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..embalming Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different types of embalming chemicals we discussed?

A 
vascular (arterial) fluids
cavity fluids
pre-injection fluids
co-injection fluids
jaundice fluids
hardening compounds
preservative powders
sealing agents
surface applications
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2
Q

injected to disinfect, temporarily preserve and restore the dead human body without causing objectionable change in the tissues

A

vascular (arterial) fluids

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3
Q

vascular (arterial) fluids are generally classified by what?

A

index

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4
Q

the number of grams of formaldehyde gas dissolved in 100 ml of water; usually given in a percentage

A

index

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5
Q

having an index of 28 - 36. Causes a rapid tissue coagulation.Causes a definite degree of firmness, used most often on “special cases.” (Decomposition, edema, outgoing, drowning, etc.)

A

strong (high) index

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6
Q

A strong or high index would consist of ____% by weight and ___ % by volume

A

3740

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7
Q

having an index of 19 - 27.Sometimes referred to as semi-firming or cosmetic fluid. Active shades of orange or red dye. (Oil based / cosmetic fluid). Results in a moderate firming of tissues. Normal Cases

A

medium (cosmetic arterial fluid)

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8
Q

any fluid with an index of 10 - 18. Produces a minimum firmness of tissues.
Infant cases or adults 80 lbs or less

A

weak

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9
Q

What are the components of vascular (arterial) fluids?

A 
preservative
supplementary germicide
anticoagulants
vehicle
perfuming agents, deodorants, or masking agents
dyes
surfactants
modifying agents
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10
Q

Chemical which inactivates saprophytic bacteria, render unsuitable for nutrition the media upon which bacteria thrive, and which will arrest decomposition by altering enzymes of the body as well as converting the decomposable tissue to a form less susceptible to decomposition. One of the components of arterial fluids

A

preservative

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11
Q

actions of preservative chemicals

A
  1. Inactivates the chemical group of proteins or amino acids
  2. Inhibits further decomposition
  3. Inactivates some enzymes
  4. Kills some microorganisms – not all
  5. Destroys odors
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12
Q

examples of preservatives

A

aldehydes
alcohol
phenol

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13
Q

an example of a preservative: deprived of hydration, its common name is formaldehyde

A

aldehydes

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14
Q

produced by the partial oxidation of methanol

A

formaldehyde

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15
Q

in its free state, formaldehyde is a _______, it is __________ in water which forms a ________. __________ is the universal solvent. Every solvent has a different ___________ rate

A 
gas
soluble
formula
water
saturation
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16
Q

Characteristic of formaldehyde

A

Colorless gas
Has an irritating and unpleasant odor – pungent
Freely soluble in water
Combines with tissue protein
Is a monoaldehyde (one functional aldehyde group)

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17
Q

classified as a dialdehyde (Two functional aldehyde groups) Five carbons rather than one

A

Gluteraldehyde

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18
Q

2 types of alcohols (also examples of preservatives)

A

Methyalcohol (methanol or wood alcohol)

Ethyalcohol (ethanol or grain alcohol)

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19
Q

an alcohol that has two primary uses - used commercially to manufacture formaldehyde- is also an antipolymerizing agent (ensures it stays in its liquid state)

A

Methyalcohol (methanol or wood alcohol)

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20
Q

an example of a preservative: obtained by the distillation of coal tar.- Used as cauterizer to prevent leakage on embalmed bodies- Also, a bleaching agent - inject it do not use as a surface application

A

phenol

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21
Q

One of the components of arterial fluids. Chemicals added for the purpose of destroying disease causing microorganisms

A

Supplementary GERMICIDES

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22
Q

Examples of supplementary germicides

A

Glutaraldehyde Quaternary ammonium compounds –

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23
Q

better disinfectant used as a supplementary germicide

A

Glutaraldehyde

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24
Q

agents that are usually used for disinfection of skin, oral, nasal cavities, and instruments. EXAMPLES: Benzalkonium and Zephrian

A

Quaternary ammonium compounds –

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25
Q

Chemicals which retard the tendency of blood to become more viscous (thicker) by natural postmortem processes or prevent adverse reactions between blood and other embalming chemicals. This process is primarily accomplished by breaking down the calcium in the blood and water. One of the components of arterial fluids.- Also known as water conditioners or water softeners.- These chemicals help keep blood in a liquid state

A

ANTICOAGULANTS

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26
Q

Examples of anticoagulants:

A

Sodium citrate– .

Sodium salt of EDTA = (Ethylenediaminetetrasodiumacetate) –

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27
Q

an example of an anticoagulant: white, odorless, crystalline or granular material is often used for its anticoagulation. This compound inactivates calcium in the blood as well as in the water supply. W/O calcium, blood coagulation does not occur

A

Sodium citrate

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28
Q

an example of an anticoagulant: very effective sequestering or chelating agents, means – they are readily combined with calcium ions to prevent blood coagulation and also to remove hardness chemicals from the water supply.

A

Sodium salt of EDTA

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29
Q

One of the components of arterial fluids. Liquids that serve as a solvent for the numerous ingredients that are incorporated into embalming fluids. They must serve as the carrier of the components found in the arterial solution. Alcohols

A

vehicle

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30
Q

most common vehicle

A

water

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31
Q

will also serve as a vehicle. (Tincture solution). Its most common use of as a vehicle would be cavity fluid

A

alcohol

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32
Q

One of the components of arterial fluids. Chemicals having the capability of displacing an unpleasant odor or of altering an unpleasant odor so that it is converted to a more pleasant odor.Odorless or fume less chemicals

A

PERFUMING AGENTS, DEODRANTS OR MASKING AGENTS

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33
Q

Examples of perfuming agents (4)

A

Methylsalicylate (oil of wintergreen)
Benzaldehyde (oil of almonds)
Oil of sassafras
Oil of cloves

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34
Q

do not eliminate the effects that formaldehyde has on the operator.

A

Perfuming agents

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35
Q

One of the components of arterial fluids Substances which will, upon being dissolved, impart a definite color to the embalming solution and/or tissues.

A

DYES (coloring agents)

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36
Q

dye that will impart a color to the body tissue

A

Cosmetic dyes (active)

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37
Q

dye that will stain the concentrated arterial fluid.

A

Non-cosmetic dyes (inactive)

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38
Q

EXAMPLES OF DYES (3)

A

Eosin - red
Ponceau red - red
Erythrosine - brown-red tint

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39
Q

One of the components of arterial fluids Also called - surface tension reducers, wetting agents, and surface active agents. A chemical that reduces the molecular cohesion of a liquid so that it can flow through smaller apertures.Used in promoting fluid diffusion.Chemicals in dishwashing detergents that prevent sports on glasses

A

SURFACTANTS

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40
Q

Example of surfactants (wetting agents)

A

Sulfonate oils - an example is sodium lauryl sulfate (coconut oil)

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41
Q

One of the components of arterial fluids. Chemicals added to the embalming solution to deal with varying demands based upon the type of embalming, the environment, and the embalming fluid to be used. Chemicals which control the rate and extent of the embalming operation

A

MODIFYING AGENTS

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42
Q

Two modifying agents used in embalming fluids

A

Humectants

Buffers

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43
Q

A chemical used as a modifying agent that increases the ability of embalmed tissue to retain moisture (chemical that helps to control dehydration). Emaciated cases

A

humectant

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44
Q

Chemicals used as humectants are:

A

Glycerol (glycerin) – thick stuff, member of alcohol family
SorbitolLanolin’s – massage stuff, liquid based.
Glycols – has 2 OH groups – active ingredients in antifreeze

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45
Q

Chemicals used as modifying agents that will affect the acid-base balance (pH) within embalming solutions and in the embalmed tissue.

A

buffers

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46
Q

Chemicals used as buffers

A

Borax – reduces the hardening & graying action of formaldehyde.
Citrates
Sodium salt of EDTA
Sodium Phosphates -

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47
Q

Formulated to produce maximum disinfection and preservation with a minimum amount of fluid.

A

cavity fluids

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48
Q

Composition of cavity fluid.

A

Preservatives
Germicides
Vehicle (primarily alcohols)
Perfuming agents

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49
Q

Fluid injected primarily to prepare the vascular system and body tissues for the injection of the preservative vascular solution. These fluids will also help keep the blood in a liquid state.

A

PRE-INJECTION FLUIDS

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50
Q

Components of pre-injection fluids

A 
Anticoagulants
Surfactants
Humectants
Vehicle (primarily water)
Water conditioning agents
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51
Q

_________ fluids do not contain low preservatives

A

Pre-injection

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52
Q

A fluid(s) used primarily to supplement and enhance the action of the vascular (arterial) solution.

A

CO-INJECTION FLUIDS

53
Q

A special vascular fluid with special bleaching and coloring qualities for use on bodies with jaundice; usually with a low formaldehyde content

A

JAUNDICE FLUIDS

54
Q

Components of jaundice fluids:

A

Bleaching agents
High concentration of dye
Low formaldehyde (HCHO) content

55
Q

A chemical in powder form that has the ability to absorb moisture and has a limited amount of disinfection ability in a small amount.

A

HARDENING COMPOUNDS

56
Q

composition of hardening compounds

A

Plaster of Paris - dehydrating agent (hardening compound)
Paraformaldehyde - disinfectant
Wood power – dehydrating agent (moisture absorbent)Alum- dehydrating agent

57
Q

A chemical in powder form; typically used for surface embalming of remains. Will help to control maggots and vermin. Usually has a high concentration of preservative - Paraformaldehyde
They do not have the absorbent and drying qualities.

A

PRESERVATIVE POWDERS

58
Q

Materials used to provide a barrier or seal against any type of leakage of fluid or blood.

A

SEALING AGENTS

59
Q

types of sealing agents

A

PowderSprayLiquids

60
Q

Either in a liquid or gel form, used to dry and harden lesions, excisions and cavities.

A

SURFACE APPLICATIONS

61
Q

aldehyde, alcohols, phenolic compounds

A

preservatives

62
Q

quaternary ammonium compounds - glutaldehyde –

A

supplementary germicides

63
Q

10 minutes disinfectant, longer it begins to break down metal.

A

glutaldehyde

64
Q

water conditioning agents, prevents blood from clotting more

A

anticoagulants

65
Q

sodium citrate
sodium salt of EDTA
are examples of..

A

anticoagulants

66
Q

sulfonates sodium lauylsulfate

A

surfactants or surface active agents

67
Q

eosine ponceau red erythronsine

A

dyes

68
Q

active dyes are what color?

A

red orange

69
Q

benzaldehyde - almondolives of clovesoil of sassafrasmethylsalicylate – oil of wintergreen

A

deodorants – perfuming agents / masking agents

70
Q

dilute substance of other fluids

A

vehicles

71
Q

any substance that imperils health or life when absorbed into the body

A

Poison

72
Q

poisonous substance produced by higher plants, animals, or bacteria that is toxic or poisonous to humans

A

Toxin

73
Q

– Lethal Dose 50%, amount poison necessary to kill 50% or ½ of the group to whom it has been given

A

LD – 50

74
Q

smallest dose of poison or radiation on record that process death.

A

MLD – Minimum Lethal Dose

75
Q

liquid used in lip tense, external sealers, primarily used as solvents.

A

acetones

76
Q

used commercially to manufacture formaldehyde 2 – used as antipolymerizing agent, prevent para formaldehyde solid form of formaldehyde 3 – ethanol used as preservatives, vehicle in cavity fluids.

A

alcohols

77
Q

halogens – salt formers

A

alkyl halides

78
Q

used in powder form, added to jaundice fluids as active red dye

A

amaranth (red dye #2)

79
Q

white crystal solid substance, used as a herbicide; added to preservative powders and hardening compounds

A

amitrole

80
Q

terminal disinfection used in prep-room, neutralizes formaldehyde (cavity fluid spills), acid to base = salts (urotropin) plus water

A

ammonia -NH3

81
Q

from a tree it is derived, acts as key tone hazardous chemical

A

camphor

82
Q

used as a disinfectant / deodorizer air freshener

A

cresol –lysol

83
Q

light brown powder used as fungicide (used to kill fungus)

A

dichlorophene

84
Q

colorless liquid used as solvent

A

diethanol amine

85
Q

colorless OILY liquid used as a solvent

A

diethyl formamide

86
Q

clear liquid with fruit like odor used as a perfuming agent

A

ethyl acetate

87
Q

used as anticoagulant in pre-injection with co-injection chemicals used as buffer.

A

EDTA (Sodium salts)

88
Q

in free state gas, soluble in water, used as preservative

A

formaldehyde

89
Q

colorless liquid used as solvent . Acidic when less than pH 7. Active ingredient in bee stings and fire ant bites. Substance formed in the decomposition of formaldehyde.

A

formic acid

90
Q

one of two supplementary germicides. A far superior disinfectant than formaldehyde. Has 5 carbon atoms

A

glutaraldehyde

91
Q

used as humectants in embalming fluids. (Emicated and dehydrated cases) (Example: antifreeze).

A

glycols (dihydroxy alcohols)

92
Q

bleaches

A

hypochlorites

93
Q

gas that can be released if you add Clorox to a formaldehyde spill

A

Phosgene

94
Q

substance used as a propellant in aerosol spray products

A

isobutane

95
Q

colorless liquid, similar to acetone that is used as solvent

A

methyl ethyl ketone

96
Q

used to clean cosmetic brushes

A

mineral spirits (paint thinner, turpentine)

97
Q

injection to help rebuild where tissue has been lost

A

. nitrocellulose (tissue builder)

98
Q

colorless liquid used an insecticide chemical, added to preservative powders. (Topical embalming chemicals)

A

orthodichlorobenzene

99
Q

colorless solid used as a stripping agent (zip strip- furniture stripper)

A

oxalic acid

100
Q

mold preventative agent. Used in preservative powders

A

paradichlorobenzene (moth balls)

101
Q

white solid form of formaldehyde. Major preservative used in preservative powders

A

paraformaldehyde

102
Q

cauterizer to prevent leakage and bleaching agents on hand do it as injection not a cavity pack where applied to skin (rust in color)

A

phenol / phenolic compounds

103
Q

solid granular powder form, to create a cast of a broken area for restorative work in prep room, primary dehydrating agent used of hardening compounds

A

Plaster of Paris

104
Q

BBQ gas

A

propane

105
Q

drying powder, flesh colored or white colored used after application of oil based cosmetics to remove the sheen

A

quartz (finishing powder)–

106
Q

used as supplementary germicide Benzalkonium Chloride & Zephrian Chloride

A

quaternary ammonium compounds

107
Q

drying powder – finishing powder

A

talc

108
Q

colorless liquid used as solvent

A

toluene

109
Q

When selecting arteries,the considerations and precautions based upon:

A
  1. Accessibility

2. Arterial occlusion- hardening of the arteries

110
Q

when considering if an artery is accessible what should be some of the determining factors?

A 
Superficial or deep
Surrounding structures
Size (diameter)
Proximity to aorta
Accessibility for drainage from corresponding vein
111
Q

Factors governing selection of arteries for injection (9)

A
  1. Age: Infant (descending abdominal aorta) or Adult
  2. Weight (corpulence)
  3. Disfiguration - scar tissue, arthritis, etc.
  4. Disease - cancer, goes hand in hand with disfiguration, etc.
  5. Edema - excessive fluids
  6. Obstruction - vascular or extravascular
  7. Trauma - any type of wound or injury
  8. Medico - legal requirements
  9. Cause and manner of death
112
Q

Proper technique for raising vessels

A
  1. Shave area if necessary
  2. Select instruments and prepare ligature or necessary instruments.
  3. Locate place of incision using linear guide.
  4. Make incision through skin, superficial fascia and deep fascia.
  5. Use blunt dissection through superficial fascia and deep fascia, and adipose tissue.
  6. Locate vessels by use of anatomical guide.
  7. Clean vessels by blunt dissection and ligate vessels.
  8. Make incision in vessel.
113
Q

the most common incision method employed to open the artery or vein. Cut is made from the edge of the vessel to the center of the vessel

A

Transverse incision

114
Q

an incision made involving cutting at an angle

A

Diagonal incision

115
Q

this incision is made when embalmer likes to use drain tube in neck

A

“T” incision

116
Q

this incision is used on a sclerotic artery, because it does the least amount of damage to the walls of this vessel that are already diseased

A

Wedge incision

117
Q

most popular and common stitch. Y

A

Baseball

118
Q

the least leak proof of any suture, they form the least prominent ridge. The most common use is on parts of the body that will be seen in an open casket. This is a hidden stitch, within the skin - used on the face.

A

Intradermal

119
Q

other types of incisions

A

Whip or roll stitch – illustrated in text book

Draw stitch

120
Q

Other methods of closing the incision:

A

Adhesives

Surgical staples

121
Q

4 types of injections discussed:

A

One point injection
Split injection/drainage
Multi-point injection
Restricted cervical

122
Q

type of injection where one location is used for both injection and drainage.

A

One point injection

123
Q

most common sites for one point injections

A

Common carotid artery/ internal jugular vein

Femoral artery and vein

124
Q

Injection from one location and drainage from a separate location.

A

Split injection/drainage

125
Q

Most common site for split injection/drainage

A

Injection - right femoral arteryDrainage - right internal jugular vein

126
Q

Inject from two or more arteries This procedure ensures better distribution throughout the body.

A

Multi-point injection

127
Q

Both common carotid arteries are raised.

Allows the head to be injected separately.

A

Restricted cervical

128
Q

Used if the embalmer is concerned about distention or swelling of the facial features during the embalming process (car accident, head trauma), or if there is a major restorative art project

A

Restricted cervical

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