Chemistry Test 1 Flashcards
The branch of natural science that is concerned with the description and classification of matter, the changes that matter undergoes, and the energy associated with those changes.
chemistry
anything which occupies space and possesses mass.
matter
all matter possesses_____
mass
only matter on earth possesses ____________
weight
matter on earth possesses weight because of….
gravity
5 divisions of chemistry
- inorganic
- organic
- biochemistry
- embalming chemistry
- thanatochemistry
study of physical and chemical changes in the body that are caused by death. (The chemistry of death)
thanatochemistry
study of types of matter and changes in matter in relationship to the temporary preservation and disinfecting of remains.
The study of chemical post-mortem changes, the composition of embalming fluids, and the interactions between them.
embalming chemistry
the chemistry of living organisms or compounds produced by living organisms.
That branch of chemistry dealing with compounds produced by living organisms.
biochemistry
study of matter which does not contain carbon.
That branch of chemistry that studies the properties and reactions of elements, excluding carbon. The absence or lack of carbon.
inorganic
study of compounds which contain the element carbon. The capital letter C represents the single element of carbon.
The branch of chemistry that deals with carbon-containing compounds, carbon based compounds.
organic
4 types of chemical measurements
- meter
- liter
- kilogram
- heat
chemical measurements are usually in_______
metric system
meter is the standard metric unit for____________
length
liter is the standard unit of ____________
volume
calorie stands for ______
heat
the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water 1 degree Celsius at 15 degrees Celsius
Standard temperature & pressure (STP)
Scales to measure temperature…
- Fahrenheit
- Celsius
- Kelvin
F stands for
Fahrenheit
C stands for
Celsius
Celsius can also be called….
centigrade
no negative temps can exist on what scale?
Kelvin
known freezing point of water on each scale…
F- 32 degrees
C- 0 degrees
K- 273k
known boiling point of water on each scale…
F- 212 degrees
C- 100 degrees
K- 373k
characteristics by which substances may be identified.
properties
properties of a substance that you can see or observe WITHOUT A CHANGE in chemical composition
physical properties
- physical properties of matter
- State
- Solubility
- Density
- Specific gravity
state of matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
the measure of how well two substances mix.
solubility
generally if something is soluble it will __________________-
dissolve in water
the ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume.
density
matter divided by volume equals…
density
a ratio of densities with water as a standard
specific gravity
the density of blood is slightly more than…
water
A characteristic that can be seen or observed when a substance is interacting with other substances resulting in a change in chemical composition.
chemical properties
chemical properties of matter
- combustibility
2. reactivity
can cause a change in chemical composition
combustibility
physical changes in matters
- changes in state
2. solvation
solid to liquid
changes in state of matter
solid to a dissolved state (dissolving)
solvation
A change in the form or the state of matter without any change in chemical composition.
Physical changes
Changes in which a new substance or substances are formed because the chemical composition has changed.
Chemical changes
chemical changes of matter
- cremation of remains
- decomposition of remains
- embalming of remains
physical states of matter
- gases
- liquids
- solids
properties of gases
- liquefaction
- condensation
- vaporization
- diffusion
The state of matter in which the atoms or molecules move about in almost complete freedom from one other.
gases
gases have no definite______________
shape or volume
gases will assume the _______ & ____________ of the container in which they are located.
shape
volume
not all gases can be ______________________-
seen or smelled
the conversion of a solid or gas into a liquid.
Liquefaction
a change in a state of matter from a gas to a liquid.
Condensation
the physical change from a liquid into a gas.
Vaporization
the movement of particles in solution from an area of higher concentration to lesser concentration until equal or uniform concentration is achieved.
Diffusion
Substances that flow readily, but tend to not expand indefinitely.
liquids
thickness – measure of the resistance to flow of a liquid.
Viscosity
the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and tends to minimize surface area.
Surface tension
movement of a liquid from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
Diffusion
the conversion of a liquid or gas into a solid form (water to an ice cube)
Solidification
the process by which a substance is given definite form. (between water and ice cube) Goes from outside-in
Crystallization
conversion of a liquid to a solid
Freezing
rapid passage of liquid particles to the vapor or gaseous state by forming bubbles through the action of heat.
Boiling
properties of liquids
- viscosity
- surface tension
- diffusion
- solidification
- crystallization
- freezing
- boiling
properties of solids
- melting
2. sublimation
The condensed state of matter that has a definite shape and definite volume.
solids
types of matter based on COMPOSITION
- elements
- compounds
- mixture
Simple substances which cannot be further broken down by ordinary chemical means.
elements
property of elements
- atom
- ion
- name & symbol
- types
the simplest part or particle of any element that still retains properties of the element. Very small
atom
an atom of any element that has a single positive or negative charge.
ion
ion is also called…
monatomic ion
abbreviation of an element
symbol
a symbol will ALWAYS begin with…____________ and have a max of ___ letters
a capital letter
3
only the FIRST letter for ANY element will be——
capitalized
large letter by itself represents ONE atom
symbol
small number written to the right and below the symbol.
Represents the total number of atoms of an element
subscript
number to the right and above the symbol of the element to represent that this element has a charge.
superscript
with a superscript there will ALWAYS be a ___ or a ____ in front of it.
plus
minus
every element is electrically _________
neutral
the reactivity for all elements of the periodic table is determined by the number of _____________ charged particles they have floating around in their ________________
negatively
outer shell
the outer shell of an element is the…..
valence shell
types of elements
- metal
2. non-metal
there are more metallic or metal elements than….
non-metals
all metals are solid except…..
mercury
mercury is a ____________
liquid
metals are shinny, lustrous, conduct electricity and heat…it is ____________ or _________
malleable
ductile
can be formed into long sheets
malleable
can be stretched into wire
ductile
metals are good conductors of __________
electricity
most metals are located on the _____________ side of the periodic table
left
metals tend to be_____
positive ions charges
any element that is not a metal
non-metals
non-metals are located on the _________ side of the periodic table
right
non-metals tend to have _____________
negative charges
Substances that consist of 2 or more atoms chemically combined in definite proportions by weight
Compounds
properties of compounds
- molecules
2. formula
(smallest unit of a compound that can exist alone and still retain properties of that compound). Including diatomic
molecules
2 or more atoms of the same element that unite together to form a compound
diatomic compound
abbreviation for any compound
formula
examples of compounds…
- acids
- bases
- salts
- oxides
a compound which has a pH below 7. It is acidic.
acids
compounds that have a pH above 7. It is alkaline.
bases
compounds which are formed in the reaction between acids and bases other than water.
salts
compounds consisting of 2 or more elements…one of which is oxygen.
oxides
an atom is to an element what a molecule is to a __________
compound
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined and are not in definite proportion by weight.
mixture
examples of mixtures
- air
- embalming fluids
- blood
ability of a system or material to do work
energy
types of energy
- potential
2. kinetic
energy of motion
kinetic energy
energy which is stored
potential energy
the gods of the periodic table are known as the _________________________
noble or inert gases
horizontal rows across the periodic table are known as…..
periods or series
elements begin with number _____ and continue in order
one
vertical columns use numbers _________ or Roman numerals. These VERTICAL columns are called….
1-8
groups or families
the group number represent the total number of __________ orbiting in the outer most shell around that elements
electrons
the valence shell is also called…
outer most shell
orbit
the max number of electrons located in the valence or outer shell is ______
8
in chemistry there is a tendency to gain
equilibrium
even though every element in its free state is electrically neutral that does not mean they are _______ in their free state. They want to be electrically more ______
happy
stable
an atom is composed of a _________________ that has particles contained within it called ________ & _______________
central nucleus
protons
neutrons
a third particle called an electron which has a __________ charge moves around the atom in its outer orbit or shells
negative 1
the number of protons located in the nucleus of a single atom of that element.
atomic number
an atomic number will always be a ______________ never a ___________–
whole number
percentage
although a neutron has no charge, they do have __________
mass
the number written below the symbol is the
atomic weight
the number of protons plus the number of neutrons contained in the nucleus of a single atom of that element.
atomic weight
Elements that differ only in terms of atomic weight but have the same atomic number are known as
isotopes
To determine the number of neutrons for any element, take the _________ and subtract the _________________
atomic number
protons have a ____________ charge
positive
shells can contain up to _______ eletrons
32
the inner most shell of any element has a max capacity of ____ electrons
2
the max number of electrons in the valence or outermost shell is ____
8
the max number of electrons you can ever gain or lose in any element is ______
4
any atom that gains or loses electrons are called……
ions
most metals lose…
electrons
most non-metals gain….
electrons
OF PROTONS + # OF NEUTRONS =
atomic weight
ATOMIC WEIGHT – ATOMIC NUMBER =
OF NEUTRONS
The smallest particle of an element is called the ______
atom.
All atoms are composed of a central _______ with protons and neutrons.
nucleus
The electrons move around the nucleus i
orbits or shells.
The identity of elements are made by assignment of an _____________ which is identical to the number of protons in the nucleus.
atomic number
_____________have no electrical charge - however, they serve to offer stability to a nucleus.
neutrons
atoms may join together to form
molecules
atoms of the same element which have identical chemical properties but different atomic weights are called _______
isotopes
for any specific atom, the electrons in the outermost shell are called ________ electrons
valence
atoms that are electrically charged because of a gain or loss of electrons are called….
ions
the net attractive interaction between two atoms in a single molecule creates a ___________________
chemical bond
______________ have a strong tendency to change from an unstable form with an incomplete outer shell to a more stable form with a complete outer shell with filled orbitals
ions
those things which hold elements together to form new substances are called __________
chemical bonds
compounds in which the atoms are held together by ionic bonds are called _________________________
ionic compounds
these determine an element’s chemical reactivity (properties)
valence electrons
when electrons are shared between atoms, a condition of ________________________ occurs
covalent bonding
protons have a _____ charge and are located ______
+1
in the nucleus
electrons have a ______ charge and are located ______
-1
in shell or outer orbit
neutrons have a _____ charge and are located ______
0
in the nucleus
helium has an atomic number of ______ and atomic weight of ______
2
4
helium contains ___ protons, _____ electrons, & _____ neutrons
2
2
2
carbon has an atomic number of _____ and an atomic weight of ____
6
12
carbon contains ___ protons, ___ electrons, & ___ neutrons
6
6
6
nitrogen has an atomic number of ____ and an atomic weight of _____
7
14
nitrogen contains ____ protons, _____ electrons, & ____ neutrons
7
7
7
Beryllium has 4 protons and 5 neutrons:
How many electrons does Beryllium have:
What is the atomic number of Beryllium:
What is the atomic weight of Beryllium:
4
4
9
Fluorine has 9 protons and 10 neutrons:
How many electrons does Fluorine have:
What is the atomic number of Fluorine:
What is the atomic weight of Fluorine:
9
9
19
abbreviation for a chemical change…
chemical equation
number written to the left or in front of a symbol or formula is called…
coefficient
number written to the right and slightly below a symbol or formula is called…
subscript
formulas are usually expressed as the _____________ portion written first, and a non-metallic portion written last
metallic
_________ usually have positive oxidation numbers
metals
usually have negative oxidation numbers
non-metals
Al
aluminum
Br
Bromine
Ca
Calcium
C
Carbon
Cl
Chlorine
Cu
Copper
F
Fluorine
He
Helium
H
Hydrogen
I
Iodine
Fe
Iron
Hg
Mercury
N
Nitrogen
O
Oxygen
P
Phosphorous
K
Potassium
Na
Sodium
S
Sulfur
The simplest type of matter based on composition is what we call _____________ .
ELEMENTS
