Pathology (ONLY REVIEW AFTER EVERYTHING ELSE) Flashcards by Angela Jackson

Study of disease

Pathology

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any abnormal condition which impairs the normal functioning of the body. Local disease and genetic diseases can occur.

Disease

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was the leading cause of death in the early 1900’s

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the leading cause of death TODAY

CVD- Cardiovascular Disease

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Another name for CAUSE

Etiology

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The cause of disease is divided into what 2 categories?

Immediate (exciting) &Predisposing

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The beginning of disease. The manner in which a particular disease develops.

Pathogenesis

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3 parts of disease that we study

Cause (Etiology) 2. Pathogenesis 3. Changes and final effects brought about in the body.

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Study of general disease processes, such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis (localized area of dead tissue in a living body), repair (i.e.: scar tissue), etc.

General Pathology

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The body’s total response to any injury

inflammation

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Study of disease in relation to a particular organ or the organs system. Ie., disease of the digestive track.

Special Pathology

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5 Divisions of Pathology

Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy) 2. Surgical Pathology3. Clinical Pathology 4. Medico - Legal Pathology (forensic pathology) 5. Physiological Pathology

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The study of the structure of the human body as affected by disease.

Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy)

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localized area of dead tissue in a living body

necrosis

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Study of disease by means of biopsies.

Surgical Pathology

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The study of disease by means of:body secretions (useful substances produced within the body), body excretions (waste substances rid from the body), & other body fluids.

Clinical Pathology

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Legal Pathology (forensic pathology) the study of disease, death, and injuries with medical/legal potential.

Medico

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2 methods to study Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy)

1.) Gross Inspection 2.) Histopathology

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See changes of the structure of the body with the unaided eye.

Gross inspection

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A study of the structure of the cell as affected by disease, by means of microscope. Disease at cellular levels.

Histopathology

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The study of the functions of the body as affected by disease.

Physiological Pathology

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A study of disease by samples of tissue removed surgically from a living person.

Biopsy

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useful substances produced within the body

body secretions

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waste products that are rid from the body

body excretions

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The study of deaths and injuries of medical and legal significance

Medico-Legal Pathology

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The study of the function of the human body as affected by disease.

Physiological Pathology

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Medico-Legal Pathology is also known as…

Forensic Pathology

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Importance of autopsy

Confirm medical diagnosis2. Amplify or reject the clinical diagnosis3. Advancement of medical knowledge 4. Medico-legal cases5. Medical statistics

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Autopsy is also known as…

necropsy or postmortem exam

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Differences between Coroner vs. Medical Examiner

Determination of jurisdiction (county where death occurred)2. Qualifications 3. Inquest

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a formal legal proceeding into the events and circumstances surrounding a particular death.

Inquest

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Coroner is a carry over from the…..

English common law system

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Inquest are needed in cases of….

unknown deaths ordeaths caused by violence

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Elected county officer who investigates and holds inquests over unknown deaths or deaths caused by violence.

J.P./Coroner

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Appointed…must have gone to school (MD) works with the police officers; works under coroner.

Medical examiner

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Texas does NOT use the term__________________, but has _______________ in those counties not large enough to have a ME’s office.

Coroner Justice of the Peace (J.P.)

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Difference with ordinary clinical autopsy (relation to clinical findings and diagnosis) vs. forensic autopsy. Forensic Autopsy will provide…

A. Absolute identification of the body.B. A description of the body and scene.C. A description of the clothingD. An unrestricted autopsy (prevention of future legal actions) a complete autopsy.

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Types of Unrestricted autopsy

Biochemical Microbiological scans Radiological scans

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toxicological

Biochemical

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Primary need of a forensic autopsy is to determine…

cause of death

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A minimum of ___________ must be listed on a death certificate.

One cause of death

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Three types or parts of death

ImmediateBasicContributory

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the thing responsible for death at the time of the terminal event (peritonitis)

Immediate cause of death

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the thing prior to and leading up to the terminal event (stab wounds)

basic cause of death

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the thing involved in but not causing the terminal event (leukemia) persons with leukemia have less blood clotting ability.

contributory cause of death

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GOK means

God only knows

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Failure to thrive means

infant not sucking on breast

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DIS

dead in the saddle

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the circumstances surrounding a particular death

manner of death

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Types of Mannerrs of death

Natural 2. Homicide3. Suicide4. Accident5. Unexplained (SIDS)6. Undetermined (decomposed)

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An explanation of the sequence of events leading up to the death.

mechanism of death

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recover and preserve this_____________

Evidence

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any abnormal condition which impairs the normal functioning of the body. It can affect the entire body or only one part of the body.

Definition of disease

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presence of microorganisms in or on the body.

Microbiological scans

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x-rays

Radiological scans

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The doctrine of cellular pathology was written by who? He is considered the father of pathology.

Virchow

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What does the doctrine of cellular pathology state?

“Just like the cell is the structural and functional unit of life. The cell is also the structural and functional unit of disease.”

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any disease of impaired function without change in structure. i.e. mental illness, color blindness.

Functional disease

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any disease in which definite structural changes accompany it.

Organic disease

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Any structural or functional change due to disease.

Lesion

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The identification of a specific disease.

Diagnosis

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Any disease in which the fever accompanying it is either excessively high and or lasts a prolonged period of time. Ex: Rickettsia infections- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - 107 15 - 20 days (2-3 weeks).

Febrile disease

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Disease state which occur at the same time or concurrently with another disease. Often times they are infectious in nature.

Complications

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Alcohol, steroids, poisoning, the exposure of the body to poisonous substances.

Intoxications

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Disease states which occur on second or subsequent exposure to the same allergen.

Allergies

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A forecast of the outcome of a particular disease.

Prognosis

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Subjective manifestation of a disease. They accompany the disease but are not measurable. Pain, headache.

Symptoms

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Objective manifestation of a disease. These are measurable. Vital signs, blood pressure, breathing.

Signs

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Any disease caused by a microorganism.

Infectious disease

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Any disease that occurs every now and then.

Sporadic disease

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Any disease that turns into a worldwide epidemic, flu.

Pandemic disease

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A disease that attacks a large number of people in a short period of time, i.e. chicken pox.

Epidemic

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Any disease that is continuously present i.e. common cold.

Endemic disease

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A set of both signs and symptoms accompanying a disease, i.e. Down’s syndrome (mongolism) SIDS.

Syndrome

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A sudden increase in the severity of a disease. “The patient has made a turn for the worse.” Conditions of patients are rated; good, fair, critical, grave condition. If a patient goes from fair to critical condition

Exacerbation

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Temporary absence of a particular disease. ie: Cancer

Remission (abatement)

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Any disease transmitted genetically - through the genes, i.e. hemophilia, dwarfism.

Hereditary disease

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Any disease caused by dietary or metabolic deficiency, i.e. diabetes mellitus scurvy (lack of vitamin C) Goiter (lack of iodine).

Deficiency disease

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Any disease with slow on set and long duration. ex: Carcinoma (cancer). Gout

Chronic

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Any disease present at birth. Does not have to be life threatening, i.e. cleft palate, polydactylism (more digits on hand or feet than normal).

Congenital disease

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Any disease obtained after birth.

Acquired disease

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Any disease that reappears now and then, fever blisters, cold sores.

Recurrent disease

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Any disease of unknown origin or cause. Essential hypertension.

Idiopathic disease

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Any disease in which a person’s occupation or profession makes them more susceptible to develop a particular disease. Hepatitis B, scrotal cancer, (chimney sweeps) anthrocosis (black lung disease) silicosis (sandblasting).

Occupational disease

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Any disease of sudden onset and short duration. ex: MI

Acute

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the study of the causes of disease

Etiology

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The divisions of the causes of disease

predisposing conditions exciting (immediate causes)

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conditions that make a person more susceptible or inclined to develop a particular disease.ex: Age (MS/Meningitis-children’s disease) (Alzheimer’s disease-elderly) (Sarcoma vs. Carcinoma-most 40-65) Sex (Prostate cancer-male) (Uterine & Ovarian cancer-female) (Gallbladder attack-mostly in women) Nutrition (Kwashiokor - protein deficiency) Race (Sickle cell anemia-Blacks) (TB-less in Eskimos) Occupation (Hepatitis B-Embalmers) (Scrotal cancer- chimney sweeps)

Predisposing conditions

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Any cause of disease that has established a cause/effect relationship

Exciting (immediate) causes

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coal miners disease…black lung diseaseIt is a type of occupational disease

Anthrocosis

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Hepatitis B is what type of disease?

Occupational

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Scrotal cancer is commonly a Recurrent Disease…TRUE OR FALSE?

FALSE…it is commonly an occupational disease

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any condition or disease induced/caused by treatment of a physician or medical personnel ex: leaving a pair of forceps in the body after surgery

Iatrogenic

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number of cases reported of a specific illness or disease in a given population.

Morbidity Rate

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MMWR stands for…..It is one of the most common reports that the morbidity rate of illnesses or diseases are posted in.

mortality and morbidity weekly report

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Number of deaths reported in a given population for a specific period of time.

Mortality Rate (Death Rate)

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Carcinoma is an example of what type of disease?

Chronic

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diabetes mellitus(lack of insulin) & scurvy (lack of vitamin C) is an example of what type of disease?

deficiency disease

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A common cold is a ______________ disease.

endemic

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dwarfism is what type of disease?

hereditary

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essential hypertension is what type of disease?

idiopathic

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polydactylism (more digits on hand or feet than normal) is a ______________ disease.

congenital

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A hereditary disease that is also known as the bleeder’s disease. It is mostly present in male offspring; is the absence of an essential clotting factor- Factor 8)

hemophilia

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The flu can be which two types of diseases?

Endemic & epidemic

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Allergies are also known as…

Hypersensitivities

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A death resulting from immediate severe allergic reaction.

Anaphylaxis

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Anaphylaxis is also known as…

anaphylactic shock

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also known as frequency. Number of incidents…how frequently an incident occurs.

Prevalence- Most commonly used as “how prevalent”

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Factors in predisposing conditions

Age Sex Nutrition Race Occupation

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any type of wound or injury

trauma

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disease due to dietary or metabolism in the systemex: albinisim

deficiencies

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not seen on first exposure. Seen on second or third exposure

allergens

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other factors of predisposing conditions

fatigue, general living conditions, plague, alcoholism, heredity, emotion, etc.

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mongolism (down’s syndrome), hemophilia, diabetes, dwarfism are examples of…

heredity

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foreign protein that triggers production of an incomplete antibody

allergen

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extremes of temperature-cold or heat. Radiation is also an example of this…

physical agents

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parasites, microorganisms are examples of…

infectious agents

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chemicals that are either immediately or eventually toxic or poisonous to the body.chemical reactions-has a cause and effect. Chemicals which induce a change in the human body.

chemical agents

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types of death with medico-legal potential

injury or death by violence2. sudden and/or unexpected death3. environmental deaths4. health, welfare, & safety5. medical litigation

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albinism is an example of what disease?

deficiencies disease

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complete absence of production of melanin

albinism

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types of cellular reactions (manners by which a body would respond to injury)

regressive tissue changesprogressive tissue changes

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an increase in size is what type of cellular reaction?

progressive tissue changes

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a decrease in size is what type of cellular reaction?

regressive tissue changes

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Types of regressive tissue changes

degeneration infiltrationnecrosisatrophy

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type of regressive tissue change in which there is an accumulation or buildup of a substance INTRACELLULARLY (within) the protoplasm of cells.

degeneration

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degeneration is….

intracellular

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we diffrentiate types of degeneration according to the type of _________ that is _______

substanceaccumulated

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most common type of degeneration.similar to edema. this fluid is between cells. Intracellular, cloudy swelling, There is a temporary accumulation or buildup of fluid within the protoplasm of cells.

cellular (cloudy) swelling

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fatty change-fatty metamorphosis-abnormal accumulation of fat within the protoplasm of normal cells.

fatty degeneration

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fat in liver cells affects the _______. This would be called __________

liverliver dysfunction (fatty liver degeneration)

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intracellular accumulation or buildup of amyloid within the normal protoplasm of cells.Commonly seen in TB - Typically, in adults, it begins in the lungs. Osteomyelitis - inflammation of the spongey bone marrow inside bones. Infectious disease.

Amyloid disease

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a waxy starch like substance

amyloid

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These two disease are commonly seen in relation to amyloid disease…

TBOsteomyelitis

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type of regressive tissue change in which there is an accumulation or buildup of a substance intercellularly (between the cells)

Infiltration

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means within the cells

intracellular

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means between the cells

intercellular

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inflammation of the spongey bone marrow inside bones. Infectious disease.

Osteomyelitis

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accumulation or buildup of a pigmented or colored substance

pigmentation

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types of infiltration

pigmentationcalcification gout

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accumulation of a pigmented or colored substance which originated outside the body

exogenous pigmentation

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tattoos, plumbism, (color change along gum line from high elements of lead) anthracosis (cole miner’s disease-black lung), bismuth poisoning (caused from high dosages over time of bismuth-pepto) are examples of…

exogenous pigmentation

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a disease that causes a color change along the gum line…from high elements of lead is called

plumbism

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cole miner’s disease also called black lung disease is…

anthracosis

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abnormal accumulation of pigmented or colored substance that is naturally present or produced within the body

endogenous pigmentation

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jaundice, freckles, moles, albinism, birthmarks

endogenous pigmentation

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types of pigmentation

exogenousendogenous

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increased localized amounts of melanin. Usually a lighter shade of brown.

freckles

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benign pigmented tumors usually a darker shade of brown.

moles

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complete absence of melanin production

albinism

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these are usually shades of red (port wine color)type of benign tumor of blood vascular tissue.

birthmarks

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accumulation or buildup of calcium salts between the cell fibers, as in sclerotic vessels.This is also the natural way the body heals bone fractures.

calcification

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calcification is also known as…

calcareous infiltration

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excess uric acid, especially seen in big toe

gout

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process by which you have a localized area of necrotic or dead tissue present during life

necrosis

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causes of necrosis..

insufficient blood supply2. physical agent-temperature extremes, radiation3. chemical gents4. loss of nerve supply

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type of dead tissue which is cheese-like in appearance. Has a unique odor. As seen in TB

caseous necrosis

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difference between infarction and necrosis…

need to look up

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types of necrosis

caseousgangreneDecubitus ulcer

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most famous type of necrosis.

gangrene

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types of gangrene

moistdry gas

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true gangrene, since saprophytes are present and invade the tissue. There is a foul odor present since saprophytes are present. This is the worst possible type of gangrene

moist

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It fits this four word definition…ischemic necrosis (localized area of dead tissue that has been caused by the reduction in arterial blood supply ) plus putrefaction. This is why it is considered true.

moist gangrene

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Which gangrene is commonly called TRUE GANGRENE?

moist gangrene

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localized area of dead tissue present in a living body

necrosis

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reduction in arterial blood supply

ischemic

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the decomposition of proteins in an anaerobic environment (absence of oxygen)

putrefaction

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4 word definition for true gangrene?

ischemic necrosis plus putrefaction

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organisms that obtain their food from dead matter

saprophytes

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false gangrene; no saprophytes present; no order; nice line of demarcation.

dry gangrene

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since saprophytes have not invaded dry gangrene it spreads_________

slowly

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only type that is infectious, caused by clostridium perfringens during life; microorganisms cause tissue gas in death

gas gangrene

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a bacteria which can cause spores

perfringens

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which type of gangrene is the ONLY type that is infectious

gas gangrene

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gas gangrene is caused by which of the following type of microorganisms

bacteria (perfringens)

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bedsores caused by pressure points which restrict blood flow.

decubitus ulcer

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dead epithelial tissue

ulcer

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absence or lack of growthA decrease in size of a body part or organ that previously was of normal size.

atrophy

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decrease in size of a body part or organ due to decreased functional demand

physiological atrophy

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types of atrophy

physiologicalpathological

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types of gangrene

moistdry gas

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types of degeneration

cellularfatty degeneration amyloid disease

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forms of physiological atrophy

thymus glandsenile atrophybreasts after lactation

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located at the base of the neck. Largest and most active during infancy.

Thymus gland

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the progressive shrinkage of all organs as part of the natural aging process.

Senile atrophy

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decrease in size due to disease

pathological atrophy

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examples of pathological atrophyCHECK ACCURACY OF THIS CARD

anorexia nervosa cancerdisease of a body part (muscle) which will decrease in size.

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body’s total response to any injury.

INFLAMMATION

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Function of inflammation

protection of the body

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If possible, inflammation will…

a. Destroy the causative agent.b. Limit the area affected.c. Begin the process of repair - the process to replace destroyed cells with new ones (scar tissue), but not the same as the destroyed cells.

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Causes of inflammation

Physical irritants2. Chemical irritants3. Infectious agents4. Immunological reaction

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extremes of temperature - hot or cold.Radiation which is cumulative.

Physical irritants

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an exposure to chemical.

Chemical irritants

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any type of microscopic pathogens.

Infectious agents

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allergic reaction to a immunological shot (autoimmune disease).

Immunological reaction

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Process of inflammation

Hyperemia (congestion) vascular2. Exudation

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The shipment of access blood to the injured body part or organ.

Hyperemia (congestion) vascular

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the oozing of fluids at the level of the capillaries.

Exudation

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the liquid that is oozed in inflammation

Exudate

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Types of exudates….

Purulent (suppurative)2. Hemorrhagic3. Serous

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exudates which contain pus

purulent (suppurative)

dead and living white blood cells and dead and living bacteria

pus

exudate which contains blood

hemorrhagic

exudate which does not contain pus, it is clear

serous

cardinal signs and/or symptoms with inflammation should be __________________

temporary

cardinal signs and/or symptoms of inflammation

Heat Redness Swelling PainAltered function

concerning inflammation….CALOR (INCREASED TEMPERATURE)

HEAT

concerning inflammation…RUBOR

REDNESS

concerning inflammation…TUMOR (SHOULD BE TEMPORARY)

SWELLING

concerning inflammation…DOLOR

PAIN

concerning inflammation…FUNCTIO LAESA

ALTERED FUNCTION

Inflammatory lesions

abscessphlegmonvesiclefurunclecarbunclesfistulaulcerpustule

localized collection of pus.

Abscess

cellulitis, a diffuse or wide spread inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue. Appears as a red streak located and growing just under the surface of the skin.

Phlegmon

blister, a small or slight elevation on the surface of the skin filled with serous or non-purulent fluid (does not contain pus).

Vesicle

non-communicating boil, an abscess of a hair follicle or sweat gland.

Furuncle

several communicating boils where the drainage of the hair follicle or sweat gland are shared.

Carbuncles

abnormal passageway. Occurs mostly in the lower digestive tract. Can occur between parts of a body or from a body part to the outside.

Fistula

localized area of necrotic opithel - three common sites

Ulcer

3 common sites of ulcers

Upper GI tract, stomach or duodenum2. Toes on diabetics3. Decubitus ulcer - bedsore

Slight elevation of the surface of the skin which contains pus. (Pimple, whitehead, or black head) usually an oil gland.

Pustule

outcomes of inflammation

resolutionregenerationrepair

types of regeneration

physiological pathological

a part of the outcome which signals the end of the exudation stage or inflammation stage.

Resolution

the replacement of damaged or diseased cells with the exact cells making it up.

Regeneration

Regeneration due to increased functional demand.

Physiological

Regeneration due to disease

Pathological

connective tissue cells. The replacement of damaged or diseased cells with healthy new cells with connective tissue cells or by surgery -results in scar tissue.

Repair

itis means…

inflammation

cyst means…

bladder or sac

chole means….

bile

types of inflammation in the nervous system

encephalitismyelitismeningitispoliomyelitisneuritis

inflammation of the brain

Encephalitis

inflammation of the spinal cord.

Myelitis

inflammation of the 3 layer membrane of the brain and spinal cord.

Meningitis

inflammation of the gray matter portion of the spinal cord.

Poliomyelitis

inflammation of a neuron or nerve cell.

Neuritis

types of inflammation in the respiratory system

rhinitispharyngitissinusitislaryngitispleuritistracheitisbronchitispneumonitis

inflammation of the nasal mucosa

Rhinitis

(mucusmembrane of the lining of the nasal cavity)

nasal mucosa

inflammation of the pharynx a sore throat

pharyngitis

inflammation of one or more sets of the paranasal sinuses

sinusitis

near or along the nasal cavities

paranasal sinuses

inflammation of the larynx or voice box

laryngitis

inflammation of the pleura

pleuritis

pleuritis is also called…

pleurisy

a thin membrane that surrounds the lungs

pleura (pleural space or cavity)

inflammation of the trachea or windpipe

tracheitis

inflammation of one or both of the bronchi (two) or bronchus (one)

bronchitis

inflammation of or infection of lung tissue itself

pneumonitis

types of pneumonitis

lobar pneumonia (one portion of the lung)bronchial pneumoniaviral pneumonia

types of inflammation in the digestive system

stomatitisglossitisgingivitisesophagitisgastritisenteritisdiverticulitiscolitisproctitisperitonitispancreatitishepatitischolecystitischolangitisappendicitis

inflammation of the mouth

stomatitis

inflammation of the tongue

glossitis

inflammation of the gums

gingivitis

inflammation of the esophagus

esophagitis

muscular tube that conveys food from the throat to the stomach

esophagus

inflammation of the stomach

gastritis

inflammation of the small intestines

enteritis

inflammation of the diverticulum or intestinal hernia

diverticulitis

inflammation of the colon

colitis

longest division of the large intestines

colon

types of colitis

amebiculcerative (psychosomatic disorder)

inflammation of the rectum

proctitis

inflammation of the peritoneum

peritonitis

membrane which surrounds the abdominal viscera

peritoneum

inflammation of the pancreas

pancreatitis

a heterocrine gland that breaks down food and releases insulin into blood to control sugar levels

pancreas

inflammation of the liver

hepatitis

inflammation of the sac containing bile or gallbladder

cholecystitis

inflammation of one or more of the bile ducts

cholangitis

inflammation of the vermiform appendix

appendicitis

snakelike

vermiform

Types of inflammation in the Genital & Urinary System

Pyelitis Pyelonephritis Glomerulonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Orchitis Prostatitis Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Endocervicitis Vaginitis

inflammation of the renal pelvis.

Pyelitis

inflammation of the structural and functional unit of the kidney caused by pyogenic bacteria.

Pyelonephritis

inflammation of the Vagina or birth canal.

Vaginitis

inflammation of the endocervic

Endocervicitis

the inner most layer of the lower neck structure of the cervix.

endocervic

pus forming

pyogenic

inflammation of the little tufted capillaries of the structural and functional unit of the kidneys.

Glomerulonephritis

little tufted capillaries of kidneys

(glomerulus)

inflammation of the tube that urine between the kidney and urinary bladder conveys.

Ureteritis

inflammation of the urinary bladder.

Cystitis

inflammation of the endometrium, the inner most or vascular layer of the uterus

Endometritis

inflammation of one or both of the fallopian tubes.

Salpingitis

inflammation of the single tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body.

Urethritis

inflammation of one or both of the male gonads (testis).

Orchitis

inflammation of the prostate gland.

Prostatitis

inflammation of one or both of the ovaries (female sex gland).

Oophoritis

types of inflammation of the Cardiovascular System

pericarditismyocarditisendocarditisarteritisphlebitisthrombophlebitis

inflammation of the vein caused by an attached blood clot during life.

Thrombophlebitis

inflammation of the vein.

Phlebitis

inflammation of the artery

Arteritis

what can cause arteritis

angiograms

inflammation of the pericardium

Pericarditis

the sack surrounding the heart.

pericardium

inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart.

Myocarditis

inflammation of the inner most layer of the heart. The heart valves are made from this tissue.

Endocarditis

types of inflammation of the Skin and Skeletomuscular System

dermatitisbursitisosteomyelitisarthritis

inflammation of the skin - contact delayed reaction.

Dermatitis

inflammation of the bursa

Bursitis

the tiny sac filled with a lubricant for the joints.

bursa

inflammation of the sponge bone and marrow.

Osteomyelitis

inflammation of the joints.

Arthritis

types of inflammation of the Lymphatic System

tonsillitislymphangitis

inflammation of the lymph vessel.

Lymphangitis

-inflammation of the one or more of the three sets of tonsils. Tissue between the mouth and throat.

Tonsillitis

A circulatory disturbanceA disease in which a person has excess amounts of tissue fluid present in the body

Edema (Dropsy)

substance which bathes and surrounds the body cells.

Tissue fluids

causes of edema

a. Increased permeability of the capillaries. The capillaries are allowing too much fluid in and not enough out. The cells are swelling.b. Increased capillary pressure due to venous obstruction or heart failure.c. Inflammatory conditions - due to injury.d. Fluid / electrolyte problems – post surgical problems

Examples of edema

Anasarca AscitesHydrothorax Hydropericardium Hydrocele Hydro-cephalus

Type of edemageneralized edema – edema scattered throughout the entire body

Anasarca

Type of edema excess tissue fluid in the abdominal cavity or peritoneal cavity.

Ascites

Type of edemaexcess tissue fluid in the thoracic or plural cavity.

Hydrothorax

Type of edemaexcess tissue fluid in the sack that surrounds the heart.

Hydropericardium

Type of edemaexcess fluid or edema of a sacculated cavity. Affects the scrotum in males

Hydrocele

Type of edemaexcess fluid in the cranial cavity - water on the brain. Affects the nervous system. Most commonly reported more in children than adults.

Hydro-cephalus

A circulatory disturbanceexcess blood in a body part or organ

Hyperemia (congestion)

types of hyperemia

Physiological hyperemiaPathological hyperemia Active hyperemia Passive hyperemia

types of hyperemiae.g., blushing - excess blood in a body part or organ due to increased functional demand.

Physiological hyperemia

types of hyperemiae.g., cyanosis - excess blood in a body part or organ due to disease

Pathological hyperemia

types of hyperemiaexcess blood in a body part or organ brought there by the arteries

Active hyperemia

types of hyperemiaexcess blood in a body part or organ due to venous obstruction, an obstruction which is present in the veins. Passive hyperemia is always pathologic.

Passive hyperemia

reddish blue discoloration seen in the tissues due to lack of oxygen

Cyanosis

a circulatory disturbancea reduction in the arterial blood supply to a body part or organ

Ischemia

the most common cause of ischemia is?

the presence of an attached blood clot present in an artery.

if left untreated, what is the effect of ischemia?

death - infarction (death of tissue due to interference of blood supply).

a circulatory disturbancethe process by which there is the presence of an attached blood clot during life.

Thrombosis

single blood clot

Thrombus

two or more blood clots

Thrombi

causes of thrombosis (4)

a. Injuries to blood vessels.b. Slower or reduced rate of blood flow.c. Alterations in blood composition.d. Blood diseases - becoming thin from within such as leukemia.

locations of thrombi

a. Veins b. Arteriesc. chambers of the heart

the most common site for thrombi

veins

thrombi in the lower extremities would cause

DVTdeep vein thrombosis

the least common site for thrombi

chambers of the heart

the chambers of the heart is the least common site for thrombi. Why?

they were shipped to the heart from another part of the body

when a thrombi changes location it becomes?

mural

a thrombi becoming mural (or changing location) is the greatest risk because?

the attached blood clot has become infected, and once it becomes infected, it will spread

consequences of thrombi depend on what?

where it is located

a consequence of thrombosisthrombosis present in the artery – causes reduction in arterial blood supply. Restricts blood flow

ischemia

the most common consequence of thrombosis. Present in the vein.

Passive hyperemia

a consequence of thrombosisdeath of the tissue caused by interference in blood supply - ischemic necrosis + putrefaction

gangrene

a circulatory disturbancethe process by which there is a free floating object in the blood stream during life.

Embolism

a single free floating object in the blood during life

embolus

one or more objects in the blood during life

emboli

types of embolism

a. Fragments of thrombi b. Bacteria c. Tumors d. Animal parasites e. Fat f. Gas g. Foreign bodies

types of embolisma clot that detaches or breaks off. The most common type of an embolism.

Fragments of thrombi

types of embolismpresent in the blood stream during life. Blood poisoning

Bacteria

types of embolism swelling; an abnormal growth. Malignant or non-malignant. Begins as free floating in the blood stream. Spread by the blood or lymph system.

Tumors

types of embolismfree floating in the blood stream.

Animal parasites

types of embolismfat cells free floating in the blood stream.

Fat

types of embolismair free floating in the blood stream.

gas

types of embolismsmall pieces of glass or metal free floating in the blood stream.

Foreign bodies

Consequences of embolism

a. Ischemia - reduction in arterial blood supply.b. Infarction - localized area of dead tissue caused by interference of blood supply.c. Spread of infection or neoplasm (new growth).d. Necrosis - dead tissue, i.e. heart.

a circulatory disturbanceloss of blood from the vascular system. A human can lose no more than half (1/2) without irreversible damage or death.

hemorrhage

Methods of hemorrhage

Rhexis or Diapedesis

loss of blood by rupture of a blood vessel. Rupture of one of the chambers of the heart

rhexis

loss of blood by squeezing through the pores of the capillaries

Diapedesis

Causes of hemorrhage

a. Trauma - wound or injuryb. Vascular diseases of the blood vesselsc. Hypertension - high blood pressured. Blood diseases - plethora - excess amount of circulating blood

Related terms (3)Size of the hemorrhage

Petechia Echymosis Hematoma

pinpoint hemorrhages;, smallest of the hemorrhages in terms of size; commonly seen in cancer patients (think of petite)

Petechia

medium sized hemorrhage (bruise or black and blue spot). Most famous sites- long term IV or a shiner (black eye)

Echymosis

a tumor like mass of lost blood. Largest of the hemorrhages in terms of size(Pool of blood such as a gun shot wound).(hema-huge-largest)

Hematoma

Location of the hemorrhage (10)

Epistaxis Hemoptysis Hematemesis Melena Hemothorax Hemoperitoneum Hematuria Exsanguination Hemopericardium Hemophilia

Location of the hemorrhagenose bleed, blood coming from the nasal cavity

Epistaxis

Location of the hemorrhageblood brought up in sputum from the respiratory tract. (Emphysema)

Hemoptysis

Location of the hemorrhage vomiting of blood. Blood in the vomit from the digestive tract.

Hematemesis

Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in feces (the stool.) Intestinal tract, the stool color changes from brown to black. (Colon cancer, diverticulitis)

Melena

Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in the thoracic cavity or plural cavity.

Hemothorax

Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in the peritoneal cavity or abdominal cavity.

Hemoperitoneum

Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in the urine or urinary tract, urinary tract infection.

Hematuria

Location of the hemorrhagemassive loss of blood which usually results in death or irreversible damage. The body cannot loose more than 1/2 of the blood volume, without death or irreversible damage

Exsanguination

Location of the hemorrhageexcess blood in the sack surrounding the heart.

Hemopericardium

Location of the hemorrhagean affinity for blood. The bleeder’s disease. A heredity disease only found in males characterized by the absence or a deficiency of an essential clotting factor, factor 8.

Hemophilia

Postmortem conditions in regards to circulatory disturbances

Diminished circulation 2. Abscesses 3. Hemorrhages 4. Emaciation/ Dehydration 5. Rapid decomposition 6. Discoloration Intravascular and/or extravascular.

diminished circulation postmortem is due to

the hardening of the arteries

a postmortem circulatory disturbance localized collection of pus

abscess

occurring postmortemmassive loss of blood can cause generalized circulatory shock.

hemorrhages

the wasting away or loss of tissue

emaciation

loss of moisture from the body.

dehydration

postmortem hypostasis which causes livor mortis (reddish blue discoloration) which is an intravascular blood discoloration. Can be usually removed by embalming.

blood discoloration after death outside the intravascular system. This is a cosmetic problem.

extravascular

National board question: What is considered the most permanent blood discoloration?

Post mortem extravascular (post mortem stain)

localized or generalized. Affects one part of the body or the entire body.

Circulatory Disturbance

edema is also called…

Dropsy

hyperemia is also called…

congestion

process by which there is a localized area of dead tissue caused by the interference of blood supply

infarction

a localized area of dead tissue caused by interference of blood supply. Those appear white when present in living tissue.

Infarct

new growth

neoplasm

bleeding…

hemorrhage

an abnormal new growth

neoplasms (tumors)

Enclosed sac-like pouches that have a definite wall.Usually containing a liquid, solid, or semi-solid material

Cysts

Types of cysts

Duarian cystSebaccous cyst

abnormal sac-like pouch present on the ovary.

Duarian cyst

type of duarian cyst

dermoid

duarian cyst also called…

ovarian cyst

a rare ovarian (duarian) cyst that contains a waxy tissue and other structures not normally foundex: teeth or hair follicles

dermoid cyst

an abnormal sac-like structure located on a oil gland

sebaccous

oil glands are also called

sebaceous glands

An increase in size of a body part or organ by an increase in size of the cells already present.Excessive growth

hypertrophy

sebaccous cysts are also called…

wen

an abnormal sac-like structure

tumor

types of hypertrophy

physiologicalpathologicalcompensatory

increase in size of a body part or organ due to increased functional demand

physiological hypertrophy

Breast tissue due to lactation. The increase in size of the female uterus in preparation of pregnancy.

physiological hypertrophy

an increase in size of a body part or organ due to disease

pathological hypertrophy

Wilm’s tumor and brain tumor is an example of what?

pathological hypertrophy

a rare tumor of the kidney in children

Wilm’s tumor

increase in size of a body part or organ to compensate or make up for the loss of a similar or paired organ

compensatory hypertrophy

increase in size of a body part or organ by an increase in the total number of cells making it up.

hyperplasia

What type of change is hyperplasia?

Progressive tissue change

oat cell carcinoma is an example of

metaplasia

classifications of neoplasms

clinicalhistological

state of disease

clinical

types of states of disease (clinical)

benignmalignant

A suffix of “oma” generally means that it is a _____________ tumorNOT ALWAYS

benign

ALL malignant tumors left untreated will _______________

kill

generally a suffix of sarcoma or carcinoma

malignant

malignant tumor of epithelial tissue occurring in persons 45-60

carcinoma

breast cancer or lung cancer are examples of what type of tumor

carcinoma

bone cancer is an example of what type of tumor

sarcoma

malignant tumor or connective tissue in persons under 30

sarcoma

generally, a benign tumor will NOT…

kill you

tissue of origin; what tissue it originated first.Shown by its prefix or the stem of the word

histological

characteristics of benign neoplasms

a. Grow by expansion.b. Don’t metastasize - don’t spread.c. Don’t recur after surgery - removal or treatment.d. Don’t cause great tissue damage.e. Resemble original tissue of origin.

characteristics of malignant neoplasms

a. Grow by the called infiltrationb. Metastasize (spread)c. Can reoccur after surgery.d. Cause extensive tissue damage.e. No resemblance to original tissue of origin.

take over existing tissue

infiltration

process by which a malignancy spreads itself to other parts of the body. Usually by means of the lymph or blood stream

metastisize

Types of BENIGN neoplasms

Epithelial tissue2. Muscle tissue3. Connective tissue4. Nervous tissue

lining tissue…also the inner most tissue

epithelial tissue

Types of BENIGN EPITHELIAL TISSUE…

Adenoma2. Papilloma3. Nevus

glandular- a benign tumor of glandular epithelial

adenoma

a benign tumor of epithelial that appears as a pedestal “stalk-like” growth.

Papilloma

papilloma is also known as…

polyp

most frequently in the nasal cavity or intestinal track

papilloma

a benign pigmented tumor. a shade of brown or black. localized and well defined

nevus

nevus is also called…

mole

Types of BENIGN MUSCLE TISSUE

Rhabdomyoma2. Leiomyoma

a benign tumor of tissue used for movement.

muscle tissue

benign muscle tissue is also called…

myoma

a benign tumor of skeletal muscle tissue

rhabdomyoma

a benign tumor of sooth muscle tissue

leiomyoma

Types of BENIGN CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Osteoma2. Chondroma3. Lipoma4. Angioma5. Fibroma

benign tumor of bone

osteoma

benign tumor of cartilage.

chondroma

cartilage is a form of…..

connective tissue

a benign tumor of fatty connective tissue

lipoma

a benign tumor of vascular tissue

angioma

types of Angiomas

Hemangioma2. Lymphangloma

a benign tumor of blood vascular tissue

hemangioma

example of hemangioma….usually a shade of red.

birthmarks

a benign tumor of lymph vascular tissue….usually a shade of white or yellow.

lymphangloma

a benign tumor of fibrous connective tissue

fibroma

benign tumor that originates in the movement of neurons

nervous tissue

benign nervous tissue is also called…

neuroma

Types of MALIGNANT neoplasms

Epithelial tissue2. Connective tissue3. Muscle tissue4. Nervous tissue

indicate a malignant tumor that originates in any type of epithelial tissue

carcinoma

types of carcinoma

Melanoma2.Squamous cell3. Adenocarcinoma4. Transitional cell carcinoma5. Bascel cell carcinoma

a malignant pigmented tumor.

melanoma

(makes up skin tissue). A malignant tumor of squamous cell epithelia

squamous cell

most common name given for squamous cell is …..

skin cancer

Squamous cell is the most ________ reported form of _________________ in adults

frequentlymalignant tumors

gland - a malignant tumor of glandular epithelia.

Adenocarcinoma

most famous form of Adenocarcinoma…

breast cancer

a malignant tumor of transitional cell epithelia

transitional cell carcinoma

common form of transitional cell carcinoma

bladder cancer

a malignant tumor of bascel cell epithelia tissue.

bascel cell carcinoma

_______________ is the most lethal site of bascel cell carcinoma malignancy in ADULTS (MALE & FEMALE)

lung cancer

______________is the most lethal site of bascel cell carcinoma malignancy in CHILDREN

Leukemia

Type of MALIGNANT connective tissue

Sarcoma

Types of Sarcoma

Osteosarcoma2. Chondrosarcoma3. Liposarcoma4. Fibrosarcoma5. Angiosarcoma6. Lymphoma

malignant tumor of bone

osteosarcoma

example of osteosarcoma

bone cancer

malignant tumor of cartilage

chondrosarcoma

What is a benign tumor of connective tissue?

Chondroma

malignant tumor of fatty connective tissue

liposarcoma

What do you call a tumor that infiltrates fatty connective tissue?

liposarcoma

malignant tumor of fibrous connective tissue

fibrosarcoma

malignant tumor of vascular tissue- blood or lymph

angiosarcoma

types of angiosarcoma

Hemangiosarcoma2. Lymphangiosarcoma

malignant tumor of blood vascular tissue

hemangiosarcoma

malignant tumor of lymph vascular tissue

lymphangiosarcoma

malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue

lymphoma

Three tumors that end in “oma”, which indicates a malignant tumor

Melanoma2. Lymphoma3. Glioma

example of Lymphoma

Hodgkin’s disease

an enlarged cervical lymphoid usually on the left side of the neck in young adult males

Hodgkin’s disease

still has a malignant tumor, but it does not present itself in young males…malignant tumor in the spleen

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

The largest mass of lymphoid tissue in body is the_________

spleen

the largest and most active lymphoid tissue during INFANCY is the ____________

thymus gland

Sarcoma is also used for malignant tumor of ______________ as well as ____________.

muscle tissueconnective tissue

Malignant muscle tissue also known as

myosarcoma

Types of MALIGNANT muscle tissue

Rhabdomyosarcoma2. Leiomyosarcoma

malignant tumor of skeletal muscle tissue

Rhabdomyosarcoma

malignant tumor of visceral (smooth) muscle tissue

Leiomyosarcoma

example of Leiomyosarcoma

Esophageal cancer

malignant tumor of the nervous tissue

glioma

most common example of glioma is…

brain tumor

type of cancer that DOES NOT end in sarcoma

Leukemia

in adults, the leading cause of death resulting from cancer, regardless of sex is________

lung cancer

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