
Q

Examples of Health Issues - Genetic Disorders

A

Sickle cell anemia is widespread among tribes in malaria-prone zones. Irula, Gond, and other tribes experience various genetic disorders.

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122
Q

Examples of Health Issues - Modern Diseases

A

HIV/AIDS spreading among tribes in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh due to poverty and involvement in high-risk activities.

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123
Q

Examples of Health Issues - Maternal Malnutrition

A

High incidence among tribal women affecting maternal and child health.

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124
Q

Examples of Health Issues - Nutritional Anemia

A

Prevalent, especially among women, impacting overall health.

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125
Q

Governmental Efforts - Health Infrastructure Improvement

A

Strengthening health facilities in tribal areas, addressing infrastructural gaps.

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126
Q

Governmental Efforts - Involvement of Traditional Healers

A

Collaborating with traditional healers for better integration of tribal healthcare.

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127
Q

Governmental Efforts - Preventive Measures

A

Emphasizing preventive approaches, including immunization and anti-infection measures.

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128
Q

Governmental Efforts - Community Involvement

A

Involving local tribal communities in health programs, considering socio-cultural nuances.

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129
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Cultural Sensitivity

A

Training health workers in tribal cultures to enhance understanding and treatment efficacy.

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130
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Traditional Medicine Codification

A

Documenting and codifying traditional medical practices for better integration with modern healthcare.

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131
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Mobile Clinics

A

Establishing mobile clinics to reach remote tribal areas.

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132
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - NGO Involvement

A

Collaborating with NGOs for targeted health interventions in tribal regions.

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133
Q

Conclusion HEALTH OF TRIBES

A

Addressing the health and nutritional challenges among Indian tribes requires a multi-faceted approach, considering cultural sensitivities, traditional practices, and the socio-economic context. Engaging local communities, improving healthcare infrastructure, and integrating traditional healing methods can contribute to enhancing the health and well-being of tribal populations.

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134
Q

Introduction to Literacy & Education Among Indian Tribes

A

Education is considered a powerful tool for tribal development, but low literacy rates persist due to internal and external factors.

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135
Q

Tribal Situation in India - Preliterate Tradition

A

Traditionally, tribes have been preliterate with subsistence economies, and many live below the poverty line. Community-oriented values, belief in spirits, and magico-religious practices shape their worldview.

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136
Q

Tribal Situation in India - Importance of Education

A

Education is crucial for tribal empowerment, providing knowledge that can lead to economic opportunities and freedom from exploitation.

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137
Q

Magnitude of Literacy Among Tribals - 2011 Census Statistics

A

The literacy rate among Scheduled Tribes (ST) in 2011 was 59%, compared to the general literacy rate of 73%.

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138
Q

Magnitude of Literacy Among Tribals - Gender Disparities

A

Tribal girls face a grimmer scenario, with a literacy rate of only 50% according to the 2011 census.

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139
Q

Problems in Tribal Education - Poverty

A

For poverty-ridden parents, education is often a luxury they can’t afford, as children contribute to family livelihood. Absence of childcare facilities in remote areas adds to the challenge.

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140
Q

Problems in Tribal Education - Feeling of Alienation

A

Some educated tribal youth, after gaining education and employment, feel alienated from their families, creating a sense of insecurity among parents.

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141
Q

Problems in Tribal Education - Belief Patterns

A

Some tribal groups oppose education due to superstitions, believing it goes against their traditional practices.

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142
Q

Problems in Tribal Education - Content of Education

A

The content of education, often not adapted to local contexts, may not be relevant, especially at the primary stage.

143
Q

Problems in Tribal Education - Infrastructure and Services

A

Dilapidated school buildings, inadequate facilities, and lack of supporting services hinder educational progress.

144
Q

Problems in Tribal Education - Medium of Instruction

A

Lack of education in the mother tongue discourages tribal attendance in schools.

145
Q

Problems in Tribal Education - Teacher Absenteeism

A

Teacher absenteeism in tribal areas affects the consistency and quality of education.

146
Q

Governmental Strategies - Constitutional Provisions ST EDUCATION

A

Articles 15(4) and 46 empower the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes, including STs. Education is a fundamental right under Article 21A.

147
Q

Governmental Strategies - Special Initiatives

A

Post-matric scholarships, hostels, free coaching, and reservations in educational institutions are some initiatives. Special Integrated Tribal Development Projects aim to uplift education in tribal regions.

148
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Localized Curriculum

A

Introduce a supplementary curriculum adapted to local conditions, emphasizing vocational education aligned with tribal values.

149
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Cultural Integration

A

Include tribal activities like agriculture, dancing, and archery in the curriculum to maintain cultural continuity.

150
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Job-Oriented Education

A

Prioritize job-oriented and vocational education.

151
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Teacher Selection

A

Select teachers with knowledge of tribal life and culture, preferably from tribal communities.

152
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Infrastructure Development

A

Establish educational institutions in tribal areas, addressing the shortage of teachers and facilities.

153
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Community Involvement HEALTH

A

Encourage community involvement in education and establish childcare centers to create awareness of health and nutrition.

154
Q

Suggestions for Improvement - Post-Training Support

A

Implement post-training care as part of the teacher training program.

155
Q

Conclusion EDUCATION

A

Challenges persist in tribal education despite commendable government efforts; a more localized, culturally sensitive approach is needed for true upliftment.

156
Q

Category

A

Details

157
Q

Introduction VILLAGE STUDIES

A

The significance of village studies in India is rooted in the country’s socio-economic fabric, where despite industrialization, a large majority of the population lives in villages and remains dependent on agriculture. This paper will discuss the various aspects that highlight the importance of studying Indian villages.

158
Q

Village Studies - Demographic Significance

A
  • Over 72% of the Indian population resides in villages, emphasizing their demographic importance. - Half of India’s working population is directly employed in agricultural activities.
159
Q

Village Studies - Agricultural Dependency

A

NAME?

160
Q

Village Studies - Cultural and Ideological Importance

A
  • The Indian village holds ideological significance, being considered a signifier of authentic native life, often referred to as ‘Real India.’ - Andre Beteille emphasizes that villages reflect the basic values of Indian civilization through their design.
161
Q

Village Studies - Historical Perspective

A
  • Charles Metcalfe conceptualized Indian village communities as ‘little republics,’ indicating their historical autonomy and self-sufficiency. - Villages have been the basic units of Indian civilization for centuries.
162
Q

Village Studies - Post-Independence Era

A
  • Even after independence, villages continued to be treated as the basic unit of society. - Village studies in the field of social anthropology gained prominence in the 1950s-60s, focusing on in-depth fieldwork in single villages.
163
Q

Village Studies - Global Relevance

A

NAME?

164
Q

Village Studies - Political Agenda

A

NAME?

165
Q

Village Studies - Development Studies

A
  • Village studies contribute to the understanding of prevailing agrarian structures, relationships, and the concept of peasantry. - Scholars like Robert Redfield referred to Indian villages as ‘little republics.’
166
Q

Village Studies - Cultural Foundation

A

NAME?

167
Q

Village Studies - Anthropological Approach

A

NAME?

168
Q

Village Studies - Close Proximity and Longevity

A
  • Villages are close to people’s lives, livelihoods, cultures, and serve as a focal point of reference for prestige and identity. - Villages have survived wars, empires, famines, floods, making them essential for study (Das Gupta 1978).
169
Q

Village Studies - Conclusion

A

In conclusion, the significance of village studies in India is multifaceted, encompassing demographic, cultural, historical, political, and developmental dimensions. The changing dynamics of Indian villages warrant continued scholarly attention to understand their evolving role in the socio-economic landscape.

170
Q

Category

A

Details

171
Q

Background nk bose

A

N. K. Bose, born in Calcutta, made significant contributions to the field of anthropology. His academic journey includes a geology degree and a master’s in anthropology. Bose worked as a research fellow at Calcutta University, visited Western universities, served as the Director of the Anthropological Survey of India, and advised the Government of India on tribal affairs.

172
Q

Influences and Approaches nk bose

A
  1. Influenced by Boas’ historical particularism, Bose adopted an approach emphasizing the unique historical development of each culture. 2. Fascinated by Kroeber and Wissler’s trait distribution, Bose applied a diffusionist approach to study the spring festival culture complex and elements of temple architecture. 3. Bose explored Freud’s ideas, particularly on how individuals behave under cultural stress. 4. Independently adopting a functional approach, Bose defined the nature of culture as an adaptive device organized around the soul of culture. 5. Bose was greatly influenced by Gandhism, reflecting in his anthropological perspectives.
173
Q

Contributions bose

A
  1. Rejecting myths, Bose focused on economic and cultural security as the root of the persistence of the caste system. Emphasized a change-oriented study of the caste system, highlighting the shift from non-competitive traditional systems to competitive ones. 2. Conducted research on the Juang tribe of Odisha. Highlighted the absorption of tribal economies into the Hindu caste system and identified the roots of tribal separatist movements. 3. Lectured on the structure of Hindu society, emphasizing unity in diversity. Examined the fate of the Varna-Jati system at different historical phases. 4. Addressed the unequal economic, social, and political status contributing to sub-nationalist movements. Advocated against a communal basis for categorizing backwardness, suggesting power dispersal irrespective of caste and communities. 5. Pioneered field research in paleolithic archaeology in Mayurbhanj.
174
Q

Summary nk bose

A

N. K. Bose’s contributions spanned the study of the caste system, tribal dynamics, the structure of Indian civilization, and the impact of modernization on national integration. His multidimensional approach drew from historical particularism, diffusionism, Freudian ideas, and functionalism, reflecting a comprehensive understanding of anthropological perspectives.

175
Q

Key Issues

A

Details

176
Q

Economic Changes and Legal Frameworks

A

Over the past two decades, economic policy changes significantly impacted tribal communities. Enactment of laws like the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, and the Forest Rights Act, 2006, recognizes tribal autonomy and rights.

177
Q

Challenges in Law Implementation

A

Despite legal frameworks, the implementation is reluctant and lacks necessary mechanisms. Weaknesses include inadequate support for Gram Sabhas and Forest Rights Committees (FRCs) and inefficient state-level monitoring committees.

178
Q

PESA (Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas) Internalization

A

Administrative practices have not internalized the import of PESA. Bureaucracies, including Forest Departments, deny tribal access to their rights, necessitating changes in administrative and control practices.

179
Q

Bureaucratic Shift in Roles

A

Government officials, tasked with preventing tribal land loss, are increasingly negotiating for project authorities, raising concerns.

180
Q

Fraudulent Gram Sabha Consent

A

Cases of fraudulent Gram Sabha consent are reported, emphasizing the need for penalties to prevent such actions.

181
Q

Constitutional Provisions and Urban Development

A

Creation or extension of urban bodies in Fifth Schedule areas must follow a law made by Parliament, aligning with constitutional provisions (Article 243-ZC).

182
Q

Review of MoUs and Institutional Neutrality

A

MoUs between states and companies, making states parties to agreements, compromise state neutrality. The review of such MoUs is suggested to maintain state neutrality.

183
Q

Issues Concerning De-notified Tribes

A

Demand for repealing the Habitual Offenders Act to remove criminal stigma from de-notified tribes. Calls to repeal anti-beggary laws that criminalize talents, disproportionately affecting women.

184
Q

Andaman Trunk Road and Protection of Jarawas

A

Despite Supreme Court directions, the Andaman Trunk Road remains open, impacting the protection of Jarawa tribes. Instances of exploitation of Jarawas as tourist attractions and reported sexual exploitation highlight the need for road closure.

185
Q

DNA Testing and Informed Consent

A

DNA testing on Jarawas raises concerns about informed consent, particularly relevant in the context of proposed DNA databases.

186
Q

Conclusion tribal issues

A

Understanding the legal and constitutional issues surrounding tribal communities is essential for anthropologists to comprehend the challenges, changes, and protection needed for these indigenous groups. This aligns with the broader anthropological goal of studying societies in their legal and historical contexts.

187
Q

Background of N. K. Bose’s Academic Journey

A

Calcutta, geology degree, master’s in anthropology, research fellow at Calcutta University, Director of the Anthropological Survey of India, advisory role for tribal affairs.

188
Q

Influences on N. K. Bose’s Approach

A

Franz Boas (historical particularism), Diffusionism (Kroeber and Wissler), Freudian ideas, Functionalism (Malinowski), Gandhism.

189
Q

N. K. Bose’s Contributions to the Study of Caste System

A

Economic and cultural security as the root of caste system persistence, Change-oriented study emphasizing a shift from non-competitive to competitive systems.

190
Q

N. K. Bose’s Tribal Studies

A

Research on the Juang tribe of Odisha, Highlighted absorption of tribal economies into the Hindu caste system, Identified roots of tribal separatist movements.

191
Q

Structure of Indian Civilization by N. K. Bose

A

Lectured on the structure of Hindu society, Emphasized unity in diversity, Examined the fate of the Varna-Jati system at different historical phases.

192
Q

N. K. Bose’s Contributions to National Integration and Modernization

A

Addressed unequal economic, social, and political status contributing to sub-nationalist movements, Advocated against communal categorization of backwardness, Suggested power dispersal irrespective of caste and communities.

193
Q

N. K. Bose’s Pioneering Work in Prehistoric Archaeology

A

Pioneered field research in paleolithic archaeology in Mayurbhanj.

194
Q

Summary of N. K. Bose’s Contributions

A

Study of caste system, Tribal dynamics research, Structure of Indian civilization, Impact of modernization on national integration, Pioneering work in prehistoric archaeology.

195
Q

Legal and Constitutional Issues Impacting Tribal Communities

A
  1. Economic policy changes impacting tribes 2. Laws like PESA and Forest Rights Act recognizing tribal rights 3. Implementation challenges and lack of mechanisms 4. Weaknesses in support for Gram Sabhas and Forest Rights Committees 5. Bureaucratic shift in roles, officials negotiating for project authorities 6. Cases of fraudulent Gram Sabha consent 7. Constitutional provisions and urban development in Fifth Schedule areas 8. Review of MoUs for institutional neutrality 9. Issues concerning de-notified tribes and demand for repealing Habitual Offenders Act 10. Andaman Trunk Road impact on Jarawas, exploitation concerns, and DNA testing with informed consent
196
Q

Village Studies in India

A
  1. Industrialization 2. Gramavashi Bharathi 3. Agricultural dependency 4. Basic unit of Indian civilization 5. Ideological category 6. Social anthropology 7. Peasant economy 8. Little republics
197
Q

Contributions of Anthropologists village studies

A
  1. Robert Redfield 2. McKim Marriot 3. M. N. Sriniwas 4. D. N. Majumdar 5. S. C. Dube
198
Q

Indian Village as Social System

A
  1. Agrarian society 2. Caste system 3. Jajmani system 4. Joint family 5. Power structure 6. Gender differences 7. Changes in village system 8. Modernization, Westernization, Urbanization, Globalization
199
Q

N. K. Bose’s Contribution

A
  1. Historical particularism 2. Diffusionism 3. Freudian influence 4. Functionalism (Malinowski) 5. Influence of Gandhism 6. Caste system studies 7. Tribal studies 8. Structure of Indian civilization 9. National integration and modernization 10. Prehistoric archaeology
200
Q

L. P. Vidyarthi’s Contribution

A
  1. Sacred Complex 2. Nature man spirit complex 3. Tribal studies 4. History of Indian anthropology 5. Urban and industrial anthropology 6. Political anthropology 7. Psychological anthropology 8. Folklore study 9. Scheduled caste study 10. Physical anthropology contributions
201
Q

M. N. Sriniwas’s Contribution

A
  1. Village study 2. Sanskritization 3. Westernization and modernization 4. Dominant caste 5. Secularization 6. Social change studies
202
Q

D. N. Majumdar’s Contribution

A
  1. Holistic functional approach 2. Lucknow School of Anthropology 3. Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society 4. Village and city studies 5. Physical anthropology 6. Race definition
203
Q

Legal and Constitutional Issues Impacting Tribal Communities

A
  1. Economic policy changes 2. PESA and FRA Acts 3. Implementation challenges 4. Bureaucratic role shift 5. Fraudulent consent 6. Constitutional provisions 7. MoUs review 8. De-notified tribes 9. Andaman Trunk Road issues 10. DNA testing and informed consent
204
Q

The Right To Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation And Resettlement Act, 2013

A
  1. Rehabilitation of Project Affected Persons 2. Minimizing land acquisition 3. Displacement in Central India and Northeast
205
Q

Issues with the 2013 Act

A
  1. Lack of tribal land protection 2. Wide definition of ‘public purpose’ 3. Public-Private Partnership concerns
206
Q

PESA Act and Samatha Judgment

A
  1. Gram Sabha power to prevent alienation 2. Tribal exploitation of minerals 3. Adoption of Andhra Pradesh Land Transfer Regulation
207
Q

Mandatory Gram Sabha Consent

A
  1. Acquisition for government use 2. Consent for natural resource exploitation
208
Q

Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R)

A
  1. Inalienable resource importance 2. ‘Land for land’ provision 3. Compensatory land cultivability 4. Continuous monitoring of R&R 5. Stake in assets for affected communities
209
Q

Environmental Impact and Pollution

A
  1. Responsibility of Project Authorities 2. Utilization of government schemes
210
Q

Challenges in Implementation

A
  1. Resettlement and rehabilitation capacities 2. Need for professional training 3. Discontent and fact-finding committee
211
Q

Grassroots Movements

A
  1. Recognition and engagement 2. Democratic grassroots movements
212
Q

Urbanization and Immigrants in Tribal Areas

A
  1. Increasing urbanization 2. Protection of tribal areas 3. Enhanced tribal representation
213
Q

Forced Migration and Poverty

A
  1. Census data reflection 2. Prevention of exploitation 3. Migrants Rights Legislation
214
Q

Prevention of Illegal Land Alienation

A
  1. PESA implementation 2. Empowered Gram Sabhas 3. Legal aid and awareness programs
215
Q

Health Literacy - Mass educational methods

A
  1. Folk and modern media 2. School curriculum 3. Local dialects and technology
216
Q

Role of Traditional Healers and Dais - Inclusion in healthcare

A
  1. Protection of herbal medicines 2. Community ownership 3. Intellectual property rights
217
Q

Cultural Sensitivity in Healthcare Delivery - Overcoming cultural distance

A

Cultural sensitivity in healthcare requires ethnographic understanding, intercultural communication proficiency, patient-centered methodologies, continual cultural competence training, community collaboration, institutional policy adaptation, and iterative feedback incorporation to mitigate cultural distance.

218
Q

Accessible Healthcare - Chinese axiom: How far can a mother walk with a sick baby?

A
  1. Healthcare within a walkable distance 2. Redesigning primary and secondary healthcare services
219
Q

Human Resources for Health - Deployment difficulties

A
  1. Selection, training, and deployment of local candidates 2. Levels: ASHA, Anganwadi workers, ANMs, paramedic workers, doctors, and managers 3. Commitment to serve for at least ten years
220
Q

Separate Medical Colleges for Tribal Areas - Selection challenges for local candidates

A
  1. Opening colleges in scheduled districts 2. Reservation of seats for committed Scheduled Tribe candidates
221
Q

Addressing Addiction Issues - Effective implementation of Excise Policy

A
  1. Control of tobacco and drug consumption 2. Monitoring alcohol and tobacco use among Scheduled Tribe population
222
Q

Data for Planning and Monitoring - Scheduled Tribe-specific estimates on health indicators

A
  1. Allocation of one percent of TSP for data generation 2. Construction of Tribal Development Index (TDI) and Tribal Health Index (THI) 3. Ranking districts and states based on indices
223
Q

Goals of the Tribal Health Plan - Achieving Millennium Development Goals (2015) by 2020

A
  1. Equality in health, sanitation, and nutrition by 2025 2. Human resource creation by 2025 3. Institutions for participatory governance by 2016 4. Annual Tribal Health Plans and budget allocation by 2017
224
Q

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Regionalism - Holism

A
  1. Cultural relativism 2. Comparative and cross-cultural studies 3. Fieldwork 4. Felt need approach
225
Q

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Regionalism - Cultural relativism

A
  1. Holism 2. Comparative and cross-cultural studies 3. Fieldwork 4. Felt need approach
226
Q

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Regionalism - Comparative and cross-cultural studies

A
  1. Holism 2. Cultural relativism 3. Fieldwork 4. Felt need approach
227
Q

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Regionalism - Fieldwork

A
  1. Holism 2. Cultural relativism 3. Comparative and cross-cultural studies 4. Felt need approach
228
Q

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Regionalism - Felt need approach

A
  1. Holism 2. Cultural relativism 3. Comparative and cross-cultural studies 4. Fieldwork
229
Q

Causes of Regionalism - Ethnic, geographical, and linguistic diversity

A
  1. Unfulfilled ethnic goals 2. Imbalanced economic development 3. Neglect of local needs 4. Accommodation of some regional demands leading to new demands
230
Q

Causes of Regionalism - Unfulfilled ethnic goals

A
  1. Ethnic, geographical, and linguistic diversity 2. Imbalanced economic development 3. Neglect of local needs 4. Accommodation of some regional demands leading to new demands
231
Q

Causes of Regionalism - Imbalanced economic development

A
  1. Ethnic, geographical, and linguistic diversity 2. Unfulfilled ethnic goals 3. Neglect of local needs 4. Accommodation of some regional demands leading to new demands
232
Q

Causes of Regionalism - Neglect of local needs

A
  1. Ethnic, geographical, and linguistic diversity 2. Unfulfilled ethnic goals 3. Imbalanced economic development 4. Accommodation of some regional demands leading to new demands
233
Q

Causes of Regionalism - Accommodation of some regional demands leading to new demands

A

According to anthropologists, regionalism is rooted in structure of society and
geography.
Bases of regionalism are ethnic, geographical and linguistic diversity.
Unfulfilled ethnic goals, imbalanced economic development.
Neglect of local needs and aspirations for longer time.
Accommodation of some regional demands by states leading to emergence of new
demands.
Identity crisis

234
Q

Negative Consequences - Identity crisis

A
  1. Sense of alienation 2. Violence 3. Separatist tendencies 4. Disrupted development
235
Q

Negative Consequences - regionalism

A

Sense of alienation.
Violence
Separatist tendencies.
Disrupted development.

236
Q

Negative Consequences - Violence

A

Sense of alienation.
Violence
Separatist tendencies.
Disrupted development.

237
Q

Negative Consequences - Separatist tendencies

A
  1. Identity crisis 2. Sense of alienation 3. Violence 4. Disrupted development
238
Q

Negative Consequences - Disrupted development

A
  1. Identity crisis 2. Sense of alienation 3. Violence 4. Separatist tendencies
239
Q

Examples - Naga movement

A

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Naga movement
Bodo movement.
Jharkhand movement
Gorakhaland movement

240
Q

Examples - Bodo movement

A
  1. Naga movement 2. Jharkhand movement 3. Gorkhaland movement
241
Q

Examples - Jharkhand movement

A
  1. Naga movement 2. Bodo movement 3. Gorkhaland movement
242
Q

Examples - Gorkhaland movement

A
  1. Naga movement 2. Bodo movement 3. Jharkhand movement
243
Q

Suggestions by Anthropologists (MN. Srinivas) - regionalism

A

(1)
(2)
Creation of natural regions based on scientific criteria.
Regionalism should not be seen merely as law and order problem. It’s a
multidimensional issue and should be tackled with sympathy, care and
appreciation for long suppressed aspirations.
The Unique Academy
(3) He suggested that locals should be given preference in certain categories of jobs such
as semi-skilled and unskilled jobs to fulfill local aspirations.
(4) Balanced regional growth : Thus anthropology through its all-round study of
regionalism helps state in preventing regionalist and separatist tendencies in India and
keep nation integrated.

244
Q

Suggestions by Anthropologists (MN. Srinivas) -

A

(1)
(2)
Creation of natural regions based on scientific criteria.
Regionalism should not be seen merely as law and order problem. It’s a
multidimensional issue and should be tackled with sympathy, care and
appreciation for long suppressed aspirations.
The Unique Academy
(3) He suggested that locals should be given preference in certain categories of jobs such
as semi-skilled and unskilled jobs to fulfill local aspirations.
(4) Balanced regional growth : Thus anthropology through its all-round study of
regionalism helps state in preventing regionalist and separatist tendencies in India and
keep nation integrated.

245
Q

Suggestions by Anthropologists (MN. Srinivas) - Locals given preference in certain job categories

A
  1. Creation of natural regions based on scientific criteria 2. Tackling regionalism multidimensionally with sympathy 3. Balanced regional growth
246
Q

Suggestions by Anthropologists (MN. Srinivas) - Balanced regional growth

A
  1. Creation of natural regions based on scientific criteria 2. Tackling regionalism multidimensionally with sympathy 3. Locals given preference in certain job categories
247
Q

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Ethnic and Political Movements - Causes of movements

A
  1. Stages of movements 2. Types of movements 3. Degree and nature of movements 4. Consequences of movements 5. Remedial measures
248
Q

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Ethnic and Political Movements - Stages of movements

A
  1. Causes of movements 2. Types of movements 3. Degree and nature of movements 4. Consequences of movements 5. Remedial measures
249
Q

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Ethnic and Political Movements - Types of movements

A
  1. Causes of movements 2. Stages of movements 3. Degree and nature of movements 4. Consequences of movements 5. Remedial measures
250
Q

Contributions of Anthropology to Understanding Ethnic and Political Movements - Degree and nature of movements

A
  1. Causes of movements 2. Stages of movements 3. Types of movements 4.
251
Q

Role of NGOs in Tribal Development -examples

A

Examples
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Christian missionaries
Bhill seva mandal of Thakkar Bappa
Bharatiya Adhim Jati sevak sangh
Servants of India society
Ramakrishna mission.
Nagaland Gandhi ashram.

252
Q

Role of NGOs in Tribal Development - role

A

()
(2)
(3)
(4)
They provide alternative to formal organizations
Advisory and consultative role
Complimentary to govt. action
Help in planning and implementation of govt. programs.

253
Q

Role of NGOs in Tribal Development - Bharatiya Adhim Jati Sevak Sangh

A
  1. Sincerely devoted workers 2. Better rapport with rural and tribal people 3. Operational flexibility
254
Q

Role of NGOs in Tribal Development - Servants of India Society

A
  1. Sincerely devoted workers 2. Better rapport with rural and tribal people 3. Operational flexibility
255
Q

Role of NGOs in Tribal Development - Ramakrishna Mission

A
  1. Sincerely devoted workers 2. Better rapport with rural and tribal people 3. Operational flexibility
256
Q

Role of NGOs in Tribal Development - Nagaland Gandhi Ashram

A
  1. Sincerely devoted workers 2. Better rapport with rural and tribal people 3. Operational flexibility
257
Q

Advantages of NGOs - Sincerely devoted workers

A
  1. Better rapport with rural and tribal people 2. Operational flexibility
258
Q

Advantages of NGOs - Better rapport with rural and tribal people

A
  1. Sincerely devoted workers 2. Operational flexibility
259
Q

Advantages of NGOs -

A

NGOs are supposed to be potentially superior to official
agencies in following aspects. .
(1)
(2)
(3)
Their workers can be more sincerely devoted to reducing the suffering of poor than
that of official personnel.
They have better rapport with the rural and tribal people.
Since they are not bound by rigid bureaucratic procedures, they can operate with more
flexibility.

260
Q

Role of NGOs - Provide alternatives to formal organizations

A
  1. Advisory and consultative role 2. Complimentary to government action 3. Assist in planning and implementation of government programs
261
Q

Government Contribution to Promotion of NGOs -

A

(1)
(2)
Setting up of CAPART (Council for advancement of people’s action and rural
technology)
Financial grants to NGOs to implement govt. schemes.
Traditionally NGOs have focused in areas of health and education but recently NGOs
have diversified their field of work.
New trends need NGOs to work in the field of land issues, bonded labour
identification, drinking water problem, PVGTs, shifting cultivation, problems of tribal
women etc.

262
Q

Government Contribution to Promotion of NGOs - Financial grants to NGOs for implementing government schemes

A

(1)
(2)
Setting up of CAPART (Council for advancement of people’s action and rural
technology)
Financial grants to NGOs to implement govt. schemes.
Traditionally NGOs have focused in areas of health and education but recently NGOs
have diversified their field of work.
New trends need NGOs to work in the field of land issues, bonded labour
identification, drinking water problem, PVGTs, shifting cultivation, problems of tribal
women etc.

263
Q

Criticism of NGOs -

A

(1)
(2)
(3)
Many NGOs exist on paper only and eat up valuable tribal development fund.
Duplication of NGOs working in same areas. Many NGOs are not willing to work in
new areas.
Allegation against some NGOs for working on religious conversions which should be
avoided.

264
Q

Criticism of NGOs - Duplication of NGOs in the same areas

A
  1. Existence on paper without actual impact 2. Allegations of religious conversions
265
Q

Criticism of NGOs - Allegations of religious conversions

A
  1. Existence on paper without actual impact 2. Duplication of NGOs in the same areas
266
Q

Suggestions - Venture into new areas

A
  1. Work on new issues 2. Scope for NGOs in tribal development is vast
267
Q

Suggestions - Work on new issues

A
  1. Venture into new areas 2. Scope for NGOs in tribal development is vast
268
Q

Suggestions - Scope for NGOs in tribal development is vast

A
  1. Venture into new areas 2. Work on new issues
269
Q

Use of Anthropology in Policy Making - Applied anthropology

A
  1. Action anthropology 2. Fieldwork tradition 3. Cultural relativism 4. Holism
270
Q

Use of Anthropology in Policy Making - Action anthropology

A

Applications of Anthropology in Policy Formulation

  1. Applied Anthropology
    • Definition: Anthropologists advise policymakers on policy formulation.
    • Example: Ministry of Tribal Development consults anthropologists for tribal health, education, and economic policies. The Xaxa Committee’s report on tribal affairs illustrates this approach.
  2. Action Anthropology
    • Definition: Anthropologists actively participate in government roles to shape and implement tribal policies.
    • Examples: S. C. Roy as a Bihar legislative assembly member supported tribal causes. Verrier Elwin served as an anthropological advisor in NEFA (North-East Frontier Agency).
  3. Fieldwork Tradition
    • Definition: Fieldwork provides firsthand data used for policy formulation.
    • Example: D. N. Majumdar’s fieldwork on the Ho tribe provided crucial insights for policy development.
  4. Cultural Relativism
    • Definition: Understanding tribal culture in its own context to create effective policies.
    • Example: Implementing cattle slaughter bans must consider tribal reliance on cattle for food.
  5. Holism
    • Definition: Anthropological approach is holistic, considering the overall impact of policies.
    • Example: When rehabilitating tribal communities affected by development projects, their connection to nature should be considered to ensure policy acceptance.
271
Q

Use of Anthropology in Policy Making - Fieldwork tradition

A
  1. Applied anthropology 2. Action anthropology 3. Cultural relativism 4. Holism
272
Q

Use of Anthropology in Policy Making - Cultural relativism

A
  1. Applied anthropology 2. Action anthropology 3. Fieldwork tradition 4. Holism
273
Q

Use of Anthropology in Policy Making - Holism

A
  1. Applied anthropology 2. Action anthropology 3. Fieldwork tradition 4. Cultural relativism
274
Q

Role of Anthropology in Rural Development - Cultural factors and acceptance of developmental programs

A
  1. Felt need approach 2. Applied anthropology 3. Action anthropology 4. Cultural relativism 5. Consideration of social segmentation, stratification, and leadership 6. Study of Jajmani system
275
Q

Role of Anthropology in Rural Development - Felt need approach

A
  1. Cultural factors and acceptance of developmental programs 2. Applied anthropology 3. Action anthropology 4. Cultural relativism 5. Consideration of social segmentation, stratification, and leadership 6. Study of Jajmani system
276
Q

Role of Anthropology in Rural Development - Applied anthropology

A
  1. Cultural factors and acceptance of developmental programs 2. Felt need approach 3. Action anthropology 4. Cultural relativism 5. Consideration of social segmentation, stratification, and leadership 6. Study of Jajmani system
277
Q

Role of Anthropology in Rural Development - Action anthropology

A
  1. Cultural factors and acceptance of developmental programs 2. Felt need approach 3. Applied anthropology 4. Cultural relativism 5. Consideration of social segmentation, stratification, and leadership 6. Study of Jajmani system
278
Q

Role of Anthropology in Rural Development - Cultural relativism

A
  1. Cultural factors and acceptance of developmental programs 2. Felt need approach 3. Applied anthropology 4. Action anthropology 5. Consideration of social segmentation, stratification, and leadership 6. Study of Jajmani system
279
Q

Role of Anthropology in Rural Development - Consideration of social segmentation, stratification, and leadership

A
  1. Cultural factors and acceptance of developmental programs 2. Felt need approach 3. Applied anthropology 4. Action anthropology 5. Cultural relativism 6. Study of Jajmani system
280
Q

Role of Anthropology in Rural Development - Study of Jajmani system

A
  1. Cultural factors and acceptance of developmental programs 2. Felt need approach 3. Applied anthropology 4. Action anthropology 5. Cultural relativism 6. Consideration of social segmentation, stratification, and leadership
281
Q

Precautions for Anthropologists in Rural Development -

A

(1) The anthropologists should not be too rigid from the angle of his discipline.
He should follow interdisciplinary approach.
(2) On the basis of micro studies, they should go for macro generalisation and not
micro generalisation.

282
Q

Precautions for Anthropologists in Rural Development -

A

(1) The anthropologists should not be too rigid from the angle of his discipline.
He should follow interdisciplinary approach.
(2) On the basis of micro studies, they should go for macro generalisation and not
micro generalisation.

283
Q

TRIFED - Objective

A

Preventing the exploitation of tribals by private traders. Offering remunerative prices for minor forest produces and surplus agricultural produces.

284
Q

TRIFED - Activities

A

Procurement of surplus agricultural produces. Generating employment opportunities for tribal. Providing marketing and financial support to state-level tribal and forest organizations. Value addition for tribal products. Export of tribal products. Transportation, storage, and exploitation of forest produce.

285
Q

TRIFED - Problems

A

Poor communication, lack of access, poor economies of scale, perishability of goods.

286
Q

TRIFED - Shortcomings

A

Operates more like a welfare organization than a marketing organization. Lack of value addition, processing, research, and development. Insufficient facilities for storage and logistics. Dysfunction or malfunctioning state federations. Few nationalized Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP). Lack of traditional organizations like Village Panchayats.

287
Q

NSTFDC - Mission

A

Economic development of Scheduled Tribes on a sustained basis.

288
Q

NSTFDC - Objectives

A

Identify economic activities important to ST for self-employment and income. Upgrade skills through self-employment, institutional and job training. Assist existing state/UT tribal finance development corporations. Monitor implementation of NSTFDC-assisted schemes.

289
Q

NSTFDC - Functions

A

Generate awareness about NSTFDC concessional schemes. Provide assistance for skill development. Offer concessional finance for income-generating schemes. Assist in market linkage of tribal produce.

290
Q

NSTFDC - Who Can Avail Assistance

A

Individuals/SHGs with annual family income double the poverty line. Cooperative societies with 80% or more members belonging to ST.

291
Q

NSTFDC - Schemes

A

Term loan scheme, Aadivasi Mahila Shashaktikaran Yojana, Microcredit Scheme, SHG Schemes, Aadivasi Shiksha Rin Yojana (Education Loan).

292
Q

Tribal Sub-plan - Introduction

A

Introduced in the 5th five-year plan. Aims to channelize adequate funds for tribal development and narrow the gap between tribal and non-tribal areas.

293
Q

Tribal Sub-plan - Division

A

Integrated Tribal Development Project Areas, MADA Pockets, Primitive Tribal Groups.

294
Q

Tribal Sub-plan - Funding

A

Through state plan outlays, sectorial outlays of central ministries, special central assistance.

295
Q

PTG - Identification

A

Based on pre-agricultural technology, low literacy, declining or stagnant population.

296
Q

PTG - Examples

A

Great Andamanese, Jarawa, Onge, Toto, Birhor, Dongaria Khond, Asur, etc.

297
Q

PTG - Problems

A

Land alienation, health issues, low literacy.

298
Q

PTG - Separate Central Assistance Scheme

A

Since 1998-99 for PTG development.

299
Q

PTG - Implementing Agencies

A

Integrated tribal development agencies (ITDA), tribal research institutes, interested NGOs.

300
Q

PTG - Challenges

A

Delay in disbursal, multiplicity of implementing agencies, lack of a special action plan for rehabilitation.

301
Q

Denotified Tribes - Introduction

A

Denotified tribes were originally labeled as criminal tribes under the British Criminal Tribes Act. This classification stigmatized these communities, associating them with criminal activities.

302
Q

Denotified Tribes - Examples

A

Bawaria, Beria, Kanjar, Biloch, Dom, Mahtam, etc.

303
Q

Denotified Tribes - Origin

A

The origin of these tribes is shrouded in mystery. Different views include descent from gypsies or tracing back to historical figures like Rana Pratap of Chittorgarh.

304
Q

Denotified Tribes - Habitat and Population

A

Concentrated in present-day Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.

305
Q

Legislative Measures Since Pre-independence - Thugi and Dacoity Department (1839)

A

To tackle crimes in North India.
Thugi and Dacoity Department (1839): Established by the British to combat organized crime and gang violence, targeting Thugs and Dacoits in India. This measure reflected colonial control over local criminal practices.

306
Q

Legislative Measures Since Pre-independence - Criminal Tribes Act (1871)

A

Required reporting before declaring a tribe criminal.

307
Q

Legislative Measures Since Pre-independence - Criminal Tribes (Amendment) Act (1897)

A

Introduced minimum penalty on second conviction.

308
Q

Legislative Measures Since Pre-independence - Criminal Tribes Act (1911)

A

Empowered local governments to declare tribes criminal.

309
Q

Legislative Measures Since Pre-independence - Criminal Tribes Act (1924)

A

Consolidation of legislation.
Criminal Tribes Act (1924): Enforced by the British to label certain communities as “criminal tribes,” subjecting them to surveillance and restrictions. This act institutionalized stigmatization and control over marginalized groups.

310
Q

Legislative Measures Since Pre-independence - Amendment Act (1947)

A

Abolished minimum punishment for second conviction.

311
Q

Legislative Measures Since Pre-independence - Criminal Tribes Act (1943, Madras)

A

Changed the name to Notified Tribes.
Criminal Tribes Act (1943, Madras): Empowered authorities to designate certain tribes as criminal, imposing restrictive controls and surveillance. It expanded the scope of criminalization to specific communities in Madras Presidency.

312
Q

Repeal of Criminal Tribes Act - After independence

A

The Criminal Tribes Act was repealed in 1952, replaced by the Habitual Offenders Act. The tribes were termed Denotified Tribes as per the Backward Classes Commission in 1953.

313
Q

Cultural Environment and Initiation into Crime - Poverty and low standard of living

A

Poverty and Low Standard of Living: Cultural environments marked by poverty and inadequate living conditions often increase susceptibility to crime, as economic hardships drive individuals towards illicit activities for survival.

314
Q

Cultural Environment and Initiation into Crime -

A

(1) Poverty, low standard of living are chief causes.
(2) Glorification and idealization of crime.

315
Q

Reform and Rehabilitation Measures -

A

» Permanent solution to their condition depends upon improvement in” their social,
economic and educational condition.
> These Denotified communities appear to possess all qualities of scheduled tribes but
they are not yet included in list of scheduled tribes.
» Backward classes commission in 1955 submitted in its report that these tribes should be
divided into ST, SC and OBC.

316
Q

Reform and Rehabilitation Measures - Denotified communities share similarities with Scheduled Tribes

A

» Permanent solution to their condition depends upon improvement in” their social,
economic and educational condition.
> These Denotified communities appear to possess all qualities of scheduled tribes but
they are not yet included in list of scheduled tribes.
» Backward classes commission in 1955 submitted in its report that these tribes should be
divided into ST, SC and OBC.

317
Q

Reform and Rehabilitation Measures - Various welfare measures were implemented before and after independence

A

Including settlement treatments, reformative schools, and economic development schemes.

318
Q

Reform and Rehabilitation Measures - Ashram schools, scholarships, and initiatives like Start-up India

A

Are introduced for education and economic development.

319
Q

Reform and Rehabilitation Measures - Special Central Assistance (SCA) and grants under Article 275(1)

A

Are provided to states for tribal development.

320
Q

Conclusion - While efforts have been made for the welfare of Denotified Tribes

A

Challenges persist, and a comprehensive approach addressing social, economic, and cultural aspects is crucial for their upliftment.

321
Q

Social Context of Language Use (10 marks)

A

“(a) Sociolinguistics: Study of effects of societal aspects on language use

322
Q

Relationship Between Language and Culture (10/15 marks)

A

“(a) Introduction: Importance of language and culture in human studies. (b) Language as Determined by Culture: Words determining thoughts

323
Q

Non-Verbal Communication (10 marks)

A

“Introduction: Importance of non-verbal communication in conveying social situations. Definition of Non-Verbal Communication: Process of communication through wordless messages

324
Q

Types of Non-Verbal Communication

A

**Types of Non-Verbal Communication:**

  1. Facial Expressions: Convey emotions like happiness, sadness, anger, or surprise through facial movements.
  2. Gestures: Use of hand movements, nods, or other body movements to express messages.
  3. Posture: Body stance and positioning reflect confidence, openness, or defensiveness.
  4. Eye Contact: Maintains engagement and can show honesty, interest, or dominance.
  5. Proxemics: Use of personal space to indicate intimacy or formality.
  6. Haptics: Communication through touch, such as a handshake or pat on the back.
  7. Paralanguage: Vocal elements other than words, including tone, pitch, and volume.
  8. Appearance: Dress and grooming affect perceptions of professionalism or status.
  9. Chronemics: Use of time to convey punctuality, urgency, or respect.
325
Q

Silence as Non-Verbal Communication

A

“Reflection of companionship and unfriendliness
Anthropological Case Study: Silence in Japanese Culture

Anthropologist Takeo Doi’s work highlights how Japanese silence signifies respect and social harmony. Silence in Japan is used to convey agreement and maintain group cohesion, reflecting cultural values of restraint.”

326
Q

Universal Non-Verbal Communication

A

“Facial expressions for happiness

327
Q

Cultural Variability in Non-Verbal Communication

A

“Examples of culturally variable gestures. Potential misunderstandings due to variations”

328
Q

Kinesics

A

“Study of communication by non-verbal means”

329
Q

Conclusion

A

“Importance of non-verbal communication with wide cultural significance”

330
Q

Contribution of S.C. Roy to Anthropological Studies in India, S.C. Roy, Anthropology

A

Background and Contributions

  • Birthplace: Karappa, Khulna district, Bangladesh
  • Education: Honours in English
  • Career: Tribal advocacy in Ranchi
  • Monograph: “Munda & Their Country”

Recognitions:
- Father of Indian Ethnology
- First Indian Ethnographer and Anthropologist

Contributions:
- Established formal anthropology in India
- Founding father of Indian Anthropology
- Inspired N.K. Bose, D.N. Majumdar
- Founded “Man in India” (1921)
- Work in:
- Tribal culture
- Physical anthropology
- Prehistoric archaeology
- Caste anthropology
- Folklore
- Applied anthropology
- Tribal policy

331
Q

Life History of B.K. Royburman, B.K. Royburman, Anthropology

A

Background and Contributions

  • Birthplace: Sylhet, Bangladesh (1922-2012)
  • Education: Degree and PhD in Anthropology
  • Positions Held:
    • Lecturer
    • Deputy Registrar General of Census
    • Professor at Visva Bharati

Contributions:
- Concepts of cultural and social change
- Types of growth setups in Indian tribes
- Concepts of bridge and buffer communities
- Rapid rural appraisal
- Concepts of infranationalism and proto-nationalism
- Understanding acculturation, tribal movements, and ethnic identity
- Doctoral work on Totos of Jalpaiguri
- Activism in uniting Naga and Kuki communities

332
Q

Contribution of Verrier Elwin to Indian Anthropology, Verrier Elwin, Anthropology

A

Background and Contributions

  • Background:
    • Self-Training and Missionary Work: Self-trained anthropologist and tribal activist; Christian missionary work
    • Collaboration with Leaders: Worked with M.K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru
  • Contributions:
    • Popularization of Anthropology: Promoted Indian anthropology philosophy
    • Monographs: Authored studies on Baiga, Maria, and Muria tribes
    • Tribal Affairs Advisory: Advisor on tribal issues in North East India
    • Isolationist Policies: Advocated for National Parks as isolationist strategy
    • Tribal Panchasheel: Formation of the Tribal Panchasheel
    • Policy Planning: Developed policies for tribal welfare
    • Protection from Missionary Influences: Safeguarded tribal communities from missionary impacts
333
Q

Phases of Growth and Development of Anthropology in India, Anthropology, Growth and Development

A

Introduction: Overview of the growth and development of anthropology in India. Phases of Development: Formulative Phase (1774-1914), Constructive Phase (1914-1950), Analytical Period (1950 onwards).

334
Q

Colonial Ethnography, Ethnography, Colonialism

A

Origins of World and Indian Anthropology

  • World Anthropology:
    • Timeframe: Emerged in the 2nd half of the 19th century
    • Context: Part of global anthropology and influenced by British colonialism and imperialism
  • British Colonial Contributions:
    • East India Company:
      • Purpose: Gained knowledge about Indian society, caste, and tribes for administrative use
    • Ethnological Work:
      • Description: Produced handbooks on comparative studies of castes in Assam, Cachar, and Central Provinces
    • Ethnography/Colonial Ethnography:
      • Description: In-depth studies of specific human groups or units through monographs
    • Examples:
      • The Khasi: Colonel Gurdon
      • The Nagas: Mills
      • The Chamars: Briggs
335
Q

Contribution of S.C. Dubey to the Study of Anthropology, S.C. Dubey, Anthropology

A

Background/Bibliography:

  • Educational Background: Degree and doctoral dissertation in anthropology
  • Notable Books:
    • The Kamar
    • Indian Village (Shamirpet, A.P.)
    • India’s Changing Village

Contributions:

  • Tribal Study: Research on the Kamar tribe
  • Village Study: Detailed study of Shamirpet village, A.P.
  • Political Anthropology: Contributions to the field of political anthropology
  • Family Planning: Work in family planning initiatives
  • Community Development: Research on community development programs
336
Q

Impact of Islam on Indian Society, Religion, Islam

A

Essence of Islam: Recognition of One God, emphasis on social equality. Humanistic Concept: Fraternity, justice, charity, rejection of priesthood. Influence of Muslim Sufi-saints, spread of Sulh-e-kul, and Khankhahs.

337
Q

Impact of Islam, Religion, Islam

A

Social Impact:
- Attraction to Islam: Influence on deprived castes converting to Islam
- Composite Culture: Contributions to the development of a composite culture
- Influence on Hindu Ceremonies: Impact on Hindu rituals and ceremonies
- Social Habits and Purdah System: Changes in social habits and the purdah system

Impact on Religion:
- Sufi Saints: Non-ritualistic practices and monotheism
- Akbar’s Divine Faith: Integration of diverse religious elements
- Dara Shikoh’s Synthesis: Religious synthesis and interpretation

Contributions to Medicine:
- Unani Medicine: Introduction and development of the Unani system of medicine

Contributions to Music and Arts:
- Shastriya Sangeet: Influence on classical music
- Ghazal, Thumri, Qawwali: Contributions to these music genres
- Musical Instruments and Dance: Innovations and contributions

Contributions to Architecture:
- Architectural Features: Introduction of domes, turrets, and minarets

338
Q

Contributions to Indian Constitution, Law, Islam

A

Legal Reforms: Equality before law, abolition of untouchability, Hindu Marriage Act, and Hindu Succession Act.

339
Q

Impact on Dress Patterns, Jewelry, and Language, Culture, Islam

A

Dress Patterns and Jewelry: Symbolism of Hindu culture. Language: Development of Urdu as a composite language, shared heritage of India, Urdu words integrated into Hindi.

340
Q

Buddhism and Indian Society, History, Impact

A

Impact of Various Religions on Indian Society

  • Dominant Religion: Hinduism
    • Dysfunctional Elements: Casteism, untouchability
    • Effect: Acted as push factors
  • Other Religions:
    • Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Jainism
      • Principles: Offered more inclusive and egalitarian principles
      • Effect: Acted as pull factors
  • Consequences:
    • Impact: Indian society has been influenced by these religions, addressing some of the dysfunctions of Hinduism and incorporating diverse religious values
341
Q

Socio-Economic Conditions of Post-Vedic Indian Society, History, Impact

A

Four Varnas with defined functions. Discrimination against Shudras and untouchables. Social tensions arising from Varna divisions.

342
Q

Principles of Buddhism, Religion, Buddhism

A

Main principles: Non-coveting, non-intoxication, non-violence, truthfulness. Ethical code: Charity, purity, self-sacrifice, truthfulness, individuality. Emphasis on an individual’s responsibility for their destiny.

343
Q

Appeal of Buddhism to Common People, Religion, Buddhism

A

Revolutionary nature attacking Varna system. Liberal and democratic aspects. Simple and popular ethical code.

344
Q

Impact of Buddhism on Indian Society, History, Buddhism

A

Impact of Buddhism

  • Religious Impact:
    • Ethical Rituals: Introduction of simple and ethical rituals
    • Caste System: Rejection of caste distinctions and violent rituals
    • Self-Responsibility: Encouragement of personal religious upliftment
  • Social Impact:
    • Equality: Promotion of equality and gender equality
    • Social Justice: Advocacy for social justice and protection of life forms
    • Global Spread: Expansion of Buddhism beyond India
  • Economic Impact:
    • Agrarian Economy: Boost to agrarian and mercantile activities
    • Prohibition: Ban on cow slaughter
  • Political Impact:
    • Nonviolence: Promotion of nonviolence and universal peace
    • Dispute Resolution: Democratic methods for resolving disputes in Buddhist societies
  • Language and Education Impact:
    • Vernaculars: Popularization of Indian vernacular languages
    • Education: Development of residential universities like Nalanda
    • Scholarship: Influence on scholars and intellectuals
  • Art and Culture Impact:
    • Art: Influence on ancient Indian art forms
    • Culture Spread: Dissemination of Indian culture through Buddhist monks
345
Q

Conclusion, History, Buddhism

A

Overall, Buddhism significantly impacted Indian society in various aspects, fostering equality, peace, and cultural exchange.

346
Q

Contribution of Saraswati to the Concept of Sacred Complex in India, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

A

Explanation of Saraswati’s exploration of the concept of sacred complex in India.

347
Q

Saraswati’s View on the Concept of Sacred, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

A

Definition of sacred based on the desire to communicate with the spiritual world for Moksha. Reference to the Brahmanical concept of sacred as the foundation of these centers.

348
Q

Saraswati’s Work on Kashi, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

A

Insight into the Sacred Complex of Kashi. Emphasis on the diversity within the complex, encompassing Brahminical and non-Brahminical elements. Examples of sacred performances conducted by both the learned Karmakandi and illiterate untouchable ‘Domto’.

349
Q

Integration of Diverse Cultural Traditions, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

A

Saraswati’s observation that pilgrims from different cultural traditions converge. The role of these pilgrimage centers in integrating diverse cultural traditions into a common bond of civilization.

350
Q

Comparison with Semitic Religions, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

A

Distinction from Semitic religions like Mecca or Jerusalem in terms of full and equal interaction. Acknowledgment that Hindu pilgrimage centers do not exhibit the same level of interaction.

351
Q

Conclusion, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

A

Saraswati’s significant contribution to understanding the sacred complex in India. Emphasis on the role of pilgrimage centers in fostering a shared civilization despite diverse cultural traditions.

352
Q

Significance of the Study of Religious Centers in Understanding Indian Civilization, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

A

Definition of religious centers and the concept of sacred complex. Development of the sacred complex concept by Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi under the influence of Robert Redfield’s civilization school in anthropology.

353
Q

Historical Background: Redfield’s Hypothesis, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

A

Overview of Robert Redfield’s hypothesis stating that centers of reverence are centers of cultural diffusion. Mention of L. P. Vidyarthi’s study of the sacred complex in Gaya under the influence of this hypothesis.

354
Q

Concept of Sacred Complex, Anthropology, Sacred Complex

A

Explanation of the sacred complex as centers of civilization where pilgrims from diverse regions and cultures interact. Components of the sacred complex: sacred specialists, sacred geography, and sacred performances.

Anthrooology (35 decks)

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