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pathology... Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacterial typical reproduction is by?

A

binary fission (simple transverse division) an asexual means

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2
Q

What are the conditions affecting bacterial growth?

A
  1. Food requirements2. Oxygen requirements3. Moisture (water) requirements4. pH5. Temperature requirements6. Effect of light on bacterial growth7. Osmotic pressure
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3
Q

Effect of light on bacterial growth

A

UV light is bactericidal

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4
Q

Factors influencing virulence

A
  1. toxin production2. enzymes3. capsules4. endospores
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5
Q

Portals of entry & exit of pathogens

A
  1. Skin & mucous membranes- staph.2. Respiratory tract- TB, pneumonia3. Digestive tract- cholera, dysentery4. Genito-urinary tract (GUT)- STD’s5. Placenta- rubella (German measles)
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6
Q

Vehicles of exit of pathogens

A
  1. Feces- dysentery, cholera2. Urine- U.T. infections, STD’s; purulent (cloudy) appearance3. Semen4. Vaginal secretions- yeast infections5. Sputum 6. Saliva- cytomegalovirus (CID)7. Blood- hepatitis A & B8. Pus & lesion exudates- skin, abscesses, decubitus ulcers9. Tears
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7
Q

Factors influencing the occurrence of an infection

A
  1. Portal of entry of the pathogens & elective localization2. Number of organisms- greater number that attack, the more likely you are to catch it3. Virulence of the organisms4. Resistance of the host
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8
Q

An infection in which the causative agent comes from outside the body

A

Exogenous

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9
Q

An infection which is caused by microorganisms which are normally present within the body

A

Endogenous

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10
Q

an infection of sudden onset and short duration (meningococcemia)

A

Acute

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11
Q

an infection of slow onset and long duration (Alzheimer’s)

A

Chronic

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12
Q

An infection capable of being transmitted, either directly or indirectly, from host to host. Contagious means highly communicable

A

Communicable

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13
Q

An infection that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in a community Ex: cold flu

A

Endemic

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14
Q

An infection which attacks a large number of people in a community in a short period of time

A

Epidemic

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15
Q

Worldwide epidemic; an infection which becomes an epidemic in a number of countries at the same time ex: flu in 1919 killed 20 million

A

Pandemic

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16
Q

An infection which occurs only occasionally (now and then) in a community (Legionnaire’s disease; 4 corners region=Hantavirus)

A

Sporadic

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17
Q

the initial (first) infection of a mixed infection

A

Primary

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18
Q

an infection due to two or more organisms ex: 2 or more infections occurring at the same time

A

Mixed

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19
Q

the second and generally more complicating infection in a mixed infection

A

Secondary

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20
Q

an infection in which the pathogenic organisms remain confined to a particular area (abscessed tooth)

A

Local

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21
Q

an infection confined to a particular area, but from which the bacteria spread to other parts of the body

A

Focal

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22
Q

Infection throughout, spread generally over the body by the bloodstream or lymphatic system (septicemia/sepsis)

A

General

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23
Q

a condition in which bacteria are in the bloodstream but are not multiplying there

A

Bacteremia

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24
Q

Invasion of the bloodstream by pathogenic organisms with their subsequent multiplication therein. Common name is “blood poisoning” (sepsis)

A

Septicemia

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25
Q

the presence of toxins (poisonous substances) in the blood

A

Toxemia

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26
Q

an infection which occurs during the course of a chronic disease and causes death

A

Terminal

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27
Q

The presence of infectious material, without a reaction necessarily being produced. This term can also refer to inanimate objects (fomite)

A

Contamination

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28
Q

The invasion of the body by macroscopic parasites; those able to be seen with the unaided eye (maggots)

A

Infestation

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29
Q

the ability of a microorganism to produce disease. Attenuation implies a weakening or reduction in the virulence of a microorganism

A

Virulence

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30
Q

Diseases caused by infectious agent that can be transmitted between (or are shared by) animals and humans (malaria; encephalitis)

A

Zoonotic

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31
Q

A hospital-acquired infection; one obtained while in the hospital (staph)

A

Nosocomial

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32
Q

Literally, pus in the blood; a form of septicemia cause by cryogenic (pus-forming) bacteria

A

Pyemia

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33
Q

A sudden, severe and overwhelming infection, such as spinal meningitis

A

Fulminating

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34
Q

infection throughout the body, having been spread by the bloodstream or lymphatic system

A

Generalized

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35
Q

A seemingly inactive infection; it is apparently held in check by the body’s defense but may spread when the body resistance is reduced (cold sores, syphilis)

A

Latent

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36
Q

an infection in which the clinical symptoms are not recognized or immediately detectable (TB)

A

Inapparent

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37
Q

an infection in which all the symptoms are easily recognized (rubella)

A

Typical mumps

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38
Q

An infection in which all symptoms are not easily recognizable, meaning that it could be confused with another infection

A

Atypical

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39
Q

any microorganism that causes disease in man. A non-pathogen does not cause disease in man

A

Pathogens

40
Q

Normal FloraOpportunistsStrict (obligate) pathogens

A

Types of Pathogens

41
Q

Microorganisms that live and grow in and on the human body. Most are non-pathogens

A

Normal Flora/ Indigenous flora

42
Q

Microorganisms that produce infection only under especially favorable conditions, that is, they await the right opportunity to cause infection. Pathogens contained in a person’s normal flora are usually opportunists since they alone cannot penetrate unbroken skin

A

Opportunists

43
Q

microorganisms that will cause an infection in man every time that a person is exposed to them. they are never a part of one’s normal flora (streptococcus pyogenes)

A

Strict (obligate) pathogens

44
Q

a method of asexual reproduction involving halving of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell followed by the development of each half into a new individual

A

Binary Fission

45
Q

has everything it needs to reproduce on its own

A

asexual reproduction

46
Q

a visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium, presumably arising from a single microorganism (nutrient broth, blood agar)

A

Bacterial colony

47
Q

self nourishing bacteria; obtain there food from an organic matter, does not contain carbon

A

Autotrophic bacteria

48
Q

other than self nourishing; organisms that must obtain their nourishment from complex organic matter; does contain carbon

A

Heterotrophic bacteria

49
Q

an organism that can only survive on dead or decaying organic matter

A

Strict (obligate) saprophytes

50
Q

an organism that is completely dependent on its living host for survival

A

Strict (obligate) parasite

51
Q

a microbe that can only live in the presence of free oxygen (Humans)

A

Strict (obligate) aerobe

52
Q

a microbe that can only survive in the absence of free oxygen (Clostridium/ gang-green)

A

Strict (obligate) anaerobe

53
Q

a microorganism that requires very little free oxygen (a level less that is required for humans)

A

Microaerophilic

54
Q

percentage of Hydrogen ion in solution; slightly alkaline for most pathogens

A

pH

55
Q

organisms that can live in the presence or absense or oxygen

A

Facultative bacteria

56
Q

lowest temperature at which any organism could live

A

Minimum temperature

57
Q

highest temperature at which any organism could live

A

Maximum temperature

58
Q

temperature at which any organism grows best at

A

Optimum temperature

59
Q

organisms that grow best at cold temperatures below 20 degrees C

A

Psychrophiles (cryophiles)

60
Q

most pathogens organisms that prefer moderate temperature and develop best at temperatures between 20 and 40 degrees C

A

Mesophiles

61
Q

organisms that thrive best at high temperatures, above 40 degrees C

A

Thermophiles

62
Q

pressure that develops when two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane

A

Osmotic pressure

63
Q

this solution is important to study bacterial cells & red blood cells

A

Isotonic

64
Q

excess solute (water leaves the cells cause shrinkage)

A

Hypertonic

65
Q

shrinkage of bacterial cells when placed in a hypertonic solution

A

Plasmolysis

66
Q

shrinkage of red blood cells when placed in a hypertonic solution

A

Crenation

67
Q

less solute than normal (water enters the cells causing them to burst)

A

Hypotonic

68
Q

bursting of bacterial cells when placed in a hypotonic solution

A

Plasmoptysis

69
Q

bursting of red blood cells when placed in a hypotonic solution

A

Hemolysis

70
Q

living together; organisms live in close nutritional relationships; required by one or both members

A

Symbiosis

71
Q

of benefit to all, a relationship which organisms of two different species live in close association to the mutual benefit of each.

A

Mutualism

72
Q

of benefit to one, with no effect on the other, (Ex: normal flora) the symbiotic relationship of two organisms of different species in which one gains some benefit such as protection or nourishment and the other is not harmed or benefited.

A

Commensalism

73
Q

of benefit to one, harmful to the other, an interactive relationship between two organisms in which one is harmed and the other benefits

A

Parasitism

74
Q

a relationship between 2 or more microorganisms which produces an effect, be it good or bad, not possible by each one alone

A

Synergism

75
Q

a relationship between 2 or more microorganisms in which the presence of one inhibits the growth of the other; mutual opposition or contrary action

A

Antagonism

76
Q

the entry, establishment and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host

A

Infection

77
Q

the ability of an organism to cause infection in man; the state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease

A

Pathogenicity

78
Q

a weakening in the virulence of an organism; dilution or weakening of virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing pathogenicity

A

Attenuation

79
Q

resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs

A

Drug-fast

80
Q

produced all the time & continuously released to the outside; Example: tetanus, cholera

A

Exotoxins

81
Q

only released when cell producing it is destroyed; Example: spinal meningitis

A

Endotoxins

82
Q

organic catalysts; substances that speed up or slow down a chemical reaction without being destroyed or used up in the process

A

Enzymes

83
Q

(spreading factor)- breaks down hyaluronic acid

A

Hyaluronidase

84
Q

Clots plasma; cause a clot around the bacteria

A

Coagulase

85
Q

(streptokinase)- dissolves blood clots, especially if the clot caused MI

A

Fibrinolysin

86
Q

Slime-layer; the membrane that surrounds some bacterial cells; a loose gel-like structure that, in pathogenic bacteria helps to protect cells from phagocytosis, thus enhancing virulence of microorganisms

A

Capsules

87
Q

best means of protection, not means of reproduction, (clostridium)

A

Endospores

88
Q
  1. Animals or persons currently ill of the infection (best source of infection transmission)2. Chronic animal or human carriers 3. Environment
A

Sources of infection

89
Q

animal or human that posses a particular an organism and transmits that organism to others after their recovery;

A

Active carriers

90
Q

animal or human that posses a particular an organism and transfers it to others, even though they have never suffered from the infection it causes. Ex: Typhoid Mary (typhoid fever)

A

Passive carriers

91
Q

during recovery

A

Convalescent carrier

92
Q

a. Physical contact-STD’Sb. Droplet infection (aerosol)c. Congenital- rubella (any disease present at birth)

A

Direct transmission

93
Q

a. Foodb. Milkc. Fomites- lifeless inanmite objectsd. Watere. Soilf. Vectors

A

Indirect transmission

94
Q

arthropods, insects, flies, tree roaches, that are not suffering from the infection in which they are carrying

A

Vectors

95
Q

mosquitoes (blood suckers), malaria (monkeys)

A

Biological vectors

96
Q

they carry the infection on their outside shell, wings feet, ect.

A

Mechanical vectors

Board Science Cards (28 decks)

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