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Board Science Cards > Chemistry Test 5 > Flashcards

Chemistry Test 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

highly specialized type of protein…

A

enzymes

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2
Q

enzymes function primarily as ________

A

organic catalysts

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3
Q

agents which may alter chemical reactions without itself being permanently changed.

A

catalyst

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4
Q

naming of enzymes

A

nomeclature

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5
Q

compound or type of compound upon which an enzyme works

A

substrate

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6
Q

most enzymes are named by adding ______ to the root of the name of the ___________

A

ASE

Substrate

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7
Q

two general classes of enzymes

A
  1. proteases

2. lipasses

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8
Q

enzymes which breakdown proteins

A

proteases

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9
Q

enzymes which breakdown lipids

A

lipases

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10
Q

those enzymes catalyzing the decomposition of human remains generally are ___________ & __________ in nature…

A

Proteolytic & Hydrolytic

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11
Q

dissolves protein

A

proteolytic

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12
Q

mediate hydrolysis reaction

A

hydrolytic

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13
Q

two distinct sources of putrefactive catalysts

A
  1. saprophytic bacteria

2. lysosomes

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14
Q

a unique characteristic of lysosomes

A

autolysis

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15
Q

self-cell digestion (a unique characteristic of lysosomes’s ability to digest surrounding cellular substances) is referred to as…

A

autolysis

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16
Q

carbohydrates are composed of ______, ______, and _________

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

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17
Q

carbohydrates are structurally ______ and ______ derivatives of _____ alcohols

A

aldehyde
ketone
polyhydroxy

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18
Q

carbohydrates will have at least ______ OH groups since they are polyhydroxy alcohols.

A

4

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19
Q

note…

A

This definition has 3 important aspects: Carbs

1) It designates what elements are present in carbohydrates.
2) It indicates to expect either the aldehyde or keytone group.
3) It indicates the alcohol’s functional group is present. ( OH Hydroxy)

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20
Q

carbohydrates are classified into what 3 groups?

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
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21
Q

simple sugars which cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrate molecules.

A

monosaccharides

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22
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Hexose

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23
Q

any substance ending in OSE is a…

A

sugar

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24
Q

normal sugar of blood, it should be present in blood

A

glucose

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25
Q

molecular formula for glucouse

A

C6H12O6

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26
Q

glucose is a….

A

hexose & aldose

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27
Q

fruit sugar…a sugar derived from ketones.

A

fructose

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28
Q

fructose is a….

A

Hexose & Ketose

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29
Q

glucose and fructose occur…

A

freely in nature

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30
Q

sugar derived from alcohol

A

aldose

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31
Q

results from a reaction between the aldehyde or ketone functional group and an alcohol functional group within one sugar molecule

A

ketose

or aldose

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32
Q

Monosaccharides by name that are based on the number of carbons.

A 
Triose
Tetrose
Pentrose
Hexose
Heptose
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33
Q

Tetrose contains how many carbons?

A

4

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34
Q

heptose contains how many carbons?

A

7

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35
Q

triose contains how many carbons

A

3

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36
Q

hexose contains how many carbons?

A

6

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37
Q

pentrose contains how many carbons?

A

5

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38
Q

carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed into 2 monosaccharides. Formed when 2 monosaccharides combine by splitting a molecule of water.

A

dissacharides

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39
Q

3 major dissaccharides

A
  1. lactose
  2. maltose
  3. sucrose
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40
Q

malt sugar…

A

maltose

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41
Q

table sugar

A

sucrose

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42
Q

milk sugar

A

lactose

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43
Q

sugar found in germinating grains

A

maltose

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44
Q

type of sugar that derives from sugar cane/sugar beets

A

sucrose

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45
Q

the basis for lactic acid in milk

A

lactose

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46
Q

those carbohydrates which yield many (3 or more) monosaccharides upon hydrolysis.

A

Polysaccharides

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47
Q

examples of Polysaccharides

A
  1. starch
  2. glycogen (stored form of gylcose)
  3. cellulose
48
Q

breakdown of a compound into simpler units by addition of the components of water.

A

hydrolysis

49
Q

monosaccharides DO NOT undergo…

A

hydrolysis

50
Q

disaccharides upon hydrolysis form

A

monosaccharides

51
Q

polysaccharides are first hydrolysis into ____________ then complete hydrolysis to yield _____________ which do not undergo hydrolysis

A

disaccharides

monosaccharides

52
Q

process by which carbohydrates decompose by enzymes is called….

A

fermentation

53
Q

study of compounds produced by living organisms

A

biochemistry

54
Q

biochemical compounds of major importance. Organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and sometimes phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) and polymers of amino acids

A

proteins

55
Q

compounds which contain two functional groups, the carboxyl group (COOH) and the Amino group (NH2).

A

amino acids

56
Q

all amino acids have both the _______ group and the _____ group. Therefore, they too, may act as both ____ and ____.

A

carboxyl
amino
acids
bases

57
Q

properties of amino acids

A
  1. amphoteric

2. buffers

58
Q

ability of any substance or any compound that can act as an acid or base.

A

amphoteric

59
Q

group of chemicals who’s purpose was to insure that regardless of what the pH was out of the body at the time of embalming, the pH will not adversely affect the embalming operation.

A

buffers

60
Q

Any compounds that protects a solution against changes in pH

A

buffers

61
Q

borax is a _____ used in embalming fluid

A

buffer

62
Q

amino acids are joined together by ______________

A

peptide linkage

63
Q

chain of amino acids joined together by peptide linkage

A

protein

64
Q

glycine and alanine can be joined to each other by the elimination of one molecule of water to form a _____________

A

dipeptide

65
Q

formed by joining two amino acids together.

A

dipeptide

66
Q

the embalming process is nothing more than a series of __________ or ___________ to one another.

A

temporary bonds

temporary cross-linking

67
Q

Cross-linking results in the firmness of embalmed tissues and the most commonly used agent for this reaction is, of course, ____________

A

formaldehyde

68
Q

decomposition of proteins either in putrefaction or decay

A

proteolysis

69
Q

anaerobic decomposition of proteins brought about by the action of enzymes is called______________

A

putrefaction

70
Q

putrefaction occurs faster than ______

A

decay

71
Q

absorption of the liquid portion of blood by the surrounding tissue following death.

A

imbibition

72
Q

decomposition of proteins by enzymes of aerobic bacteria

A

decay

73
Q

the 3 major chemical reactions involved in putrefaction

A
  1. hydrolysis
  2. deamination
  3. decarboxylation
74
Q

removal of the amino group from the amino acid; formaldehyde reacts with ammonia to produce Utropin.

A

deamination

75
Q

urotropin is also known as…

A

hexamathylene tetraamine

76
Q

the removal of the carboxyl group from an amino acid to yield carbon dioxide water and an amine.

A

decarboxylation

77
Q

5 Final decomposition products are:

A
  1. hydrocarbons
  2. organic acids
  3. amines NH2 and ammonia NH3
  4. carbon dioxide
  5. hydrogen sulfide- Sulfur
78
Q

all encompassing term for fats and oils

A

lipids

79
Q

function as the insulating layer of the body. (structural component in cell membranes and as storage as energy)

A

lipids

80
Q

properties of lipids

A
  1. soluble in organic solvents
  2. same elements present as do sugars or carbs. (carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen)
  3. insoluble in water
81
Q

the __________ of lipids distinguishes them from carbohydrates

A

insolubility

82
Q

fats are ______ or __________ at room temperature and contains a high percentage of ____________ fatty acids

A

solid
semi-solid
saturated

83
Q

oils are ________ at room temperature and contains a high percentage of __________ fatty acids

A

liquid

unsaturated

84
Q

compounds who’s products of hydrolysis are fatty acids and alcohols

A

simple lipids

85
Q

types of decomposition only associated with FATS

A
  1. adipocere

2. saponification

86
Q

adipocere is…

A

grave wax

87
Q

saponification is…

A

soap making

88
Q

whether lipids is a fat or an oil depends on its ______________

A

physical state

89
Q

physical properties of lipids

A
  1. solubility & emulsification

2. Physical state (solid & liquid)

90
Q

act of mixing two insoluble liquids

A

emulsification

91
Q

measure of how well two substances mix

A

solubility

92
Q

chemical changes of lipids

A
  1. final products of hydrolysis

2. saponification

93
Q

only associated with fats. A chemical property of lipids is when fatty acids or oils are boiled which is a process called….

A

saponification (soap making)

94
Q

reaction between a fatty acid and strong base which produces glycerol and salt of a fatty acid

A

saponification

95
Q

although the products of saponification are technically salts, commonly they are referred to as _______

A

soap

96
Q

one of the interesting compounds to the embalmer associated with lipids is ___________

A

adipocere (grave wax)

97
Q

white waxy material produced by saponification of body fat

A

adipocere

98
Q

products of saponification

A

soap & glycerine

adipocere

99
Q

if a body is buried in ________ adipocere can be produced over a period of time.

A

alkaline soil

100
Q

lipids formed from combo of unsaturated and/or saturated fatty acids with high molecular weight alcohols, other than glycerol

A

waxes

101
Q

examples of waxes….

A

beeswax, carnuba, lanolin

102
Q

a common name for any fat/oil is….

A

triglyceride

103
Q

another way to define fats and oils….

A

esters of fatty acids and glycerol

104
Q

those products of hydrolysis which result in fatty acids, an alcohol and other compounds

A

compound lipids

105
Q

3 compound lipids…

A
  1. glycolipids
  2. sphingolipids
  3. phosolipids
106
Q

various steroids such as cholesterol hormones

A

miscellaneous lipids

107
Q

miscellaneous lipids are also called…

A

derived lipids

108
Q

3 miscellaneous lipids

A
  1. terpenes
  2. steroids
  3. cholesterol
109
Q

types of terpenes

A

menthol

rubber

110
Q

3 types of cholesterol

A
  1. HDL
  2. LDL
  3. VLDL
111
Q

HDL stands for…

A

good cholesterol

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

112
Q

LDL stands for…

A

bad cholesterol

LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

113
Q

VLDL stands for

A

Very Low Density Lipoprotein

114
Q

D stands for

A

density

115
Q

L stands for

A

lipid

116
Q

its carbonyl group is attached to an END carbon

A

aldehyde

117
Q

its carbonyl group is attached to a NON END carbon

A

ketone

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