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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Predisposing factors of diseases of the heart & blood vessels

A
  1. Heredity2. Obesity53. Diabetes4. Elevated cholesterol levels5. Social factors
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2
Q

condition or factors that make a person more susceptible to a disease.

A

Predisposing factors

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3
Q

Social factors regarding predisposing factors…

A

a) Smokingb) Substance abusec) Stress - type A personalityd) Diet

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4
Q

Types of Heart conditions….

A
  1. Dilatation2. Hypertrophy3. Endocarditis4. Valvular defects5. Pericarditis6. Myocarditis7. Rheumatic heart disease8. Coronary artery disease9. Cardiac failure10. Myocardial infarcation11. Hypertensive heart disease12. Cardiomyopathy13. Carditis
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5
Q

Dilatation used as a verb…

A

dilation

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6
Q

usually a temporary condition…INCREASE in the LENGTH or STRETCHING of heart muscle fibers.

A

dilatation

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7
Q

usually a permanent condition…INCREASE in size of the heart muscle by an INCREASE in the SIZE of the heart cells itself.

A

hypertrophy

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8
Q

inflammation of the endocardium

A

endocarditis

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9
Q

inner most layer of the heart…the layer of the heart in which heart valves are made.

A

endocardium

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10
Q

Types of Valvular Defects…

A
  1. insufficiency2. stenosis3. prolapse
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11
Q

incompetence…failure of a heart valve to close or seat properly.

A

insufficiency

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12
Q

narrowing…a reduction or narrowing in the size of the opening controlled by a heart valve.

A

stenosis

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13
Q

weakening…(collapse) in the wall of a heart cusp making up a heart valve.

A

prolapse

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14
Q

inflammation of the pericardium

A

pericarditis

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15
Q

sac surrounding the heart

A

pericardium

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16
Q

inflammation of the myocaredium

A

myocarditis

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17
Q

muscle layer of the heart

A

myocardium

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18
Q

this heart disease is CONTAGIOUS…caused by Streptococcus Pyogenes and Ashoff bodies.

A

Rheumatic heart disease

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19
Q

a strict pathogen

A

streptococcus pyogenes

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20
Q

scar tissue which form in persons who recover from the childhood disease rheumatic fever

A

ashoff bodies

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21
Q

a disease affecting the coronary arteries

A

coronary artery disease

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22
Q

disease of the major vascular system of the body that conveys blood…Veins, Arteries, & Capillaries

A

blood vessel disease

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23
Q

inflammation of the arteries

A

arteritis

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24
Q

hardening of the blood vessels.

A

arteriosclerosis

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25
Q

This is a CHRONIC or slowly progressive disease. The late stage of hardening of the arteries. Seen mostly in the femoral arteries.

A

Arteriosclerosis

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26
Q

Diseases of the THE BLOOD VESSELS

A
  1. Arteritis2. Arteriosclerosis3. Aneurysm4. Phlebitis5. Varicose veins
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27
Q

weakness in the wall of an artery…found mostly at the splitting of OR just above the bifurcation of the Abdominal Aorta.

A

Aneurysm

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28
Q

inflammation of a vein

A

phlebitis

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29
Q

dilated or engorged superficial veins. Can NOT be surgically removed

A

varicose veins

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30
Q

varicose veins are also called…

A

varices

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31
Q

this is the earlier stage of hardening of the arteries that have the presence or formation of ATHEROMAS.

A

Atherosclerosis

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32
Q

fatty plaques

A

Atheromas

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33
Q

tends to form in Tortuous Arteries…

A

atherosclerosis

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34
Q

arteries that can quickly change the volume of blood flow that is flowing through them in a short period of time.

A

tortuous arteries

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35
Q

Atherosclerosis are related to all of the following PER OUR NOTES*****

A

Coronary ArteriesCerebral Arterial Arteries (circle of willis)

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36
Q

Inflammation of vein due to the presence of an attached blood clot

A

Thrombophlebitis

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37
Q

most patients with thrombophlebitis are put on…

A

blood thinners

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38
Q

Types of CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

A
  1. Thrombosis2. Spasms3. Embolism
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39
Q

the presence of an attached blood clot during life in the coronary arteries

A

thrombosis

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40
Q

the presence of a free floating object in the blood stream

A

embolism

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41
Q

abnormal contraction of the heart muscle

A

spasms

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42
Q

spasms can also be called…

A

fibrillation

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43
Q

Groups of diseases of the blood

A

Reactive ChangeAnemiaHemopoietic disordersBleeding disorders

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44
Q

Types of Reactive Changes in diseases of the blood

A
  1. Leukocytosis2. Leukopenia
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45
Q

a SUDDEN and TEMPORARY INCREASE in the total number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS, as part of a natural inflammatory response-injury

A

Leukocytosis

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46
Q

A decrease in the total number of white blood cells due to disease. Bone marrow not producing proper number of white blood cells.

A

Leukopenia

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47
Q

white blood cells…

A

leukocytes

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48
Q

The biggest cause of LEUKOPENIA is ___________________ not producing the proper number of ______________________.

A

Bone marrowWhite blood cells

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49
Q

a DECREASE in the total number of RED BLOOD cells, hemoglobin, or both.

A

anemia

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50
Q

this literally means, the absence of or lack of blood

A

anemia

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51
Q

Types of Anemia

A
  1. Primary2. Secondary
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52
Q

a previously existing condition which causes anemia

A

secondary anemia

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53
Q

example of secondary anemia

A

leukemia

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54
Q

the first disease by which a person is diagnosed

A

primary anemia

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55
Q

formation of all blood cells that occurs in the bone marrow

A

hemopoiesis

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56
Q

type of hemopoietic disorders

A
  1. Leukemia2. Polycythemia vera
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57
Q

Cancer of the blood - a malignant tumor of the blood forming organs characterized by excess production of improperly functioning white blood cells.

A

leukemia

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58
Q

A disease in which a person is producing excess numbers of red blood cells or erythrocytes. This causes blood to become thicker or increase viscosity which reduces the blood flow and increases the tendency to form clots.

A

Polycythemia vera

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59
Q

Polycythemia vera is also known as…

A

erythrocytosis

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60
Q

types of bleeding disorders

A
  1. Hemophilia2. Purpura3. Thrombocytopenia
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61
Q

(an affinity for blood) Bleeders disease, a hereditary disease in male offspring characterized by the absence of an essential clotting factor. (factor 8)

A

hemophilia

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62
Q

Widespread hemorrhage, loss of blood scattered throughout the body.

A

Purpura

63
Q

Decrease in the total number of thrombocytes or platelets due to disease. Thrombocytes initiates the clotting process.

A

Thrombocytopenia

64
Q

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas which has as it’s purpose the breakdown of foods and liquids into useful soluble substances for distribution to the bloodstream throughout the body.

A

Accessory organs of digestion

65
Q

specific diseases of the digestive system

A
  1. Inflammatory/degenerative2. Genetic/developmental3. Obstruction
66
Q

types of inflammatory/degenerative diseases

A
  1. gingivitis2. pharyngitis3. esophagitis4. gastritis5. peptic ulcer6. enteritis7. colitis8. appendicitis9. hemorrhoids10. hepatitis11. cirrhosis12. cholecystitis13. choletithaiasis14. cholangitis15. pancreatitis16. peritonitis17. diverticulosis
67
Q

Inflammation of the gums

A

Gingivitis

68
Q

Inflammation of the pharynx - a sore throat

A

Pharyngitis

69
Q

Inflammation of the muscular tube which conveys food from the throat to the stomach through the esophagus.

A

Esophagitis

70
Q

example of esophagitis

A

bilemia

71
Q

Inflammation of the stomach.

A

Gastritis

72
Q

A localized area of necrotic epithelia (dead tissue) caused by the action of the enzyme pepsin.

A

Peptic ulcer

73
Q

dead tissue

A

necrotic epithelia

74
Q

a digestive enzyme

A

pepsin

75
Q

where are peptic ulcers commonly found?

A

stomach or duodenum

76
Q

Inflammation of the small intestine.

A

enteritis

77
Q

Inflammation of one or more divisions of the colon. The colon is the longest division of the large intestines.

A

colitis

78
Q

types of colitis

A
  1. amebic2. ulcerative
79
Q

inflammation of the longest division of the large intestine characterized by several localized areas of dead epithelial.

A

ulcerative colitis

80
Q

a microscopic animal that has invaded and actively multiplying in the colon

A

amebic colitis

81
Q

inflammation of the vermiform appendix, attached to the cecum

A

appendicitis

82
Q

snakelike structure

A

vermiform

83
Q

ulcerative colitis is a __________ disease

A

psychosomatic

84
Q

self induced disease

A

psychosomatic disease

85
Q

cure for ulcerative colitis…

A

coloscomy

86
Q

pus in the pleural cavity

A

empyema

87
Q

leading cause of death in 1900s

A

TB

88
Q

an allergic disease in which a person has to be exposed to twice…can attack any part of the body but usually attacks the lungs.

A

TB

89
Q

TB of the lungs is called…

A

pulmonary TB

90
Q

most lethal form of TB

A

miliary TB

91
Q

a group of a lung diseases caused by prolonged inhalation of a single foreign substance.CONFIRM DEFINITION

A

Pneumoconoses

92
Q

???????? definition coal miners disease or black lung disease.

A

Anthracosis

93
Q

caused by excess exposure to silica…inside ash trays of buildings & seen in occupation of sandblasting.

A

Silicosis

94
Q

caused by the prolonged inhalation of asbestos. Ex: Roofers

A

Asbestosis

95
Q

failure of the lung tissue to expand at birth

A

Atelectasis in INFANTS

96
Q

the collapse of a lung due to complete bronchial obstruction

A

Atelectasis in ADULTS

97
Q

over distention or rupture of the alveoli in the lungs caused by a partial or incomplete bronchial obstruction.

A

Emphysema

98
Q

localized collection of pus in the lungs. Usually bacterial in nature.

A

lung abscess

99
Q

commonly called a collapsed lung

A

Atelectasis in ADULTS

100
Q

histoplasmosis is what type of disease

A

systemic Fungal disease

101
Q

tiny air sacs in the lungs

A

alveoli

102
Q

ring worm is what type of disease

A

superficial fungal disease

103
Q

fungal disease classifications

A

superficialsystemic

104
Q

failure of the roof of the mouth to close or form completely

A

cleft lip/palate

105
Q

cleft lip/palate is commonly called

A

hare palate

106
Q

Types of Genetic/developmental diseases

A

Cleft lip/palateCystic fibrosis

107
Q

over secretion of an excessively thick mucus forming in the lower respiratory tract.

A

cystic fibrosis

108
Q

cystic fibrosis is what type of disease?

A

hereditary

109
Q

patients usually die from cystic fibrosis due to what reason….

A

the mucus so thick that even if they cough the substance blocks breathing.

110
Q

Obstructive diseases of the respiratory tract.

A

airway obstructionCOPD

111
Q

an obstruction within the air passageway

A

choking

112
Q

an obstruction from outside the breathing tube

A

asphyxia & suffocation

113
Q

COPD stands for…

A

chronic obstruction pulmonary disease

114
Q

ex of COPD

A

chronic bronchitisemphysema

115
Q

postmortem conditions of diseases of the respiratory tract

A
  1. Cyanosis2. Emaciation3. Edema4. Hemorrhage5. Caviation
116
Q

a reddish-blue discoloration seen tissues- caused by lack of oxygen.

A

cyanosis

117
Q

loss of tissue. Most noticeable in the face and temporal region.

A

emaciation

118
Q

excess fluid in pleural cavity or thoracic cavitygives the body a barrel-shaped chest appearance

A

hydrothorax/pleural effusion

119
Q

examples of edema in postmortem conditions

A

hydrothoraxpleural effusion

120
Q

loss of blood

A

hemorrhage

121
Q

blood in the septum (phlem)…will see clotted during cavity treatment

A

hemoptosis

122
Q

presence or formation of spaces or cavities in the lung tissue

A

cavitation

123
Q

most common heart valve where valvular defects take place and why?

A

Mitral valve, because of its structure…only heart valve that has two distinct sections or cusps making it up

124
Q

note that…

A

congestive heart failure- Usually occurs in adulthood. In adults the persons heart was not beating as fast as it should; swollen ankles are indicative of CHF; children- generally a result of improper structural changes that fail to occur at birth or shortly thereafter.

125
Q

Death of heart muscle tissue caused by interference in blood supply. Commonly known as a heart attack; it could be mild (dead muscle tissue but not enough to kill the person).

A

myocardial infarction

126
Q

hypertension or high blood pressure caused by a diseases of the heart. (Give patient a diuretic)

A

hypertensive heart disease

127
Q

a disease of the heart muscle; can be born with this. If diagnosed early enough, the patient would be a candidate for a heart transplant)

A

cardiomyopathy

128
Q

end stage of liver disease; in which the normal/ healthy liver cells are replaced by the surrounding supporting cells; are candidates for a liver transplant; appearance little bumps on the surface of the liver called a hob nail liver

A

Cirrhosis

129
Q

dilated or engorged veins; located around the anal canal; can be internal or external (risk or danger is blood loss; blood in the stool “Melina”)

A

Hemorrhoids

130
Q

inflammation of the liver (3types) would like to suffer from type A if diagnosed; vaccine to help with immunity;

A

Hepatitis

131
Q

inflammation of the sac containing bile; inflammation of the gallbladder

A

Choleystitis

132
Q

the presence or formation of cholelithis; referred to as gall stones

A

Cholelithiasis-

133
Q

Inflammation of one or more of the bile ducts

A

Cholangitis-

134
Q

inflammation of the pancreas; false membrane will form around the pancreas (heterocrine gland) causing blockage of the pancreatic duct by a gallstone (most lethal form of cancer)

A

Pancreatitis-

135
Q

inflammation of the perineum; largest serous membranes (the membrane which lines the abdominal viscera/ organs)

A

Peritonitis-

136
Q

the presence of one or more an intestinal hernia also referred to as diverticula/ diverticulum a weakness of the wall of the large intestine;

A

Diverticulosis-

137
Q

a narrowing in the size of the opening controlled by the pyloric valve of the stomach, circular shaped valve that controls the passing of food from the stomach to the small intestines

A

Pyloric stenosis

138
Q

Specific diseases of the digestive system Genetic/developmental**

A
  1. Pyloric Stenosis2. Hernia
139
Q

abnormal protrusion of a body part of organ into an area where it’s not normally found;

A

Hernia

140
Q

the stomach protruding into the thoracic cavity

A

Heiatel hernia

141
Q

blockage within the digestive system; blocks the flow of food

A

Obstruction

142
Q

types of Obstruction concerning the digestive system

A
  1. Bile duct- 2. Volvulus- 3. Intussuception4. Adhesioins
143
Q

obstruction or blockage due to gallstones

A

bile duct

144
Q

obstruction or blockage due to a twisting of the intestines

A

volvulus

145
Q

obstruction or blockage; telescoping of the intesitnes

A

intussecption

146
Q

Obstruction or Blockage; scar tissue which form due to a previous disease or from surgery

A

adhesion

147
Q

a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; the evacuation of any substance after death.

A

purge

148
Q

a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; this will call more blood clots

A

rapid coagilation of blood

149
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract Inflammatory/degenerative…….the infection or inflammation of lung tissue itself.

A

pneumonia

150
Q

3 types of pneumonia

A

lobarbronchial viral

151
Q

a type of pneumonia; infection confined to one or more lobes of the lung tissue.

A

lobar pneumonia

152
Q

a type of pneumonia; infection of the lung tissue that began in the bronchi.

A

bronchial pneumonia

153
Q

Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory systemthe presence or formation of spaces or cavities in the lung tissue. Seen in patients with TB.

A

caviation

Board Science Cards (28 decks)

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