.anatomy Flashcards
when you decrease the angle between the body parts UPWARDTO BRING TO TO SHOW OR FLEX YOUR MUSCLES
flexion
to increase the angle between two body parts.LEG OUTWARDRAISING HEAD UP TOWARD SKY
extension
move a body part away from the medium plane.DOING JUMPING JACKSABDUCT A CHILD AWAY FROM THEIR PARENTS
abduction
to move a body part toward the medium plane. BRINGING SOMETHING CLOSER IN
aduction
to turn the palm of the hand posteriorly (out of anatomical position). pour soup out
pronation
to turn anteriorly (back to anatomical position). hold soup up
supination
- to turn outward or inside out
eversion
to draw inward or outside in. MOST TIME THIS IS HOW YOU WILL TWIST YOUR ANKLE
inversion
the feet are initially positioned how?
inverted
movement such that the distal end of a bone describes a circle and the shaft describes a cone.THIRD BASE COACH AS HE WAVES IN A RUNNER FROM SECOND BASE TO TRY TO SCORE A RUN
circumduction
- to close
constriction
muscle that expands an organ, vessel, or orifice
dilator
are called sphincter and all will constrict.
circular shaped muscle
to raise a particular body part.
elevation
circular shaped
orbicularis, sphincter muscles
sternoclavicular articulation and mastoid process of the temporal bone.
Sternocleidomastoid
to lower a body part
depresssion
Turning a bone about its long axis. Shaking head no. [This muscle action has no antagonistic muscle action, but rather refers to the turning of a bone about its long axis, as when you shake your head no.]
rotation
- triangular
deltoid(DELTA)
- thin and flat
platysma
four-sided
quadratus
large
vastus
four sided diamond
trapezius
straight
rectus(ERECT)
occipital bone and frontal bone
Occipitofrontalis
may be used to designate “divisions”
ceps
between the ribs
intercostal
facial cheeks
buccinator
circular-shaped muscle of the mouth
orbicularis oris
circular-shaped muscle of the eye
orbicularis oculi
superficial vs deep
The muscles of facial expression lie superficially in relationship to the muscles of mastication, which lie deep.
muscles of the arm, between shoulders to elbow
brachii
– muscles of the thigh, between hip and knee
femoris
the relatively FIXED point of attachment of the muscle
origin
the relatively MOVABLE point of attachment of the muscle
insertion
7 classification of muscles
actionshapepoints of attachmentnumber of divisionslocationdirection of fiberssize
the fibers of this muscle found in the ventral abdominal wall form a “V”
external oblique
the fibers of this muscle, located just beneath the external oblique, form an inverted “V” (a teepee).
internal oblique
innermost of the muscles of the ventral abdominal wall, its fibers go transversely (horizontally).
Transverse abdominus
head musclesBroad flat tendon which joins the Frontalis
galea aponeurotica Occipitofrontalis (epicranius)
study of muscles; all are used for movement of and within the body
mycology
three types of muscle
cardiacvisceralskeletal
(muscle)heart only, moves involuntary, slightly striated
cardiac muscle
(muscle) – in organs of body, involuntary movement, smooth, single nucleus per muscle cell
visceral (smooth) muscle
(muscle) striated (connected with tendons or ligaments), multi nucleated, voluntary, used for flexing and extending
skeletal muscle
the bulky, fleshy part of the muscle which shortens and thickens during contraction
body or belly
muscles of mastication (4)chewer muscle; close mouth and clench teeth
masseter
muscles of mastication (4)– fan shaped muscle located on the squamous portion of the temporal bone; close mandible; as well as protrude the mandible. Clench teeth; retract lower jaw
temporalis
muscles of mastication (4)opens and protrudes mandible; moves mandible side to side
lateral (external) pterygoid
name from most superficial to most deep, or outer to inner the direction of fibers
external obliqueinternal obliquetransverse abdominus
(LG) breast muscles
pectoralis major
(SM) breast muscles
pectoralis minor
(LG) top or most superficial butt muscle
gluteus maximus
(SM) butt muscle just below madius
gluteus minimus
(LG) upper thigh, boundary of femoral triangle
adductor magnus
(SHORT) upper thigh
adductor brevis
another name for short
brevis
calf muscle, large in terms of size
gastrocnemius
cause goose bumps; small in terms of size; circular; at bottom of hair shaft
arrector pili muscles
muscles of the head
occipitafrontalis (epicranius)- galea aponeuroticamuscles of the mastication (chewing and swallowing)massetertemporalislateral (external) pterygoidmedial (internal) pterygoid
muscles of the neck and trunk
neckplatysmaomophoidsternocleidomastoidtrunk(back muscles)trapeziuslatissimus dorsichestpectoralis majorexternal intercostalsinternal intersostalsabdomen(anterolateral wall)external obliqueinternal obliquetransverse abdominus(anteromedial wall)rectus abdominus(posterior wall)psoas major (iliopsoas)diaphragm (phrenic muscle)openingsespohageal orificeaortic orificeinferior vena caval orifice
muscles of upper extremities
shoulder musclesdeltoidteres majorarm muscles (between shoulder and elbow)biceps brachiicoracobrachialisbrachialistriceps brachiiforearm muscles (between elbow and wrist)ventral aspect (medial to lateral)flexor carpi ulnarisflexor digitorum superficialisflexor carpi radialisdorsal aspectsuperficial: brachiradialisdeep: remember that as a group, they aid in extension and supination of the hand
muscles of mastication (4)closes and protrudes mandible
medial (internal) pterygoid
muscles of the neck (3)flat thin muscle (paper thin) of the neck, tense or wrinkle skin of neck and depresses lower jaw
platysma
muscles of the neck (3)depress and lower the hyoid bone
omohyoid
muscles of the neck (3)mark the widest part of the neck, used to rotate and extend the head; anatomical guide for embalming in carotid (neck) area** forms the lateral boundary of the anterior cervical triangle
sternocleidomastoid
diamond shaped muscle of upper back; used to elevate or shrug shoulders
trapezius
large flat muscle of lower back
latissimus dorsi
largest muscle of upper chest region; used to flex and adduct arm
pectoralis major
draws ribs together; outermost muscle between ribs
external intercostals
draws ribs together; innermost muscle between ribs
internal intercostals
Another system within the body which is lesser known than the blood vascular system is known as the
lymph vascular system
dealing with a system of vessels
vascular systems
two vascular systems within the body
blood and lymph
The substance which ONLY flows through the lymph vessels. (spring like) - a substance in the body which ALWAYS forms or BEGINS from tissue fluid.
lymph
The substance which bathes and surrounds the body cells.
tissue fluid
The flow of all lymph in the human body, always begins in the smallest vessels called
lymph capillaries
functions of the Lymph Vascular System
a. Maintain proper tissue fluid balance.b. Helps to remove other waste products.c. One of the body’s basic defense systems (phagocytosis, antibodies).
Specialized types of tissue strategically placed throughout the human body
lymphoid tissue
three pairs of lymphoid tissue, including the adenoids, which protect the opening between the mouth cavity proper and oropharynx (throat).
tonsils
–The largest mass of Lymphoid Tissue in the human body.–Located in the Abdominal Pelvic Cavity. –Helps the liver to recycle red blood cells.
spleen
A mass of lymphoid tissue. The LARGEST and MOST ACTIVE during INFANCY. Located at the BASE OF THE NECK. Produces antibodies for the rest of a person’s life called T-CELLS. This gland will shrink with age
thymus gland
Filters for lymph. They are strategically placed in the human body. There are four (4) specific locations.• All are named for their location.
lymph nodes
located in the ARM PIT region.These lymph nodes filter lymph originating from the UPPER EXTREMITIES and the PECTORAL REGION (chest). Used to detect or stage the level of malignancy in BREAST CANCER.
axillary lymph nodes
located in the NECK region. These lymph nodes filter lymph originating from the HEAD AND NECK. Used to detect HODGIKN’S DISEASE.
cervical lymph nodes
located in the GROIN region. These lymph nodes filter lymph originating from the LOWER extremities. (BUBONIC PLAGUE)
inguinal lymph nodes
located in the INTESTINES. These lymph originating from the INTESTINAL TRACK OR BOTH LARGE AND SMALL INTESTINES. Used to detect stages of COLON CANCER
mesentric lymph nodes
the waxy, milky substance which is formed by the union of digestive fats with lymph. (fat mix with lymph)
chyle
when chyle comes from the small intestine and lymph comes from the lower extremities, the two get together at a temporary enlarged pouch called a
cistera chyli
the flow of chlye begins where?
in the lacteals
what color is lymph?
clear, straw colored, or may have an amber color (yellow tent)
small finger like projections in the small intestine by which increases the surface area over which food could be absorbed. a single one contains three structures (vein, artery, and lacteal)
villi
it is estimated that what percentage of the digestive fat that is absorbed in the small intestine will go into the lymph capillary
30%
a special name given to lymph capillaries found only in the small intestine
lacteals
two large main ducts or passageways for lymph that are the ONLY ducts of the lymph system that periodically dump into the bloodstream.
thoracic ductright lymphatic duct
the largest lymph duct in the human body. 3/4 of the lymph in the body drains through this duct. Lymph coming from the LEFT upper extremities, LEFT side of the head and neck, LEFT side of the chest, the ENTIRE abdominal cavity, and BOTH lower extremities will drain through this duct.
thoracic duct
- second largest lymph duct that only originates on the RIGHT side of the head and neck. The RIGHTupper extremities, and RIGHT side of the thoracic cavity will eventually drain through this duct
right lymphatic duct
Once lymph has gone into the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct, it is now called __________
blood
General Characteristics of BLOOD
ph of bloodviscosity (thickness)temperature of blood
ph of blood
7.3 - 7.4 slightly alkaline
- a measure of the resistance to the flow of a liquid
viscosity (thickness)
Blood moves _______ times thicker than _______
4 1/2 to 5 1/2water
Temperature of blood
100.3 Fslightly warmer than normal body temperature of 98.6 F
general composition of human blood
plasma 55%corpuscles 45%
(Liquid portion) of non- clotted blood, slightly amber or straw color.
plasma
45% of whole human blood
formed elements(corpuscles)
name the four types of lymphoid tissue
tonsilsspleenthymus glandlymph nodes
a large pouch
cistera
the flow of chyle end at the cisteria chyli and becomes lymph
chyli
its flow goes in one directionits flow in humans will eventually go into the blood systemits flow is very sluggish and is accomplished by muscle contraction
lymph
once lymph enter the _________ __________, it will flow in ONLY __________ direction(s) by means of slightly larger ________ ___________. From the __________, the lymph will move to the ________ _________ which are strategically placed for filter of lymph. Once at the ________ _________, there are ____ large main ducts or passageways for lymph in the human body ____________________________
lymph capillariesonelymph vesselsvesselslymph nodeslymph nodestworight lymphatic duct thoracic duct
components of plasma
92 % water8 % dissolved substances
(Components of plasma)blood proteins (clotting process)
serum albuminserum globulinfibrinogen
aids in forming the fibrous net which prevents you from bleeding to death
fibrinogen
non protein components of plasma
salts, nutrients, gases, hormones, clotting factors, enzymes, and antibodies
non protein salt components of plasma
saltpotassiumcalciummagnesium
non protein nutrient components of plasma
food glucose (blood sugar)lipids-fats
primary constituent of urine
ammonia
essential clotting factor of plasma
Factor 8
speed up the rate of a chemical reaction and not used up in the process
enzymes (ASE)
dissolved within the plasma portion of blood
antibodies
name the three groups of formal elements of blood
erythrocytes leukocytesthrombocytes
red blood cells
erythrocytes
white blood cells
leukocytes
